TED2015
Greg Gage: How to control someone else's arm with your brain
Greg Gage: Kako kontrolirati nečiju ruku vašim mozgom
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Greg Gage ima misiju učiniti znanost o mozgu pristupačnu svima. U ovoj zabavnoj i pomalo jezivoj demontraciji, neuroznanstvenik i TED Senior Fellow koristi jednostavan "uradi sam" set kako bi oduzeo slobodnu volju jednom članu publike. Ovo nije mađioničarski trik, već zaista funkcionira. Jednostavno morate vidjeti da biste vjerovali.
Greg Gage - Neuroscientist
TED Fellow Greg Gage helps kids investigate the neuroscience in their own backyards. Full bio
TED Fellow Greg Gage helps kids investigate the neuroscience in their own backyards. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:14
The brain is an amazing and complex organ.
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Mozak je čudesan i složen organ.
00:17
And while many people
are fascinated by the brain,
are fascinated by the brain,
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Iako mozak fascinira mnoge ljude,
00:20
they can't really tell you that much
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ne znaju mnogo
00:21
about the properties
about how the brain works
about how the brain works
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o tome kako zapravo mozak funkcionira
00:24
because we don't teach
neuroscience in schools.
neuroscience in schools.
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jer nas ne podučavaju
neuroznanosti u školi.
neuroznanosti u školi.
00:26
And one of the reasons
why is that the equipment
why is that the equipment
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Jedan od razloga zašto je oprema
00:28
is so complex and so expensive
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toliko složena i skupa
00:31
that it's really only done at major
universities and large institutions.
universities and large institutions.
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jest što se koristi samo na velikim
sveučilištima i velikim institucijama.
sveučilištima i velikim institucijama.
00:35
And so in order to be able
to access the brain,
to access the brain,
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Kako bismo mogli doći do mozga,
00:37
you really need to dedicate your life
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moramo tome posvetiti svoj život
00:39
and spend six and a half years
as a graduate student
as a graduate student
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i proći šest i pol godina
diplomskog studija
diplomskog studija
00:42
just to become a neuroscientist
to get access to these tools.
to get access to these tools.
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da postanemo neuroznanstvenici
i dobijemo pristup tim alatima.
i dobijemo pristup tim alatima.
00:45
And that's a shame
because one out of five of us,
because one out of five of us,
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To je prava šteta s obzirom na to
da će svaka peta osoba ovdje,
da će svaka peta osoba ovdje,
00:47
that's 20 percent of the entire world,
will have a neurological disorder.
will have a neurological disorder.
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to je 20 posto cijelog svijeta,
patiti od nekog neurološkog poremećaja.
patiti od nekog neurološkog poremećaja.
00:51
And there are zero cures
for these diseases.
for these diseases.
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Nema lijeka za te bolesti.
00:54
And so it seems that
what we should be doing
what we should be doing
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Stoga bismo trebali
00:57
is reaching back earlier
in the eduction process
in the eduction process
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u ranijem procesu obrazovanja
00:59
and teaching students about neuroscience
so that in the future,
so that in the future,
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podučavati učenike o neuroznanosti
kako bi se oni u budućnosti
kako bi se oni u budućnosti
01:04
they may be thinking about possibly
becoming a brain scientist.
becoming a brain scientist.
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možda opredijelili za karijeru
neuroznanstvenika.
neuroznanstvenika.
01:08
When I was a graduate student,
my lab mate Tim Marzullo and myself,
my lab mate Tim Marzullo and myself,
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Na diplomskom studiju ja i moj
laboratorijski partner Tim Marzullo,
laboratorijski partner Tim Marzullo,
01:11
decided that what if we took
this complex equipment that we have
this complex equipment that we have
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odlučili smo da tu složenu opremu
01:15
for studying the brain and made it simple
enough and affordable enough
enough and affordable enough
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za proučavanje mozga pojednostavimo
i učinimo dovoljno povoljnom
i učinimo dovoljno povoljnom
01:19
that anyone that you know, an amateur
or a high school student,
or a high school student,
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tako da svatko, laik ili srednjoškolac,
01:22
could learn and actually participate
in the discovery of neuroscience.
in the discovery of neuroscience.
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može učiti i zaista sudjelovati
u otkriću neuroznanosti.
u otkriću neuroznanosti.
01:25
And so we did just that.
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Upravo to smo i napravili.
01:27
A few years ago, we started
a company called Backyard Brains
a company called Backyard Brains
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Prije nekoliko godina, pokrenuli
smo tvrtku Backyard Brains.
smo tvrtku Backyard Brains.
01:30
and we make DIY neuroscience equipment
and I brought some here tonight,
and I brought some here tonight,
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Radimo neuroznanstvenu opremu po principu
"uradi sam". Nešto od toga sam i donio.
"uradi sam". Nešto od toga sam i donio.
01:34
and I want to do some demonstrations.
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Htio bih vam demonstrirati nešto.
01:37
You guys want to see some?
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Želite li vidjeti nešto?
01:38
So I need a volunteer.
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Trebam dobrovoljca.
01:41
So right before -- what is your name?
(Applause)
(Applause)
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Točno prije -- kako se zovete?
(Pljesak)
(Pljesak)
01:44
Sam Kelly: Sam.
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Sam Kelly: Sam.
01:45
Greg Gage: All right, Sam, I'm going
to record from your brain.
to record from your brain.
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Greg Gage: U redu, Sam. Snimit ću vam mozak.
01:48
Have you had this before?
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Jeste li ikada ovo radili?
01:49
SK: No.
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SK: Ne.
01:50
GG: I need you to stick out
your arm for science,
your arm for science,
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GG: Ispružite ruku za znanost,
01:53
roll up your sleeve a bit,
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podignite malo rukav.
01:54
So what I'm going to do,
I'm putting electrodes on your arm,
I'm putting electrodes on your arm,
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Postavljam vam elektrode na ruku.
01:57
and you're probably wondering,
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Vjerojatno se pitate,
01:59
I just said I'm going to record from your
brain, what am I doing with your arm?
brain, what am I doing with your arm?
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što radim s vašom rukom, s obzirom da sam
upravo rekao da ću snimati vaš mozak.
upravo rekao da ću snimati vaš mozak.
02:02
Well, you have about 80 billion neurons
inside your brain right now.
inside your brain right now.
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Imate oko 80 milijardi neurona u mozgu.
02:06
They're sending electrical messages
back and forth, and chemical messages.
back and forth, and chemical messages.
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Oni na sve strane šalju
električne i kemijske poruke.
električne i kemijske poruke.
02:09
But some of your neurons
right here in your motor cortex
right here in your motor cortex
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No neki vaši neuroni ovdje
u motoričkoj moždanoj kori
u motoričkoj moždanoj kori
02:12
are going to send messages down
when you move your arm like this.
when you move your arm like this.
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odaslat će poruke dolje
kada ovako pokrenete ruku.
kada ovako pokrenete ruku.
02:15
They're going to go down
across your corpus callosum,
across your corpus callosum,
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One će sići preko žuljevitog tijela,
02:17
down onto your spinal cord
to your lower motor neuron
to your lower motor neuron
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i spustiti se leđnom moždinom,
do vaših donjih motoričkih neurona
do vaših donjih motoričkih neurona
02:20
out to your muscles here,
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u ovaj mišić.
02:21
and that electrical discharge
is going to be picked up
is going to be picked up
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Taj će živčani impuls zabilježiti
02:24
by these electrodes right here
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ove elektrode
02:25
and we're going to be able to listen
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i moći ćemo čuti
02:27
to exactly what your brain
is going to be doing.
is going to be doing.
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što točno vaš mozak radi.
02:29
So I'm going to turn this on for a second.
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Uključit ću nakratko ovo.
02:31
Have you ever heard
what your brain sounds like?
what your brain sounds like?
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Jeste li ikada čuli zvuk svoga mozga?
02:34
SK: No.
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SK: Ne.
02:35
GG: Let's try it out.
So go ahead and squeeze your hand.
So go ahead and squeeze your hand.
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GG: Idemo to probati. Stisnite ruku.
02:37
(Rumbling)
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(Tutnjanje)
02:38
So what you're listening to,
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Ovo što slušate,
02:40
so this is your motor units
happening right here.
happening right here.
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ovo se upravo manifestiraju
vaše motoričke jedinice.
vaše motoričke jedinice.
02:44
Let's take a look at it as well.
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Pogledajmo i kako to izgleda.
02:46
So I'm going to stand over here,
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Stat ću ovdje,
02:49
and I'm going to open up our app here.
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i otvorit ću našu aplikaciju.
02:52
So now I want you to squeeze.
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Sada stisnite ruku.
02:53
(Rumbling)
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(Tutnjanje)
02:54
So right here, these are the motor units
that are happening
that are happening
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Točno ovdje, ovo su motoričke jedinice
koje se manifestiraju
koje se manifestiraju
02:57
from her spinal cord
out to her muscle right here,
out to her muscle right here,
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od njene leđne moždine sve do
ovog njenog mišića.
ovog njenog mišića.
03:00
and as she's doing it,
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Dok to ona radi,
03:01
you're seeing the electrical activity
that's happening here.
that's happening here.
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vidite električne impulse
koji ovdje putuju.
koji ovdje putuju.
03:04
You can even click here
and try to see one of them.
and try to see one of them.
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Možete čak i kliknuti ovdje
i vidjeti jednoga od njih.
i vidjeti jednoga od njih.
03:06
So keep doing it really hard.
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Nastavite to raditi snažno.
03:08
So now we've paused
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Sada smo se zaustavili
03:09
on one motor action potential that's
happening right now inside of your brain.
happening right now inside of your brain.
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na jednom potencijalu motoričke radnje
koja se upravo sada odvija u vašem mozgu.
koja se upravo sada odvija u vašem mozgu.
03:13
Do you guys want to see some more?
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Želite li vidjeti još više?
03:15
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
03:16
That's interesting,
but let's get it better.
but let's get it better.
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Ovo je zanimljivo, no pokušajmo
to učiniti zanimljivijim.
to učiniti zanimljivijim.
03:18
I need one more volunteer.
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Trebam još jednog dobrovoljca.
03:21
What is your name, sir?
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Kako se zovete?
03:24
Miguel Goncalves: Miguel.
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Miguel Goncalves: Miguel.
03:25
GG: Miguel, all right.
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GG: Miguel, uredu.
03:26
You're going to stand right here.
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Stajat ćete ovdje.
03:27
So when you're moving your arm like this,
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Kada pomičete rukom ovako,
03:29
your brain is sending a signal
down to your muscles right here.
down to your muscles right here.
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vaš mozak šalje signal
ovim dolje mišićima.
ovim dolje mišićima.
03:33
I want you to move your arm as well.
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Htio bih da i vi pomičete ruku.
03:34
So your brain is going to send
a signal down to your muscles.
a signal down to your muscles.
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Mozak će vam odaslati signal mišićima.
03:37
And so it turns out that there is
a nerve that's right here
a nerve that's right here
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Ispostavilo se da točno
ovdje postoji živac
ovdje postoji živac
03:41
that runs up here that innervates
these three fingers,
these three fingers,
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koji seže sve do gore i
oživčuje ova tri prsta,
oživčuje ova tri prsta,
03:44
and it's close enough to the skin
that we might be able
that we might be able
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a dovoljno je blizu koži da
ga možemo stimulirati.
ga možemo stimulirati.
03:47
to stimulate that so that what we can do
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Na taj način možemo
03:49
is copy your brain signals
going out to your hand
going out to your hand
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kopirati vaše moždane signale
koji putuju u vašu ruku
koji putuju u vašu ruku
03:52
and inject it into your hand,
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i unijeti ih u vašu ruku,
03:54
so that your hand will move
when your brain tells your hand to move.
when your brain tells your hand to move.
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pa će se vaša ruka pomicati onda kada
vaš mozak naloži vašoj ruci da se miče.
vaš mozak naloži vašoj ruci da se miče.
03:57
So in a sense, she will take away
your free will
your free will
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To znači da će ona
oduzeti vašu slobodu odlučivanja
oduzeti vašu slobodu odlučivanja
04:00
and you will no longer have
any control over this hand.
any control over this hand.
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i nećete više imati kontrolu
nad ovom rukom.
nad ovom rukom.
04:03
You with me?
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Jeste spremni?
04:05
So I just need to hook you up.
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Moram vas samo priključiti.
04:07
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:09
So I'm going to find your ulnar nerve,
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Moram pronaći vaš ulnarni živac,
04:11
which is probably right around here.
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koji je vjerojatno ovdje negdje.
04:14
You don't know what you're signing up for
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Ne znate u što ste se upustili
04:16
when you come up.
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kada dođete na pozornicu.
04:17
So now I'm going to move away
and we're going to plug it in
and we're going to plug it in
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Odmaknut ću se i uključiti vas
04:20
to our human-to-human interface over here.
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na naše međuljudsko sučelje.
04:24
Okay, so Sam, I want you
to squeeze your hand again.
to squeeze your hand again.
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Sam, stisnite ponovo svoju ruku.
04:29
Do it again. Perfect.
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Ponovo. Odlično.
04:31
So now I'm going to hook you up
over here so that you get the --
over here so that you get the --
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Sada ću vas spojiti ovdje.
04:34
It's going to feel
a little bit weird at first,
a little bit weird at first,
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Isprva ćete se osjećati malo čudno,
04:36
this is going to feel like a --
(Laughter)
(Laughter)
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ovo će se činiti kao -- (Smijeh)
04:38
You know, when you lose your free will,
and someone else becomes your agent,
and someone else becomes your agent,
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Kada izgubite slobodnu volju
i netko drugi postane vaš izvršitelj,
i netko drugi postane vaš izvršitelj,
04:42
it does feel a bit strange.
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to je zaista neobičan osjećaj.
04:44
Now I want you to relax your hand.
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Sada opustite ruku.
04:46
Sam, you're with me?
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Sam, jeste li spremni?
04:47
So you're going to squeeze.
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Stisnut ćete ruku.
04:48
I'm not going to turn it on yet,
so go ahead and give it a squeeze.
so go ahead and give it a squeeze.
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Još neću uključiti program,
pa samo stisnite.
pa samo stisnite.
04:52
So now, are you ready, Miguel?
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Jeste li spremni, Miguel?
04:54
MG: Ready as I'll ever be.
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MG: Spremniji od ovog ne mogu biti.
04:56
GG: I've turned it on, so go ahead
and turn your hand.
and turn your hand.
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GG: Uključio sam ga, slobodno okrenite ruku.
04:59
Do you feel that a little bit?
MG: Nope.
MG: Nope.
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Osjećate li to malo?
MG: Ne.
MG: Ne.
05:01
GG: Okay, do it again?
MG: A little bit.
MG: A little bit.
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GG: Uredu. Ponovite.
MG: Malo.
MG: Malo.
05:03
GG: A little bit? (Laughter)
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GG: Malo? (Smijeh)
05:04
So relax.
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Opustite se.
05:05
So hit it again.
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Stisnite ponovo.
05:07
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
05:08
Oh, perfect, perfect.
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Savršeno!
05:10
So relax, do it again.
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Opustite, stisnite ponovo.
05:12
All right, so right now,
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Uredu, sada upravo
05:14
your brain is controlling your arm
and it's also controlling his arm,
and it's also controlling his arm,
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Vaš mozak kontrolira vašu ruku,
a ujedno kontrolira i njegovu ruku.
a ujedno kontrolira i njegovu ruku.
05:19
so go ahead and just do it one more time.
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Slobodno ponovite.
05:21
All right, so it's perfect. (Laughter)
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Savršeno. (Smijeh)
05:23
So now, what would happen
if I took over my control of your hand?
if I took over my control of your hand?
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Što bi se dogodilo da ja preuzmem
kontrolu nad vašom rukom?
kontrolu nad vašom rukom?
05:27
And so, just relax your hand.
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Opustite ruku.
05:29
What happens?
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Što se događa?
05:31
Ah, nothing.
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Ništa.
05:32
Why not?
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Zašto?
05:34
Because the brain has to do it.
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Zato što je mozak taj
koji mora kontrolirati.
koji mora kontrolirati.
05:35
So you do it again.
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Ponovite.
05:37
All right, that's perfect.
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Odlično.
05:39
Thank you guys for being
such a good sport.
such a good sport.
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Hvala vam oboje na hrabrosti.
05:42
This is what's happening
all across the world --
all across the world --
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Ovo se događa diljem svijeta
05:44
electrophysiology!
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elektrofiziologija!
05:45
We're going to bring on
the neuro-revolution.
the neuro-revolution.
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Donijet ćemo neuro-revoluciju.
05:48
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
05:49
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Greg Gage - NeuroscientistTED Fellow Greg Gage helps kids investigate the neuroscience in their own backyards.
Why you should listen
As half of Backyard Brains, neuroscientist and engineer Greg Gage builds the SpikerBox -- a small rig that helps kids understand the electrical impulses that control the nervous system. He's passionate about helping students understand (viscerally) how our brains and our neurons work, because, as he said onstage at TED2012, we still know very little about how the brain works -- and we need to start inspiring kids early to want to know more.
Before becoming a neuroscientist, Gage worked as an electrical engineer making touchscreens. As he told the Huffington Post: "Scientific equipment in general is pretty expensive, but it's silly because before [getting my PhD in neuroscience] I was an electrical engineer, and you could see that you could make it yourself. So we started as a way to have fun, to show off to our colleagues, but we were also going into classrooms around that time and we thought, wouldn't it be cool if you could bring these gadgets with us so the stuff we were doing in advanced Ph.D. programs in neuroscience, you could also do in fifth grade?" His latest pieces of gear: the Roboroach, a cockroach fitted with an electric backpack that makes it turn on command, and BYB SmartScope, a smartphone-powered microscope.
Greg Gage | Speaker | TED.com