TED2015
Greg Gage: How to control someone else's arm with your brain
ग्रेग गज: आफ्नो मस्तिष्कमार्फत कसरी अरुको हात नियन्त्रण गर्ने
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ग्रेग गज मस्तिस्क बिज्ञान सबैको पहुँचमा होस् भन्ने अभियानमा लागेका छन् । स्नायु विशेषज्ञ एवं TED का वरिष्ठ सहकर्मी, यो रमाइलो तथा आश्चर्यजनक प्रस्तुतिमा साधारण तथा कमखर्चिलो DYI किटद्वारा एक दर्शकको स्वतन्त्रता हरण गरेर देखाउदैछन् । यो कुनै हातको सफाई होइन, बास्तबिकता हो । बिश्वासको लागी तपाईंले यो प्रस्तुति हेर्ने पर्छ ।
Greg Gage - Neuroscientist
TED Fellow Greg Gage helps kids investigate the neuroscience in their own backyards. Full bio
TED Fellow Greg Gage helps kids investigate the neuroscience in their own backyards. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:14
The brain is an amazing and complex organ.
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मस्तिष्क एउटा आश्चर्यजनक तथा जटिल अंग हो ।
00:17
And while many people
are fascinated by the brain,
are fascinated by the brain,
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आजकल धेरै मानिसहरु मस्तिष्कको बिषयमा
आकर्षित छन्,
आकर्षित छन्,
00:20
they can't really tell you that much
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तथापि उनीहरु मस्तिस्कको विशेषता,
00:21
about the properties
about how the brain works
about how the brain works
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यसको काम गराईको बिषयमा त्यति बर्णन
गर्न सक्दैनन्
गर्न सक्दैनन्
00:24
because we don't teach
neuroscience in schools.
neuroscience in schools.
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किनकि हामी स्कुलमा
मस्तिष्कविज्ञान सिकाउदैनौं ।
मस्तिष्कविज्ञान सिकाउदैनौं ।
00:26
And one of the reasons
why is that the equipment
why is that the equipment
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त्यसको एउटा कारण हो - यस बिषयको
00:28
is so complex and so expensive
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उपकरण नै यति जटिल र धेरै नै महँगो छ,
00:31
that it's really only done at major
universities and large institutions.
universities and large institutions.
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प्रमुख यूनीवर्सिटी वा ठुला संस्थानमा
मात्रै संचालन गर्न सकिन्छ ।
मात्रै संचालन गर्न सकिन्छ ।
00:35
And so in order to be able
to access the brain,
to access the brain,
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मस्तिस्कको बिषयमा प्रवेश पाउन,
00:37
you really need to dedicate your life
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आफ्नो जीवन नै समर्पण गर्न आवश्यक छ ,
00:39
and spend six and a half years
as a graduate student
as a graduate student
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ग्रयाजुएसन् पश्चात ६ १/२ बर्षको
अध्ययनपछि बल्ल
अध्ययनपछि बल्ल
00:42
just to become a neuroscientist
to get access to these tools.
to get access to these tools.
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मस्तिष्क बैज्ञानिक बनेर ती उपकरण
चलाउन पाइन्छ ।
चलाउन पाइन्छ ।
00:45
And that's a shame
because one out of five of us,
because one out of five of us,
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यो लाजलाग्दो बिषय हो किन कि
हामी मध्ये ५ मा १ जना
हामी मध्ये ५ मा १ जना
00:47
that's 20 percent of the entire world,
will have a neurological disorder.
will have a neurological disorder.
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अर्थात् समग्र विश्वको २०% जनसंख्याको
मस्तिष्कमा गडबड भैसक्छ।
मस्तिष्कमा गडबड भैसक्छ।
00:51
And there are zero cures
for these diseases.
for these diseases.
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यसको कुनै उपचार पनि छैन ।
00:54
And so it seems that
what we should be doing
what we should be doing
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यो अवस्था देख्दा लाग्छ, हामीले पहिलेको
समयमा
समयमा
00:57
is reaching back earlier
in the eduction process
in the eduction process
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फर्किएर केटा केटीहरुलाई न्युरोविज्ञान
00:59
and teaching students about neuroscience
so that in the future,
so that in the future,
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सिकाउदै गरिनु आवश्यक देखिन्छ,
ताकी भविष्यमा
ताकी भविष्यमा
01:04
they may be thinking about possibly
becoming a brain scientist.
becoming a brain scientist.
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मस्तिष्क बैज्ञानिक बन्ने बिषयमा
विचार गरुन्
विचार गरुन्
01:08
When I was a graduate student,
my lab mate Tim Marzullo and myself,
my lab mate Tim Marzullo and myself,
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म स्नातक पढ्दै गर्दा, म र मेरो साथी
टीम मार्जुलोले विचार गर्यौं -
टीम मार्जुलोले विचार गर्यौं -
01:11
decided that what if we took
this complex equipment that we have
this complex equipment that we have
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मस्तिष्क बिषय पढ्न प्रयोग हुने
जटिल उपकरणलाइ
जटिल उपकरणलाइ
01:15
for studying the brain and made it simple
enough and affordable enough
enough and affordable enough
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सहज र सबैको पहुँचमा हुन सक्ने
बनाउन सक्यौं भने,
बनाउन सक्यौं भने,
01:19
that anyone that you know, an amateur
or a high school student,
or a high school student,
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सिकारु वा स्कुल पढ्ने बिद्यार्थी,
वास्तविक रुपमा
वास्तविक रुपमा
01:22
could learn and actually participate
in the discovery of neuroscience.
in the discovery of neuroscience.
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न्युरोसाईन्सको आविस्कारमा
सहभागी हुन सक्छन्,
सहभागी हुन सक्छन्,
01:25
And so we did just that.
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र हामीले त्यस्तै गर्यौं
01:27
A few years ago, we started
a company called Backyard Brains
a company called Backyard Brains
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केहि बर्ष अगाडी ब्याकयार्ड ब्रेन
कम्पनी स्थापना गर्यौं
कम्पनी स्थापना गर्यौं
01:30
and we make DIY neuroscience equipment
and I brought some here tonight,
and I brought some here tonight,
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हामी DIY न्युरोसाईन्स उपकरण
निर्माण गर्छौं,
निर्माण गर्छौं,
01:34
and I want to do some demonstrations.
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आज हामी त्यसैको एउटा प्रदर्शनी गर्दैछौं
01:37
You guys want to see some?
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तपाईंहरुलाई हेर्न मन छ ?
01:38
So I need a volunteer.
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कोहि एकजना मद्धत गर्न आउनुहोस त
01:41
So right before -- what is your name?
(Applause)
(Applause)
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तपाईंको शुभ नाम ?
(ताली)
(ताली)
01:44
Sam Kelly: Sam.
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साम केली:साम
01:45
Greg Gage: All right, Sam, I'm going
to record from your brain.
to record from your brain.
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ग्रेग गज: म तपाईंको दिमागको
रेकर्ड गर्दै छु
रेकर्ड गर्दै छु
01:48
Have you had this before?
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पहिला यस्तो गर्नुभएको छ ?
01:49
SK: No.
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साम: छैन
01:50
GG: I need you to stick out
your arm for science,
your arm for science,
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ग्रेग: विज्ञानको नाममा तपाईंको
हात बढाउनुहोस
हात बढाउनुहोस
01:53
roll up your sleeve a bit,
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बाहुला अलिकति माथि सार्नुस त,
01:54
So what I'm going to do,
I'm putting electrodes on your arm,
I'm putting electrodes on your arm,
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अब म तपाईंको हातमा Electrodes राख्दैछु
01:57
and you're probably wondering,
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के हो यो, जस्तो लाग्दै छ होला
01:59
I just said I'm going to record from your
brain, what am I doing with your arm?
brain, what am I doing with your arm?
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दिमाग रेकर्ड गर्ने भनेर हातमा के गरेको,
जस्तो लाग्दैछ होला, होइन ?
जस्तो लाग्दैछ होला, होइन ?
02:02
Well, you have about 80 billion neurons
inside your brain right now.
inside your brain right now.
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यतिखेर तपाईंको दिमागमा
८० बिलियन न्युरोन् छन्
८० बिलियन न्युरोन् छन्
02:06
They're sending electrical messages
back and forth, and chemical messages.
back and forth, and chemical messages.
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तिनिहरुमार्फत इलेक्ट्रिक र केमिकल संदेश
प्रबाह भइरहेको छ
प्रबाह भइरहेको छ
02:09
But some of your neurons
right here in your motor cortex
right here in your motor cortex
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तपाईंले यसरी हात चलाउंदा यहाँ,
मोटर कोर्टेक्स नजिकका
मोटर कोर्टेक्स नजिकका
02:12
are going to send messages down
when you move your arm like this.
when you move your arm like this.
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न्युरोन्हरुले संदेश तलतर्फ प्रबाह गर्छन्
02:15
They're going to go down
across your corpus callosum,
across your corpus callosum,
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मस्तिस्कको बीचभाग हुँदै ती सन्देशहरु
02:17
down onto your spinal cord
to your lower motor neuron
to your lower motor neuron
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स्पाईनल कर्ड र तल्लो मोटर कोर्टेक्स हुँदै
02:20
out to your muscles here,
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यहाँ मस्सलसम्म आइपुग्छन्
02:21
and that electrical discharge
is going to be picked up
is going to be picked up
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र यहाँ रहेका Electrodesहरुले
02:24
by these electrodes right here
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ती सन्देशहरु पक्रने छन्
02:25
and we're going to be able to listen
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र दिमागले गर्न गइरहेको क्रियाकलाप
02:27
to exactly what your brain
is going to be doing.
is going to be doing.
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हामी सुन्न सक्नेछौं
02:29
So I'm going to turn this on for a second.
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म यो मेसिन अन गर्दैछु
02:31
Have you ever heard
what your brain sounds like?
what your brain sounds like?
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कहिले दिमागको आवाज सुन्नुभएको छ ?
02:34
SK: No.
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साम: छैन
02:35
GG: Let's try it out.
So go ahead and squeeze your hand.
So go ahead and squeeze your hand.
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ग्रेग: आज प्रयास गरौँ.
हात खुम्च्याउनुहोस् त
हात खुम्च्याउनुहोस् त
02:37
(Rumbling)
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(आवाज सुनिन्छ)
02:38
So what you're listening to,
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अहिले तपाईंले सुनेको आवाज
02:40
so this is your motor units
happening right here.
happening right here.
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भर्खरै यो मोटरमा आएको आवाज हो
02:44
Let's take a look at it as well.
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एकपटक फेरी हेरौं
02:46
So I'm going to stand over here,
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म यहाँनेरी उभिएर
02:49
and I'm going to open up our app here.
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र म हाम्रो App खोल्दै छु
02:52
So now I want you to squeeze.
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फेरी एकपटक हात खुम्च्याउनुहोस् त
02:53
(Rumbling)
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(आवाज सुनिन्छ)
02:54
So right here, these are the motor units
that are happening
that are happening
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यहाँ, Spinal Cord हुदै मस्सलमा आइपुगेका
02:57
from her spinal cord
out to her muscle right here,
out to her muscle right here,
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इलेक्ट्रिक संदेशहरुले
03:00
and as she's doing it,
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यहाँ, उनले हात चलाउंदा
03:01
you're seeing the electrical activity
that's happening here.
that's happening here.
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यस उपकरणलाइ प्रभावित गर्दैछन्
03:04
You can even click here
and try to see one of them.
and try to see one of them.
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यहानिर क्लिक गरेर एउटालाई
बिशेसरुपमा हेर्न सकिन्छ
बिशेसरुपमा हेर्न सकिन्छ
03:06
So keep doing it really hard.
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अलि कडासंग हात खुम्च्याउनुस्
03:08
So now we've paused
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यहाँ रोकेर हेर्दा,
03:09
on one motor action potential that's
happening right now inside of your brain.
happening right now inside of your brain.
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तपाईंको दिमागमा भैरहेको सम्भावित कार्यलाइ
यस यन्त्रले देखाउंदैछ
यस यन्त्रले देखाउंदैछ
03:13
Do you guys want to see some more?
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अझै अरु हेर्न मन छ?
03:15
(Applause)
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(ताली)
03:16
That's interesting,
but let's get it better.
but let's get it better.
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अझ गहिरो अध्यन गरौँ
03:18
I need one more volunteer.
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अर्को एक स्वयंसेवक चाहियो
03:21
What is your name, sir?
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तपाईको नाम के हो?
03:24
Miguel Goncalves: Miguel.
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मिगेल गोनकल्वेस: मिगेल
03:25
GG: Miguel, all right.
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ग्रेग: ठिक छ मिगेल
03:26
You're going to stand right here.
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तपाईं यहाँनेरी उभिनुहोस
03:27
So when you're moving your arm like this,
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जब तपाईं यसरी हात चलाउनुहुन्छ,
03:29
your brain is sending a signal
down to your muscles right here.
down to your muscles right here.
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तपाईंको दिमागले यहाँनेरी
संदेश प्रबाह गर्छ
संदेश प्रबाह गर्छ
03:33
I want you to move your arm as well.
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तपाईंपनि आफ्नो हात चलाउनुहोस त
03:34
So your brain is going to send
a signal down to your muscles.
a signal down to your muscles.
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अब तपाईंको दिमागले तलतिर संदेश पठाऊदै छ
03:37
And so it turns out that there is
a nerve that's right here
a nerve that's right here
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ठिक्क यहाँनजिक एउटा नशा छ
03:41
that runs up here that innervates
these three fingers,
these three fingers,
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त्यसले यी तिनवोटा औंलाहरू चलाउँछ,
03:44
and it's close enough to the skin
that we might be able
that we might be able
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र यो छालाको यति धेरै नजिक छ, हामी
त्यो नसालाइ
त्यो नसालाइ
03:47
to stimulate that so that what we can do
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उत्तेजित गराएर, दिमागले हात तर्फ
पठाइरहेको
पठाइरहेको
03:49
is copy your brain signals
going out to your hand
going out to your hand
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संदेशलाइ हामी नक्कल गरेर उसको हातमा
पठाउन सक्छौं,
पठाउन सक्छौं,
03:52
and inject it into your hand,
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जसको कारण उसले हात चलाउदा,
03:54
so that your hand will move
when your brain tells your hand to move.
when your brain tells your hand to move.
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उसको हात पनि आफैं चल्ने छ
03:57
So in a sense, she will take away
your free will
your free will
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अर्को अर्थले, हामी उसको स्वतन्त्रताको
हरण गर्ने छौं,
हरण गर्ने छौं,
04:00
and you will no longer have
any control over this hand.
any control over this hand.
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र आफ्नो हातमाथि उसको नियन्त्रण रहने छैन
04:03
You with me?
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बुझ्दै हुनुहुन्छ ?
04:05
So I just need to hook you up.
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अब तपाईंलाइ तारले जोडदै छु
04:07
(Laughter)
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(हाँसो)
04:09
So I'm going to find your ulnar nerve,
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म तपाईंको नसाखोज्दै छु,
04:11
which is probably right around here.
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सायद यहाँ हुनुपर्छ
04:14
You don't know what you're signing up for
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एकछिनपछि के हुदैछ भनेर
04:16
when you come up.
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चकित पर्नुहुनेछ
04:17
So now I'm going to move away
and we're going to plug it in
and we're going to plug it in
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अब म अलिकति टाढा बसेर मानव मानव
04:20
to our human-to-human interface over here.
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बीचको तरंग जोड्दै छु
04:24
Okay, so Sam, I want you
to squeeze your hand again.
to squeeze your hand again.
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साम, हात खुम्च्याउनुहोस् त
04:29
Do it again. Perfect.
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एकपटक फेरी, एकदम ठिक छ .
04:31
So now I'm going to hook you up
over here so that you get the --
over here so that you get the --
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अब म तपाईंलाइ तारले जोड्दै छु --
04:34
It's going to feel
a little bit weird at first,
a little bit weird at first,
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सुरुमा अलिकति अप्ठ्यारो लाग्नेछ
04:36
this is going to feel like a --
(Laughter)
(Laughter)
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यस्तो लाग्नेछ -
(हाँसो)
(हाँसो)
04:38
You know, when you lose your free will,
and someone else becomes your agent,
and someone else becomes your agent,
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जब तपाई आफ्नो स्वतन्त्रता गुमाउनुहुन्छ र
अरु कोहि तपाईंको माध्यम बन्छ
अरु कोहि तपाईंको माध्यम बन्छ
04:42
it does feel a bit strange.
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अनौठो लाग्छ नै
04:44
Now I want you to relax your hand.
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अब तपाईं आफ्नो हात स्वतन्त्र गर्नुहोस
04:46
Sam, you're with me?
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साम, कस्तो लाग्दैछ?
04:47
So you're going to squeeze.
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आफ्नो हात चलाउनुहोस
04:48
I'm not going to turn it on yet,
so go ahead and give it a squeeze.
so go ahead and give it a squeeze.
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म अझै यो यन्त्र अन गर्दै छैन .
त्यसैले हात खुम्च्याउन सक्नुहुन्छ
त्यसैले हात खुम्च्याउन सक्नुहुन्छ
04:52
So now, are you ready, Miguel?
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मिगेल, तपाई तयार हुनुहुन्छ?
04:54
MG: Ready as I'll ever be.
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मिगेल: एकदम तयार छु
04:56
GG: I've turned it on, so go ahead
and turn your hand.
and turn your hand.
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ग्रेग: मैंले यन्त्र अन गरेको छु . अब हात
खुम्च्याउनुहोस त
खुम्च्याउनुहोस त
04:59
Do you feel that a little bit?
MG: Nope.
MG: Nope.
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केहि महसुस भयो?
मिगेल: अहँ, केहि भएन
मिगेल: अहँ, केहि भएन
05:01
GG: Okay, do it again?
MG: A little bit.
MG: A little bit.
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ग्रेग: फेरी गर्नुस त
मिगेल: अलि अलि भयो
मिगेल: अलि अलि भयो
05:03
GG: A little bit? (Laughter)
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ग्रेग: अलि अलि ? (हाँसो)
05:04
So relax.
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एकछिन है त
05:05
So hit it again.
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फेरी गर्नुस त
05:07
(Laughter)
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(हाँसो)
05:08
Oh, perfect, perfect.
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ठिक छ ठिक छ
05:10
So relax, do it again.
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एकछिनमा फेरी गर्नुस है
05:12
All right, so right now,
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यहाँ, यतिखेर, तपाईंको दिमागले
05:14
your brain is controlling your arm
and it's also controlling his arm,
and it's also controlling his arm,
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तपाईंको पाखुराको नियन्त्रण गर्दै छ,
साथ साथमा उसको पनि
साथ साथमा उसको पनि
05:19
so go ahead and just do it one more time.
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एकपटक फेरी गर्नुस त
05:21
All right, so it's perfect. (Laughter)
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ठिक छ, ठिक छ (हाँसो)
05:23
So now, what would happen
if I took over my control of your hand?
if I took over my control of your hand?
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मैंले तपाईंको हातको नियन्त्रण लिएँ भने,
के हुन्छ
के हुन्छ
05:27
And so, just relax your hand.
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हात खुकुलो गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ
05:29
What happens?
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के भयो?
05:31
Ah, nothing.
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केहि पनि भएन
05:32
Why not?
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किन?
05:34
Because the brain has to do it.
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किनकि, यो दिमागले गर्नुपर्छ
05:35
So you do it again.
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फेरी गर्नुस त
05:37
All right, that's perfect.
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एकदम ठिक, राम्रो
05:39
Thank you guys for being
such a good sport.
such a good sport.
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सहभागिताको लागि धन्यवाद
05:42
This is what's happening
all across the world --
all across the world --
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अहिले संसारभर यहि हुँदैछ -
05:44
electrophysiology!
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Electrophysiology!
05:45
We're going to bring on
the neuro-revolution.
the neuro-revolution.
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हामी मस्तिस्क क्रान्ति लेराउँदै छौं
05:48
Thank you.
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धन्यवाद
05:49
(Applause)
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(ताली)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Greg Gage - NeuroscientistTED Fellow Greg Gage helps kids investigate the neuroscience in their own backyards.
Why you should listen
As half of Backyard Brains, neuroscientist and engineer Greg Gage builds the SpikerBox -- a small rig that helps kids understand the electrical impulses that control the nervous system. He's passionate about helping students understand (viscerally) how our brains and our neurons work, because, as he said onstage at TED2012, we still know very little about how the brain works -- and we need to start inspiring kids early to want to know more.
Before becoming a neuroscientist, Gage worked as an electrical engineer making touchscreens. As he told the Huffington Post: "Scientific equipment in general is pretty expensive, but it's silly because before [getting my PhD in neuroscience] I was an electrical engineer, and you could see that you could make it yourself. So we started as a way to have fun, to show off to our colleagues, but we were also going into classrooms around that time and we thought, wouldn't it be cool if you could bring these gadgets with us so the stuff we were doing in advanced Ph.D. programs in neuroscience, you could also do in fifth grade?" His latest pieces of gear: the Roboroach, a cockroach fitted with an electric backpack that makes it turn on command, and BYB SmartScope, a smartphone-powered microscope.
Greg Gage | Speaker | TED.com