TED2011
David Christian: The history of our world in 18 minutes
David Christian: Povijest našeg svijeta u 18 minuta
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Podržan prekrasnim ilustracijama, David Christian pripovijeda potpunu povijest svemira, od Velikog praska do Interneta, u zapanjujućih 18 minuta.
Ovo je "Velika povijest": prosvjetljujući, širokokutni pogled na složenost, život i čovječanstvo, upravljen nasuprot našem mršavom udjelu u kozmičkom protoku vremena.
David Christian - Historian
David Christian teaches an ambitious world history course that tells the tale of the entire universe -- from the Big Bang 13 billion years ago to present day. Full bio
David Christian teaches an ambitious world history course that tells the tale of the entire universe -- from the Big Bang 13 billion years ago to present day. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
First, a video.
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Prvo, video.
00:24
(Video) Yes, it is a scrambled egg.
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(Video) Da, to je razmućeno jaje.
00:28
But as you look at it,
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Ali kako ga gledate,
00:30
I hope you'll begin to feel
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nadam se kako se počinjete osjećati
00:32
just slightly uneasy.
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barem malo nelagodno.
00:36
Because you may notice that what's actually happening
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Stoga što možete uočiti
kako je ono što se zbilja dešava
kako je ono što se zbilja dešava
00:39
is that the egg is unscrambling itself.
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jest jaje kako se samo odmućuje.
00:42
And you'll now see the yolk and the white have separated.
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I sad ćete vidjeti kako se
žumance i bjelance razdvajaju.
žumance i bjelance razdvajaju.
00:44
And now they're going to be poured back into the egg.
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I sad će biti usipani nazad u jaje.
00:47
And we all know in our heart of hearts
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A svi znamo u središtu srca
00:50
that this is not the way the universe works.
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kako ovo nije način na koji svemir radi.
00:54
A scrambled egg is mush -- tasty mush -- but it's mush.
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razmućeno je jaje kaša -- ukusna kaša -- ali je kaša.
00:57
An egg is a beautiful, sophisticated thing
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Jaje je prekrasna, profinjena stvar
01:00
that can create even more sophisticated things,
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koja može stvoriti još profinjenije stvari,
01:02
such as chickens.
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poput pilića.
01:04
And we know in our heart of hearts
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I znamo u središtu srca
01:06
that the universe does not travel
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da se svemir ne kreće
01:08
from mush to complexity.
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od kaše prema složenosti.
01:10
In fact, this gut instinct
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Zapravo, taj se osjećaj
01:12
is reflected in one of the most fundamental laws of physics,
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odražava u jednom od
najtemeljnijih zakona fizike,
najtemeljnijih zakona fizike,
01:15
the second law of thermodynamics, or the law of entropy.
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drugom zakonu termodinamike,
ili zakonu entropije.
ili zakonu entropije.
01:18
What that says basically
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Što on u osnovi govori
01:20
is that the general tendency of the universe
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je kako je opća težnja svemira
01:23
is to move from order
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kretati se od reda
01:25
and structure
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i strukture
01:27
to lack of order, lack of structure --
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ka manjku reda, nedostatku strukture --
01:29
in fact, to mush.
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zapravo, u kašu.
01:31
And that's why that video
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A to je zašto je taj video
01:33
feels a bit strange.
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pomalo čudan.
01:35
And yet,
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Pa ipak,
01:37
look around us.
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pogledajte oko nas.
01:39
What we see around us
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Što vidimo oko nas
01:41
is staggering complexity.
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je zapanjujuća složenost.
01:43
Eric Beinhocker estimates that in New York City alone,
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Erick Brockheimer procjenjuje
kako se samo u gradu New Yorku
kako se samo u gradu New Yorku
01:46
there are some 10 billion SKUs, or distinct commodities, being traded.
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trguje sa više od 10 milijardi SKU-a, ili različitih roba.
01:50
That's hundreds of times as many species
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To je stotinama puta toliko vrsta
01:53
as there are on Earth.
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koliko ih je na Zemlji.
01:55
And they're being traded by a species
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A njima trguje vrsta
01:57
of almost seven billion individuals,
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od skoro sedam milijardi jedinki
01:59
who are linked by trade, travel, and the Internet
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koje su povezane trgovinom,
putovanjem, i internetom
putovanjem, i internetom
02:02
into a global system
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u globalni sustav
02:04
of stupendous complexity.
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čudesne složenosti.
02:07
So here's a great puzzle:
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Pa evo velike zagonetke:
02:09
in a universe
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u svemiru
02:11
ruled by the second law of thermodynamics,
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kojim vlada drugi zakon termodinamike,
02:14
how is it possible
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kako je moguće
02:16
to generate the sort of complexity I've described,
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stvoriti vrstu složenosti koju sam opisao,
02:19
the sort of complexity represented by you and me
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vrstu složenosti zastupljenu u vama i meni
02:22
and the convention center?
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i kongresnom centru?
02:25
Well, the answer seems to be,
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Pa, čini se kako je odgovor da
02:28
the universe can create complexity,
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svemir može stvoriti složenost
02:31
but with great difficulty.
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ali uz velike poteškoće.
02:33
In pockets,
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U džepovima,
02:35
there appear what my colleague, Fred Spier,
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pojavljuju se što moj
kolega, Fred Spier,
kolega, Fred Spier,
02:37
calls "Goldilocks conditions" --
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naziva "uvjeti za Zlatokosu" --
02:39
not too hot, not too cold,
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ne prehladno, ne prevruće,
02:41
just right for the creation of complexity.
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baš pravo za stvaranje složenosti.
02:44
And slightly more complex things appear.
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I malo se složenije stvari pojavljuju.
02:46
And where you have slightly more complex things,
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A gdje imate malo složenije stvari,
02:48
you can get slightly more complex things.
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možete dobiti još malo složenije stvari.
02:50
And in this way, complexity builds
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I na taj način, složenost nastaje
02:53
stage by stage.
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stupanj po stupanj.
02:55
Each stage is magical
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Svaki je stupanj čaroban
02:58
because it creates the impression of something utterly new
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jer stvara utisak nečeg sasvim novog
03:01
appearing almost out of nowhere in the universe.
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što se pojavljuje gotovo od nikud u svemiru.
03:04
We refer in big history to these moments
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obraćamo se u velikoj povijesti na te trenutke
03:06
as threshold moments.
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kao na trenutke prelaska praga.
03:08
And at each threshold,
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A na svakom pragu,
03:10
the going gets tougher.
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zbivanja postaju teža.
03:12
The complex things get more fragile,
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Složene stvari postaju lomljivije,
03:15
more vulnerable;
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ranjivije;
03:17
the Goldilocks conditions get more stringent,
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uvjeti za Zlatokosu postaju sve skučeniji,
03:20
and it's more difficult
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i postaje sve teže
03:22
to create complexity.
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stvoriti složenost.
03:24
Now, we, as extremely complex creatures,
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Sad, mi smo krajnje složena stvorenja,
03:27
desperately need to know this story
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očajnički trebamo znati tu priču
03:30
of how the universe creates complexity
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o tome kako svemir stvara složenost
03:32
despite the second law,
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usprkos drugom zakonu,
03:34
and why complexity
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te zašto složenost
03:36
means vulnerability
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znači ranjivost
03:38
and fragility.
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i lomljivost.
03:40
And that's the story that we tell in big history.
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I to je priča koju pričamo u velikoj povijesti.
03:43
But to do it, you have do something
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Ali da to učiniš, moraš učiniti nešto
03:45
that may, at first sight, seem completely impossible.
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što se može, na prvi pogled,
doimati posve nemogućim.
doimati posve nemogućim.
03:47
You have to survey the whole history of the universe.
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Morate pregledati čitavu povijest svemira.
03:52
So let's do it.
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Pa hajmo.
03:54
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
03:56
Let's begin by winding the timeline back
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Počnimo motanjem vremenske linije natrag
03:59
13.7 billion years,
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13,7 milijardi godina,
04:02
to the beginning of time.
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do početka vremena.
04:12
Around us, there's nothing.
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Oko nas, nema ničega.
04:14
There's not even time or space.
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Nema čak niti prostora ili vremena.
04:18
Imagine the darkest, emptiest thing you can
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Zamislite najtamniju, najprazniju stvar koju možete
04:21
and cube it a gazillion times
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i potencirajte je gazilijun puta
04:23
and that's where we are.
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i to je gdje smo.
04:25
And then suddenly,
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A tad iznenada,
04:28
bang! A universe appears, an entire universe.
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bang! Pojavljuje se svemir, čitav svemir.
04:31
And we've crossed our first threshold.
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I prešli smo naš prvi prag.
04:33
The universe is tiny; it's smaller than an atom.
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Svemir je sićušan; manji je od atoma.
04:35
It's incredibly hot.
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Nevjerojatno je vruć.
04:37
It contains everything that's in today's universe,
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Sadrži sve što je u današnjem svemiru.
04:39
so you can imagine, it's busting.
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pa možete zamisliti, buja
04:41
And it's expanding at incredible speed.
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I širi se nevjerojatnom brzinom.
04:44
And at first, it's just a blur,
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A isprva, samo je nejasan obris
04:46
but very quickly distinct things begin to appear in that blur.
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ali vrlo brzo se jasno izdvojene stvari
počinju pojavljivati unutar tog obrisa.
počinju pojavljivati unutar tog obrisa.
04:49
Within the first second,
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Unutar prve sekunde,
04:51
energy itself shatters into distinct forces
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sama se energija razbija u jasno izdvojene sile
04:54
including electromagnetism and gravity.
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uključujući elektromagnetizam i gravitaciju.
04:56
And energy does something else quite magical:
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I energija čini još nešto posve čarobno:
04:59
it congeals to form matter --
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hladi se da stvori materiju --
05:02
quarks that will create protons
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kvarkove koji će stvoriti protone
05:04
and leptons that include electrons.
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i leptone koji obuhvaćaju elektrone.
05:07
And all of that happens in the first second.
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A sve se to dešava u prvoj sekundi.
05:09
Now we move forward 380,000 years.
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Sad se mičemo unaprijed 380.000 godina.
05:14
That's twice as long as humans have been on this planet.
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To je dvostruko toliko
koliko su ljudi bili na ovome planetu.
koliko su ljudi bili na ovome planetu.
05:17
And now simple atoms appear
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I sada se pojavljuju jednostavni atomi
05:20
of hydrogen and helium.
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vodika i helija.
05:23
Now I want to pause for a moment,
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Želim sad stati na trenutak,
05:25
380,000 years after the origins of the universe,
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380.000 godina nakon nastanka svemira,
05:28
because we actually know quite a lot
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jer zapravo znamo poprilično puno
05:30
about the universe at this stage.
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o svemiru u ovom stupnju.
05:32
We know above all that it was extremely simple.
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Znamo iznad svega
kako je bio krajnje jednostavan.
kako je bio krajnje jednostavan.
05:35
It consisted of huge clouds
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Sastojao se od ogromnih oblaka
05:37
of hydrogen and helium atoms,
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atoma vodika i helija,
05:39
and they have no structure.
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a oni nisu imali strukturu.
05:41
They're really a sort of cosmic mush.
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Oni su zapravo vrsta kozmičke kaše.
05:44
But that's not completely true.
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Ali to nije posve istinito.
05:46
Recent studies
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Nedavna istraživanja
05:48
by satellites such as the WMAP satellite
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satelitima poput satelita WMAP
05:51
have shown that, in fact, there are just tiny differences in that background.
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su nam pokazala kako, zapravo,
postoje sićušne razlike u toj pozadini.
postoje sićušne razlike u toj pozadini.
05:55
What you see here,
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Što vidite ovdje,
05:57
the blue areas are about a thousandth of a degree cooler
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plava su podrućja otprilike tisućinu stupnja hladnija
06:00
than the red areas.
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od crvenih područja.
06:02
These are tiny differences,
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To su sićušne razlike,
06:04
but it was enough for the universe to move on
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ali su bile dovoljne za svemir da pređe
06:06
to the next stage of building complexity.
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u slijedeći stupanj nastanka složenosti.
06:08
And this is how it works.
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A evo kako se to dogodilo.
06:10
Gravity is more powerful
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Gravitacija je moćnija
06:13
where there's more stuff.
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tamo gdje je više stvari.
06:15
So where you get slightly denser areas,
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Pa gdje imate malo gušća područja,
06:17
gravity starts compacting clouds
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gravitacija počne zbijati oblake
06:19
of hydrogen and helium atoms.
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atoma vodika i helija.
06:21
So we can imagine the early universe breaking up
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Pa možemo zamisliti rani svemir kako se razbija
06:23
into a billion clouds.
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u milijardu oblaka.
06:25
And each cloud is compacted,
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I svaki je oblak zbijen,
06:27
gravity gets more powerful as density increases,
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gravitacija postaje sve moćnija kako gustoća raste,
06:30
the temperature begins to rise at the center of each cloud,
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temperatura počinje rasti u centru svakog oblaka,
06:32
and then, at the center of each cloud,
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a tada, u u centru svakog oblaka,
06:34
the temperature crosses the threshold temperature
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temperatura prelazi preko
temperaturnog praga
temperaturnog praga
06:37
of 10 million degrees,
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od 10 milijuna stupnjeva,
06:39
protons start to fuse,
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protoni se počinju zbijati,
06:41
there's a huge release of energy,
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dolazi do ogromnog ispuštanja energije,
06:44
and, bam!
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i, bam!
06:46
We have our first stars.
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Imamo naše prve zvijezde.
06:48
From about 200 million years after the Big Bang,
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Od oko 200 milijuna
godina nakon Velikog praska,
godina nakon Velikog praska,
06:52
stars begin to appear all through the universe,
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zvijezde se počinju pojavljivati širom svemira,
06:55
billions of them.
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njih milijarde.
06:57
And the universe is now significantly more interesting
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I svemir je sada značajno zanimljiviji
07:00
and more complex.
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i složeniji.
07:03
Stars will create the Goldilocks conditions
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Zvijezde će stvoriti uvjete za Zlatokosu
07:05
for crossing two new thresholds.
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za prelazak dva nova praga.
07:08
When very large stars die,
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Kad vrlo velike zvijezde umru,
07:10
they create temperatures so high
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stvaraju temperature tako visoke
07:13
that protons begin to fuse in all sorts of exotic combinations,
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da se protoni zbijaju u
svakakve egzotične kombinacije,
svakakve egzotične kombinacije,
07:16
to form all the elements of the periodic table.
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da stvore sve elemente periodnog sustava.
07:19
If, like me, you're wearing a gold ring,
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Ako, poput mene, nosite zlatni prsten,
07:22
it was forged in a supernova explosion.
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iskovan je u eksploziji supernove.
07:25
So now the universe is chemically more complex.
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Pa je sada svemir kemijski složeniji.
07:28
And in a chemically more complex universe,
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A u kemijski složenijem svemiru,
07:31
it's possible to make more things.
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moguće je napraviti više stvari.
07:33
And what starts happening
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I što se počinje događati
07:35
is that, around young suns,
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je kako, oko mladih sunaca,
07:37
young stars,
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mladih zvijezda,
07:39
all these elements combine, they swirl around,
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svi se ti elementi kombiniraju,
kovitlaju uokolo,
kovitlaju uokolo,
07:41
the energy of the star stirs them around,
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energija zvijezde ih miješa uokolo,
07:43
they form particles, they form snowflakes,
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stvaraju čestice, stvaraju pahuljice,
07:46
they form little dust motes,
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stvaraju male trunke prašine,
07:48
they form rocks, they form asteroids,
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stvaraju stijene, stvaraju asteroide,
07:50
and eventually, they form planets and moons.
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i najzad, stvaraju planete i mjesece.
07:53
And that is how our solar system was formed,
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I to je kako je naš sunčev sustav bio stvoren,
07:56
four and a half billion years ago.
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prije četiri i pol milijarde godina.
07:59
Rocky planets like our Earth
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Stjenoviti planeti poput naše Zemlje
08:02
are significantly more complex than stars
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su značajno složeniji od zvijezda
08:05
because they contain a much greater diversity of materials.
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jer sadrže puno veću raznolikost materijala.
08:08
So we've crossed a fourth threshold of complexity.
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Tako smo prošli četvrti prag složenosti.
08:12
Now, the going gets tougher.
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Sad, zbivanja postaju teža.
08:16
The next stage introduces entities
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Slijedeći stupanj uključuje entitete
08:18
that are significantly more fragile,
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koji su značajno lomljiviji,
08:20
significantly more vulnerable,
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značajno ranjiviji,
08:22
but they're also much more creative
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ali su također puno stvaralačkiji,
08:25
and much more capable of generating further complexity.
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i puno sposobniji
stvarati daljnju složenost.
stvarati daljnju složenost.
08:28
I'm talking, of course,
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Pričam, naravno,
08:30
about living organisms.
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o živim organizmima.
08:32
Living organisms are created by chemistry.
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Žive je organizme stvorila kemija.
08:34
We are huge packages of chemicals.
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Mi smo ogromni paketi kemikalija.
08:38
So, chemistry is dominated by the electromagnetic force.
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Pa, kemijom gospodari
elektromagnetska sila.
elektromagnetska sila.
08:41
That operates over smaller scales than gravity,
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Ona djeluje na manjoj ljestvici
nego gravitacije,
nego gravitacije,
08:43
which explains why you and I
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što objašnjava zašto smo vi i ja
08:45
are smaller than stars or planets.
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manji od zvijezda i planeta.
08:47
Now, what are the ideal conditions for chemistry?
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Sad, koji su idealni uvjeti za kemiju?
08:50
What are the Goldilocks conditions?
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Koji su uvjeti za Zlatokosu?
08:52
Well, first, you need energy,
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Dobro, prvo trebate energiju,
08:54
but not too much.
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ali ne previše.
08:56
In the center of a star, there's so much energy
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U središtu zvijezde nalazi se toliko energije
08:58
that any atoms that combine will just get busted apart again.
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da će se bilo koji sastav atoma samo opet rastaviti.
09:01
But not too little.
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Ali ne premalo.
09:03
In intergalactic space, there's so little energy
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U međugalaktičkom prostoru,
toliko je malo energije
toliko je malo energije
09:05
that atoms can't combine.
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da se atomi ne mogu sastaviti.
09:08
What you want is just the right amount,
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Ono što želite je baš onu pravu količinu,
09:10
and planets, it turns out, are just right,
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a planeti, ispada, su baš pravi,
09:12
because they're close to stars, but not too close.
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jer su blizu zvijezdama, ali ne preblizu.
09:15
You also need a great diversity of chemical elements,
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Također trebate veliku
raznolikost kemijskih elemenata,
raznolikost kemijskih elemenata,
09:18
and you need liquid such as water.
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i trebate tekućinu poput vode.
09:21
Why?
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Zašto?
09:23
Well, in gasses, atoms move past each other so fast
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Pa, u plinovima,
atomi se kreću jedni pored drugih toliko brzo
atomi se kreću jedni pored drugih toliko brzo
09:26
that they can't hitch up.
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da se ne stignu povezati.
09:28
In solids,
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U krutinama,
09:30
atoms are stuck together, they can't move.
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atomi su zbijeni zajedno,
ne mogu se micati.
ne mogu se micati.
09:33
In liquids,
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U tekućinama,
09:35
they can cruise and cuddle
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mogu krstariti i maziti se
09:37
and link up to form molecules.
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i povezivati kako bi oblikovali molekule.
09:40
Now, where do you find such Goldilocks conditions?
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Sad, gdje nalazite takve uvjete za Zlatokosu?
09:43
Well, planets are great,
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Pa, planeti su odlični,
09:45
and our early Earth
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a naša je rana Zemlja
09:47
was almost perfect.
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bila gotovo savršena.
09:49
It was just the right distance from its star
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Bila je to baš prava udaljenost od svoje zvijezde
09:51
to contain huge oceans of open water.
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da sadrži ogromne oceane otvorene vode.
09:54
And deep beneath those oceans,
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A duboko ispod tih oceana,
09:56
at cracks in the Earth's crust,
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na pukotinama u Zemljinoj kori,
09:58
you've got heat seeping up from inside the Earth,
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imali ste izlijevanje topline iz unutrašnjosti Zemlje,
10:01
and you've got a great diversity of elements.
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i imali ste veliku raznolikost elemenata.
10:03
So at those deep oceanic vents,
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Tako da se kod tih dubokih oceanskih odušaka
10:05
fantastic chemistry began to happen,
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počela događati fantastična kemija,
10:08
and atoms combined in all sorts of exotic combinations.
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a atomi su se kombinirali u
svakakve egzotične kombinacije.
svakakve egzotične kombinacije.
10:12
But of course, life is more
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Ali naravno, život je više
10:14
than just exotic chemistry.
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nego samo egzotična kemija.
10:16
How do you stabilize
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Kako stabilizirati
10:18
those huge molecules
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te ogromne molekule
10:20
that seem to be viable?
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za koje se čini
kako podržavaju život?
kako podržavaju život?
10:23
Well, it's here that life introduces
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Pa, ovdje je mjesto
gdje život uvodi
gdje život uvodi
10:25
an entirely new trick.
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posve novi trik.
10:28
You don't stabilize the individual;
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Ne stabilizirate jedinke;
10:30
you stabilize the template,
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stabilizirate predložak,
10:32
the thing that carries information,
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stvar koja nosi informaciju,
10:34
and you allow the template to copy itself.
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i date predlošku da kopira sam sebe.
10:36
And DNA, of course,
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A DNA, naravno,
10:38
is the beautiful molecule
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je prekrasna molekula
10:40
that contains that information.
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koja sadrži tu informaciju.
10:42
You'll be familiar with the double helix of DNA.
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Bit će vam poznata dvostruka zavojnica DNA.
10:45
Each rung contains information.
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Svaka prečka sadrži informaciju.
10:47
So, DNA contains information
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Dakle, DNA sadrži informaciju
10:49
about how to make living organisms.
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o tome kako napraviti žive organizme.
10:52
And DNA also copies itself.
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I DNA također kopira sebe samu.
10:54
So, it copies itself
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Tako, kopira ona sebe
10:56
and scatters the templates through the ocean.
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i rasijava predloške kroz ocean.
10:58
So the information spreads.
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I informacija se širi.
11:00
Notice that information has become part of our story.
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Primijetite kako je informacija
postala dio naše priče.
postala dio naše priče.
11:03
The real beauty of DNA though
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Prava je ljepota DNA ipak
11:05
is in its imperfections.
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u njenim nesavršenostima.
11:07
As it copies itself,
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Kako se kopira,
11:09
once in every billion rungs,
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jednom u svakih milijardu prečaka,
11:11
there tends to be an error.
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dešava se greška.
11:13
And what that means
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A što to znači
11:15
is that DNA is, in effect, learning.
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je kako DNA, u stvari, uči.
11:18
It's accumulating new ways of making living organisms
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Prikuplja nove načine
stvaranja živih organizama
stvaranja živih organizama
11:20
because some of those errors work.
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jer neke od tih grešaka rade.
11:22
So DNA's learning
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Dakle DNA uči
11:24
and it's building greater diversity and greater complexity.
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i stvara veću raznolikost i veću složenost.
11:27
And we can see this happening over the last four billion years.
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A možemo vidjeti kako se to događa
tijekom zadnjih četiri milijarde godina.
tijekom zadnjih četiri milijarde godina.
11:30
For most of that time of life on Earth,
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Kroz najveći dio tog vremena života na Zemlji,
11:32
living organisms have been relatively simple --
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živi su organizmi bili relativno jednostavni --
11:34
single cells.
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pojedine stanice.
11:36
But they had great diversity,
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Ali imali su veliku raznolikost,
11:38
and, inside, great complexity.
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te, iznutra, veliku složenost.
11:40
Then from about 600 to 800 million years ago,
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Onda od prije oko 600 do 800 milijuna godina,
11:43
multi-celled organisms appear.
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pojavljuju se višestanični organizmi.
11:45
You get fungi, you get fish,
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dobijete gljive, dobijete ribe,
11:47
you get plants,
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dobijete biljke,
11:49
you get amphibia, you get reptiles,
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dobijete vodozemce, dobijete gmazove,
11:52
and then, of course, you get the dinosaurs.
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i onda, naravno, dobijete dinosaure.
11:55
And occasionally, there are disasters.
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I povremeno, dešavaju se katastrofe.
11:59
Sixty-five million years ago,
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Prije šezdeset pet milijuna godina,
12:01
an asteroid landed on Earth
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asteroid je pao na Zemlju
12:03
near the Yucatan Peninsula,
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blizu Yucatanskog poluotoka,
12:05
creating conditions equivalent to those of a nuclear war,
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stvarajući uvjete jednake
onima nuklearnog rata,
onima nuklearnog rata,
12:08
and the dinosaurs were wiped out.
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i dinosauri su bili izbrisani.
12:10
Terrible news for the dinosaurs,
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Strašne vijesti za dinosaure,
12:14
but great news for our mammalian ancestors,
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ali odlične vijesti za naše sisavačke pretke,
12:17
who flourished
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koji su procvali
12:19
in the niches left empty by the dinosaurs.
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u od dinosaura upražnjenim nišama.
12:22
And we human beings
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A mi ljudska bića
12:24
are part of that creative evolutionary pulse
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smo dijelom tog stvaralačkog
evolucijskog pulsa
evolucijskog pulsa
12:27
that began 65 million years ago
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koji je počeo prije 65 milijuna godina
12:30
with the landing of an asteroid.
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padom asteroida.
12:33
Humans appeared about 200,000 years ago.
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Ljudi su se pojavili prije oko 200.000 godina.
12:36
And I believe we count
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A ja vjerujem da se brojimo
12:38
as a threshold in this great story.
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kao prag u ovoj velikoj priči.
12:40
Let me explain why.
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Dajte da objasnim zašto.
12:42
We've seen that DNA learns in a sense,
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Vidjeli smo da DNA na neki način uči,
12:45
it accumulates information.
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prikuplja informacije.
12:47
But it is so slow.
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Ali to je tako sporo.
12:49
DNA accumulates information
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DNA prikuplja informacije
12:51
through random errors,
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kroz slučajne greške,
12:53
some of which just happen to work.
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od kojih neke čisto ispada da rade.
12:56
But DNA had actually generated a faster way of learning:
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Ali DNA je zapravo
stvorio brži način učenja:
stvorio brži način učenja:
12:58
it had produced organisms with brains,
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Stvorio je organizme s mozgovima,
13:01
and those organisms can learn in real time.
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a ti organizmi mogu učiti u stvarnom vremenu.
13:04
They accumulate information, they learn.
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Prikupljaju informacije, uče.
13:07
The sad thing is,
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Žalosna je stvar,
13:09
when they die, the information dies with them.
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kad umru, informacije umiru s njima.
13:12
Now what makes humans different
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Sad po čemu su ljudi različiti
13:14
is human language.
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je ljudski jezik.
13:16
We are blessed with a language, a system of communication,
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Blagoslovljeni smo jezikom,
sustavom komunikacije,
sustavom komunikacije,
13:18
so powerful and so precise
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tako moćnim i preciznim
13:21
that we can share what we've learned with such precision
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da možemo dijeliti ono
što smo naučili tolikom točnošću
što smo naučili tolikom točnošću
13:24
that it can accumulate in the collective memory.
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da se to može prikupljati
u kolektivnom pamćenju.
u kolektivnom pamćenju.
13:27
And that means
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A to znači
13:29
it can outlast the individuals who learned that information,
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kako može nadživjeti jedinke
koje su naučile tu informaciju,
koje su naučile tu informaciju,
13:32
and it can accumulate from generation to generation.
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i da se može prikupljati
iz generacije u generaciju.
iz generacije u generaciju.
13:36
And that's why, as a species, we're so creative
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A to je zašto smo, kao vrsta, toliko kreativni
13:38
and so powerful,
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i toliko moćni,
13:40
and that's why we have a history.
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i to je zašto imamo povijest.
13:42
We seem to be the only species in four billion years
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Čini se kako smo jedina vrsta
u četiri milijarde godina
u četiri milijarde godina
13:45
to have this gift.
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koja ima ovaj dar.
13:47
I call this ability
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Zovem tu sposobnost
13:49
collective learning.
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kolektivno učenje.
13:51
It's what makes us different.
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To je ono što nas čini različitim.
13:53
We can see it at work
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Možemo ga vidjeti na djelu
13:55
in the earliest stages of human history.
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u najranijim fazama ljudske povijesti.
13:57
We evolved as a species
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Razvili smo se kao vrsta
13:59
in the savanna lands of Africa,
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u savanskim prostranstvima Afrike,
14:01
but then you see humans migrating into new environments,
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ali tada vidite ljude kako migriraju u nove okoliše,
14:04
into desert lands, into jungles,
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u pustinjska prostranstva, u džungle,
14:06
into the ice age tundra of Siberia --
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u sibirsku tundru ledenog doba --
14:08
tough, tough environment --
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opak, opak okoliš --
14:10
into the Americas, into Australasia.
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u Amerike, u Australasiu.
14:12
Each migration involved learning --
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Svaka je migracija uključila učenje --
14:14
learning new ways of exploiting the environment,
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učenje novih načina korištenja okoliša,
14:17
new ways of dealing with their surroundings.
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novih načina bavljenja njihovim okruženjem.
14:19
Then 10,000 years ago,
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Tada prije 10.000 godina,
14:21
exploiting a sudden change in global climate
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koristeći naglu promjenu globalne klime
14:23
with the end of the last ice age,
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sa krajem zadnjeg ledenog doba,
14:25
humans learned to farm.
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ljudi su naučili obrađivati zemlju.
14:28
Farming was an energy bonanza.
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Zemljoradnja je bila
energetski izvor bogatstva.
energetski izvor bogatstva.
14:30
And exploiting that energy,
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I koristeći tu energiju,
14:32
human populations multiplied.
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ljudska se populacija umnožila.
14:34
Human societies got larger, denser,
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Ljudska društva su postala veća, gušća,
14:36
more interconnected.
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međusobno povezanija.
14:38
And then from about 500 years ago,
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A onda prije oko 500 godina,
14:42
humans began to link up globally
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ljudi su počeli povezivati globalno
14:44
through shipping, through trains,
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kroz brodove, kroz vlakove,
14:46
through telegraph, through the Internet,
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kroz telegraf, kroz Internet,
14:49
until now we seem to form
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sve dok sad ne izgleda kako tvorimo
14:51
a single global brain
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jedinstven globalni mozak
14:53
of almost seven billion individuals.
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od skoro sedam milijardi jedinki.
14:55
And that brain is learning at warp speed.
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I taj mozak uči zapanjujućom brzinom.
15:00
And in the last 200 years, something else has happened.
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A u zadnjih 200 godina,
još se nešto drugo dogodilo.
još se nešto drugo dogodilo.
15:02
We've stumbled on another energy bonanza
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Nabasali smo na drugi energetski izvor bogatstva
15:04
in fossil fuels.
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u fosilnim gorivima.
15:06
So fossil fuels and collective learning together
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Tako fosilna goriva
i kolektivno učenje zajedno
i kolektivno učenje zajedno
15:09
explain the staggering complexity
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objašnjavaju zapanjujuću složenost
15:11
we see around us.
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koju vidimo oko sebe.
15:16
So, here we are,
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Pa, eto nas,
15:19
back at the convention center.
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nazad u kongresnom centru.
15:21
We've been on a journey, a return journey,
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Bili smo na putovanju,
povratnom putovanju
povratnom putovanju
15:23
of 13.7 billion years.
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od 13,7 milijardi godina.
15:26
I hope you agree that this is a powerful story.
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Nadam se da se slažete
kako je ovo moćna priča.
kako je ovo moćna priča.
15:29
And it's a story in which humans
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I to je priča u kojoj ljudi
15:31
play an astonishing and creative role.
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igraju zadivljujuću i stvaralačku ulogu.
15:34
But it also contains warnings.
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Ali također sadrži i upozorenja.
15:37
Collective learning is a very, very powerful force,
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Kolektivno učenje je vrlo, vrlo moćna sila,
15:41
and it's not clear
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a nije jasno
15:43
that we humans are in charge of it.
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kako smo mi ljudi ti koji njome ravnaju.
15:46
I remember very vividly as a child growing up in England,
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Sjećam se vrlo živo
kao dijete odrastajući u Engleskoj,
kao dijete odrastajući u Engleskoj,
15:49
living through the Cuban Missile Crisis.
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proživljavanje Kubanske raketne krize.
15:52
For a few days,
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Kroz nekoliko dana,
15:54
the entire biosphere
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sva se biosfera
15:56
seemed to be on the verge of destruction.
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činila kao na rubu uništenja.
15:59
And the same weapons are still here,
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A ista su oružja i dalje ovdje,
16:02
and they are still armed.
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te su i dalje spremna.
16:04
If we avoid that trap,
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Ako izbjegnemo tu zamku,
16:06
others are waiting for us.
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čekaju nas druge.
16:08
We're burning fossil fuels at such a rate
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Izgaramo fosilna goriva u tolikoj mjeri
16:11
that we seem to be undermining the Goldilocks conditions
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da se čini kako potkopavamo uvjete za Zlatokosu
16:14
that made it possible for human civilizations
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koji su omogućili ljudskim civilizacijama
16:16
to flourish over the last 10,000 years.
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da cvatu tijekom zadnjih 10.000 godina.
16:20
So what big history can do
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Pa ono što velika povijest može učiniti
16:22
is show us the nature of our complexity and fragility
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jest pokazati nam prirodu
naše složenosti i lomljivosti
naše složenosti i lomljivosti
16:25
and the dangers that face us,
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i opasnosti s kojima smo suočeni,
16:27
but it can also show us
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ali nam također može pokazati
16:30
our power with collective learning.
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našu snagu kolektivnog učenja.
16:32
And now, finally,
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A sad, konačno,
16:35
this is what I want.
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ovo je što želim.
16:39
I want my grandson, Daniel,
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Želim da moj unuk, Daniel,
16:42
and his friends and his generation,
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i njegovi prijatelji i njegova generacija,
16:44
throughout the world,
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širom svijeta,
16:46
to know the story of big history,
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da znaju priču velike povijesti,
16:49
and to know it so well
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i da ju znaju tako dobro
16:51
that they understand
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da razumiju
16:53
both the challenges that face us
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jednako izazove kojima smo suočeni
16:55
and the opportunities that face us.
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i prilike koje nam se pružaju.
16:58
And that's why a group of us
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I to je zašto grupa nas
17:00
are building a free, online syllabus
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stvara besplatno online kazalo
17:02
in big history
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velike povijesti
17:04
for high school students throughout the world.
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za učenike srednjih škola širom svijeta.
17:06
We believe that big history
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Vjerujemo kako će im velika povijest
17:09
will be a vital intellectual tool for them,
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biti životno važan intelektualni alat,
17:12
as Daniel and his generation
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jer su Daniel i njegova generacija
17:15
face the huge challenges
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suočeni sa ogromnim izazovima
17:17
and also the huge opportunities
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i također ogromnim prilikama
17:19
ahead of them at this threshold moment
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na putu preko ovog praga
17:22
in the history of our beautiful planet.
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u povijesti ovog prekrasnog planeta.
17:26
I thank you for your attention.
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Zahvaljujem na vašoj pažnji.
17:28
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Christian - HistorianDavid Christian teaches an ambitious world history course that tells the tale of the entire universe -- from the Big Bang 13 billion years ago to present day.
Why you should listen
David Christian is by training a historian of Russia and the Soviet Union, but since the 1980s he has become interested in world history on very large scales. He has written on the social and material history of the 19th-century Russian peasantry, in particular on aspects of diet and the role of alcohol. In 1989, he began teaching courses on "Big History," surveying the past on the largest possible scales, including those of biology and astronomy.
Christian is a member of the Australian Academy of the Humanities. Over the next few years he will also be working with the support of Bill Gates to create an online course in "Big History" for high school students.
Watch the Big History series on H2 >>
David Christian | Speaker | TED.com