INK Conference
Arvind Gupta: Turning trash into toys for learning
Arvind Gupta: Pretvaranje smeća u igračke za učenje
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Na konferenciji INK, Arvind Gupta predstavlja nam jednostavne, ali zapanjujuće planove za pretvaranje smeća u ozbiljno zabavne, dobro dizajnirane igračke koje djeca mogu sama izraditi, istodobno učeći osnovne principe znanosti i dizajna.
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
My name is Arvind Gupta, and I'm a toymaker.
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Moje ime je Arvind Gupta i bavim se izrađivanjem igračaka.
00:18
I've been making toys for the last 30 years.
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Izrađujem igračke posljednjih 30 godina.
00:21
The early '70s, I was in college.
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Početkom 70-ih godina bio sam na fakultetu.
00:23
It was a very revolutionary time.
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Bilo je to vrlo revolucionarno doba.
00:25
It was a political ferment, so to say --
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Bilo je to političko vrenje, tako reći --
00:28
students out in the streets of Paris,
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studenti na ulicama Pariza
00:30
revolting against authority.
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bunili su se protiv autoriteta.
00:32
America was jolted
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Amerika je bila potresena
00:34
by the anti-Vietnam movement, the Civil Rights movement.
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antivijetnamskim pokretom, pokretom za građanska prava.
00:37
In India, we had the Naxalite movement,
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U Indiji smo imali pokret Naxalita,
00:40
the [unclear] movement.
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[nejasno] pokret.
00:42
But you know, when there is a political churning of society,
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Ali znate, kada je u društvu prisutan politički nemir,
00:44
it unleashes a lot of energy.
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oslobađa se mnogo energije.
00:47
The National Movement of India
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Indijski nacionalni pokret
00:49
was testimony to that.
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bio je svjedok toga.
00:51
Lots of people resigned from well-paid jobs
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Mnogo je ljudi dalo ostavke na dobro plaćenim poslovima
00:55
and jumped into the National Movement.
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i prešlo u Nacionalni pokret.
00:57
Now in the early '70s,
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U ranim 70-ima,
00:59
one of the great programs in India
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jedan od velikih programa u Indiji
01:01
was to revitalize
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bio je revitalizacija
01:03
primary science in village schools.
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primarne znanosti u seoskim školama.
01:05
There was a person, Anil Sadgopal, did a Ph.D. from Caltech
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Postojala je jedna osoba, Anil Sadgopal, koji je imao doktorat s Caltecha
01:08
and returned back as a molecular biologist
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i vratio se kao molekularni biolog
01:10
in India's cutting-edge research institute, the TIFR.
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na najsuvremeniji indijski istraživački institut, TIFR.
01:13
At 31, he was not able
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S 31 godinom, on nije mogao
01:15
to relate the kind of [unclear] research,
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povezati vrstu [nejasno] istraživanja,
01:17
which he was doing with the lives of the ordinary people.
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koje je provodio, sa životima običnih ljudi.
01:20
So he designed and went and started a village science program.
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Stoga je osmislio i započeo seoski znanstveni program.
01:23
Many people were inspired by this.
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Mnogo je ljudi bilo inspirirano time.
01:25
The slogan of the early '70s
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Slogan ranih 70-ih
01:27
was "Go to the people.
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bio je "Idite k ljudima.
01:29
Live with them; love them.
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Živite s njima, volite ih.
01:31
Start from what they know. Build on what they have."
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Počnite od onoga što znaju. Gradite na onome što imaju".
01:34
This was kind of the defining slogan.
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Taj me slogan na neki način odredio.
01:36
Well I took one year.
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Stoga sam uzeo jednu godinu.
01:38
I joined Telco, made TATA trucks, pretty close to Pune.
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Pridružio sam se Telcu, izrađivao kamione TATA, u blizini grada Pune.
01:41
I worked there for two years,
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Ondje sam radio dvije godine
01:43
and I realized that I was not born to make trucks.
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i shvatio sam da nisam rođen da izrađujem kamione.
01:46
Often one doesn't know what one wants to do,
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Često osoba ne zna što želi raditi,
01:48
but it's good enough to know what you don't want to do.
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ali dovoljno je dobro znati što ne želite raditi.
01:50
So I took one year off, and I went to this village science program.
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Stoga sam uzeo jednu godinu pauze, i otišao sam se uključiti u taj seoski znanstveni program.
01:53
And it was a turning point.
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I to je bila točka preokreta.
01:55
It was a very small village --
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Bilo je to vrlo maleno selo --
01:57
a weekly bazaar
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tjedna tržnica
01:59
where people, just once in a week, they put in all the vats.
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gdje ljudi, samo jednom tjedno, ulože sav svoj trud.
02:02
So I said, "I'm going to spend a year over here."
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Stoga sam rekao, "Provest ću godinu dana ovdje".
02:04
So I just bought one specimen
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Kupio sam samo po jedan primjerak
02:06
of everything which was sold on the roadside.
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svega što se prodavalo uz cestu.
02:08
And one thing which I found
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I jedna od stvari koje sam pronašao
02:10
was this black rubber.
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bila je ova crna guma.
02:12
This is called a cycle valve tube.
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To se zove unutarnja guma za bicikl s ventilom.
02:14
When you pump in air in a bicycle, you use a bit of this.
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Kad pumpate zrak u bicikl, koristite dio ovoga.
02:17
And some of these models --
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A neki od tih modela --
02:19
so you take a bit of this cycle valve tube,
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dakle, uzmete dio te unutarnje gume za bicikl s ventilom,
02:21
you can put two matchsticks inside this, and you make a flexible joint.
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možete staviti dvije šibice unutra, i napravite fleksibilan spoj.
02:24
It's a joint of tubes. You start by teaching angles --
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To je spoj unutarnjih guma. Počnete s poučavanjem kutova --
02:27
an acute angle, a right angle, an obtuse angle, a straight angle.
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šiljasti kut, pravi kut, tupi kut, ravni kut.
02:29
It's like its own little coupling.
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To je poput malog uparivanja.
02:31
If you have three of them, and you loop them together,
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Ako ih imate tri i povežete ih petljama,
02:33
well you make a triangle.
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dobijete trokut.
02:35
With four, you make a square,
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S četiri, napravite kvadrat,
02:37
you make a pentagon, you make a hexagon,
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napravite peterokut, napravite šesterokut,
02:39
you make all these kind of polygons.
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napravite sve te vrste mnogokuta.
02:41
And they have some wonderful properties.
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A oni imaju neke prekrasne značajke.
02:43
If you look at the hexagon, for instance,
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Ako pogledate šesterokut, na primjer,
02:45
it's like an amoeba, which is constantly changing its own profile.
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on je poput amebe, koja neprestano mijenja svoj profil.
02:48
You can just pull this out, this becomes a rectangle.
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Možete samo izvući ovo van i pretvara se u pravokutnik.
02:50
You give it a push, this becomes a parallelogram.
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Pogurnete ga i postaje paralelogram.
02:52
But this is very shaky.
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Ali to je vrlo klimavo.
02:54
Look at the pentagon, for instance,
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Pogledajte peterokut, na primjer.
02:56
pull this out -- it becomes a boat shape trapezium.
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Izvucite ovo van -- postaje trapez u obliku broda.
02:58
Push it and it becomes house shaped.
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Pogurnite ga i postaje u obliku kuće.
03:00
This becomes an isosceles triangle --
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Ovo postaje jednakokračni trokut --
03:02
again, very shaky.
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ponovno, veoma klimavo.
03:04
This square might look very square and prim.
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Ovaj kvadrat možda izgleda vrlo kvadratno i ukočeno.
03:06
Give it a little push -- this becomes a rhombus.
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Malo ga pogurnite -- postaje romb.
03:08
It becomes kite-shaped.
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Poprima oblik zmaja.
03:10
But give a child a triangle,
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Ali ako date djetetu trokut,
03:12
he can't do a thing to it.
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ono mu ne može ništa učiniti.
03:14
Why use triangles?
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Zašto koristiti trokute?
03:16
Because triangles are the only rigid structures.
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Jer su trokuti jedine čvrste strukture.
03:18
We can't make a bridge with squares
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Ne možemo napraviti most od kvadrata,
03:20
because the train would come, it would start doing a jig.
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jer kad bi došao vlak, počeo bi cupkati.
03:23
Ordinary people know about this
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Obični ljudi to znaju,
03:25
because if you go to a village in India,
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jer ako odete u neko selo u Indiji,
03:27
they might not have gone to engineering college,
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oni možda nisu pohađali inžinjerski fakultet,
03:29
but no one makes a roof placed like this.
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ali nitko ne polaže krov ovako.
03:31
Because if they put tiles on top, it's just going to crash.
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Jer kad bi stavili crijep na vrh, samo bi se urušio.
03:34
They always make a triangular roof.
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Uvijek prave krov u obliku trokuta.
03:36
Now this is people science.
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E to je znanost ljudi.
03:38
And if you were to just poke a hole over here
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A kad biste samo napravili rupu ovdje
03:40
and put a third matchstick,
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i stavili treću šibicu,
03:42
you'll get a T joint.
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dobili biste T-spoj.
03:44
And if I were to poke all the three legs of this
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A kad bih umetnuo sve tri noge ovoga
03:46
in the three vertices of this triangle,
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u tri vrha ovog trokuta,
03:48
I would make a tetrahedron.
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napravio bih tetraedar.
03:50
So you make all these 3D shapes.
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Dakle, pravite sve te 3D oblike.
03:52
You make a tetrahedron like this.
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Napravite tetraedar ovako.
03:55
And once you make these,
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A jednom kad to napravite,
03:59
you make a little house.
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napravite malu kuću.
04:03
Put this on top.
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Stavite ovo na vrh.
04:05
You can make a joint of four. You can make a joint of six.
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Možete napraviti spoj iz njih četiri. Možete napraviti spoj iz njih šest.
04:07
You just need a ton.
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Samo trebate imati stila.
04:10
Now this was -- you make a joint of six,
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Ovo je bilo -- napravite spoj iz njih šest,
04:12
you make an icosahedron.
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napravili ste ikosaedar.
04:14
You can play around with it.
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Možete se igrati njime.
04:16
This makes an igloo.
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Iz ovoga će nastati iglu.
04:18
Now this is in 1978.
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To je bilo 1978.godine.
04:20
I was a 24-year-old young engineer.
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Bio sam 24-godišnji mladi inženjer.
04:23
And I thought this was so much better than making trucks.
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I mislio sam kako je to mnogo bolje nego izrađivanje kamiona.
04:27
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
04:32
If you, as a matter of fact, put four marbles inside,
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Ako, zapravo, stavite četiri pikule unutra,
04:35
you simulate the molecular structure of methane, CH4.
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simulirate molekularnu strukturu metana, CH4.
04:38
Four atoms of hydrogen, the four points of the tetrahedron,
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Četiri atoma ugljika, četiri vrha tetraedra,
04:40
which means the little carbon atom.
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što znači maleni atom ugljika.
04:42
Well since then,
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Dakle, od tada,
04:44
I just thought that I've been really privileged
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mislio sam kako sam doista privilegiran
04:47
to go to over 2,000 schools in my country --
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što sam obišao 2.000 škola u svojoj zemlji --
04:51
village schools, government schools,
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seoskih škola, državnih škola,
04:53
municipal schools, Ivy League schools --
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općinskih škola, elitnih škola --
04:55
I've been invited by most of them.
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većina njih me pozvala.
04:57
And every time I go to a school,
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Svaki put kad idem u školu,
04:59
I see a gleam in the eyes of the children.
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vidim sjaj u dječjim očima.
05:01
I see hope. I see happiness in their faces.
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Vidim nadu. Vidim sreću na njihovim licima.
05:04
Children want to make things. Children want to do things.
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Djeca žele izrađivati stvari. Djeca žele raditi stvari.
05:07
Now this, we make lots and lots of pumps.
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Ovo -- mi izrađujemo mnogo, mnogo pumpi.
05:10
Now this is a little pump
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Ovo je mala pumpa
05:12
with which you could inflate a balloon.
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kojom možete napuhati balon.
05:14
It's a real pump. You could actually pop the balloon.
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To je prava pumpa. Možete i probušiti balon.
05:17
And we have a slogan
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I imamo slogan
05:19
that the best thing a child can do with a toy is to break it.
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da je najbolja stvar koju dijete može napraviti s igračkom to da je slomi.
05:22
So all you do is --
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Dakle, sve što radite je --
05:24
it's a very kind of provocative statement --
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ovo je u neku ruku vrlo provokativna izjave --
05:26
this old bicycle tube and this old plastic [unclear]
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ova stara unutarnja guma bicikla i ovaj stari plastični [nejasno]
05:28
This filling cap will go very snugly into an old bicycle tube.
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Ova kapica za punjenje ući će vrlo lako u staru unutarnju gumu bicikla.
05:31
And this is how you make a valve.
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I tako izradite ventil.
05:33
You put a little sticky tape.
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Stavite malo ljepljive trake.
05:37
This is one-way traffic.
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Ovo je jednosmjeran promet.
05:41
Well we make lots and lots of pumps.
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Dakle, mi izrađujemo mnogo, mnogo pumpi.
05:43
And this is the other one --
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A ovo je još jedna --
05:45
that you just take a straw, and you just put a stick inside
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samo uzmete cvječicu, i samo stavite štapić unutra,
05:47
and you make two half-cuts.
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napravite dva poluproreza.
05:49
Now this is what you do,
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Dakle, evo što radite,
05:51
is you bend both these legs into a triangle,
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savijete obje noge u trokut,
05:53
and you just wrap some tape around.
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i samo omotate traku okolo.
05:55
And this is the pump.
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I to je pumpa.
05:57
And now, if you have this pump,
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I sada, ako imate ovu pumpu,
06:00
it's like a great, great sprinkler.
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ona je odlična prskalica.
06:03
It's like a centrifuge.
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Radi poput centrifuge.
06:05
If you spin something, it tends to fly out.
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Ukoliko nešto zavrtite, vjerojatno će odletjeti.
06:08
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
06:10
Well in terms of -- if you were in Andhra Pradesh,
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Govoreći o -- kad biste bili u pokrajini Andhra Pradesh,
06:12
you would make this with the palmyra leaf.
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izrađivali biste ovo od lista indijske palme.
06:14
Many of our folk toys
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Mnoge naše narodne igračke
06:16
have great science principles.
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temelje se na znanstvenim principima.
06:18
If you spin-top something, it tends to fly out.
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Ako nešto zavrtite, ono će odletjeti.
06:20
If I do it with both hands, you can see this fun Mr. Flying Man.
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Ako to napravim s obje ruke, možete vidjeti zabavnog Letećeg Gospodina.
06:25
Right.
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Tako.
06:29
This is a toy which is made from paper. It's amazing.
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Ovo je igračka izrađena od papira. To je nevjerojatno.
06:32
There are four pictures.
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Imamo četiri slike.
06:34
You see insects,
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Vidite kukce,
06:36
you see frogs, snakes, eagles, butterflies,
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vidite žabe, zmije, orlove, leptire,
06:38
frogs, snakes, eagles.
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žabe, zmije, orlove.
06:40
Here's a paper which you could [unclear] --
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Ovdje je papir koji možete [nejasno] --
06:42
designed by a mathematician at Harvard in 1928,
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kojeg je dizajnirao matematičar s Harvarda 1928. godine,
06:44
Arthur Stone,
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Arthur Stone,
06:46
documented by Martin Gardner in many of his many books.
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koji je dokumentirao Martin Gardner u mnogim svojim knjigama.
06:49
But this is great fun for children.
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Ali ovo je djeci vrlo zabavno.
06:51
They all study about the food chain.
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Oni svi uče o prehrambenom lancu.
06:53
The insects are eaten by the frogs; the frogs are eaten by the snakes;
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Žabe pojedu insekte; zmije pojedu žabe;
06:55
the snakes are eaten by the eagles.
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orlovi pojedu zmije.
06:57
And this can be, if you had a whole photocopy paper --
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A to može biti, kad biste imali cijeli fotokopirni papir,
06:59
A4 size paper --
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papir veličine A4 --
07:01
you could be in a municipal school, you could be in a government school --
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možete biti u općinskoj školi, možete biti u državnoj školi --
07:04
a paper, a scale and a pencil -- no glue, no scissors.
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papir, mjerilo i olovka, bez ljepila, bez škara.
07:07
In three minutes, you just fold this up.
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U tri minute, samo presavinete ovo.
07:10
And what you could use it for is just limited by your imagination.
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A ono za što to možete koristiti ograničeno je samo vašom maštom.
07:13
If you take a smaller paper, you make a smaller flexagon.
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Ako uzmete manji papir, napravit ćete manji fleksagon.
07:16
With a bigger one, you make a bigger one.
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S većim, napravit ćete veći.
07:21
Now this is a pencil with a few slots over here.
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Ovo je olovka, s nekoliko utora ovdje.
07:23
And you put a little fan here.
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I stavite mali ventilator ovdje.
07:25
And this is a hundred-year-old toy.
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Ovo je stotinu godina stara igračka.
07:27
There have been six major research papers on this.
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Napravljeno je šest velikih istraživanja na ovu temu.
07:30
There's some grooves over here, you can see.
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Ovdje ima nekoliko udubljenja, vidite.
07:32
And if I take a reed -- if I rub this,
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I ako uzmem trsku -- ako trljam ovo,
07:34
something very amazing happens.
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dogodi se nešto nevjerojatno.
07:36
Six major research papers on this.
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Šest velikih istraživanja o ovome.
07:38
As a matter of fact, Feynman, as a child, was very fascinated by this.
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Zapravo, Feynman je kao dijete bio vrlo fasciniran ovime.
07:40
He wrote a paper on this.
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Napisao je rad o tome.
07:42
And you don't need the three billion-dollar Hadron Collider
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Nije vam potreban tri milijarde dolara vrijedan hadronski sudarač
07:44
for doing this. (Laughter) (Applause)
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da biste napravili ovo.
07:46
This is there for every child,
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Ovo je dostupno svakom djetetu,
07:48
and every child can enjoy this.
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i svako dijete može uživati u tome.
07:50
If you want to put a colored disk,
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Ako želite staviti obojeni disk,
07:53
well all these seven colors coalesce.
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svih se ovih sedam boja sjedinjuje.
07:55
And this is what Newton talked about 400 years back,
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I o tome je Newton govorio prije 400 godina,
07:58
that white light's made of seven colors,
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kako je bijela svjetlost sastavljena od sedam boja,
08:00
just by spinning this around.
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samo vrteći ovo u krug.
08:02
This is a straw.
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Ovo je cjevčica.
08:05
What we've done, we've just sealed both the ends with tape,
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Što smo napraviti, samo smo zatvorili oba kraja trakom,
08:08
nipped the right corner and the bottom left corner,
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prirezali desni kut i donji lijevi kut,
08:10
so there's holes in the opposite corners, there's a little hole over here.
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tako da su rupe u suprotnim kutovima, ovdje je mala rupa.
08:13
This is a kind of a blowing straw.
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Ovo je neka vrsta cjevčice za puhanje.
08:15
I just put this inside this.
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Samo stavim ovo unutar ovoga.
08:17
There's a hole here, and I shut this.
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Ovdje je rupa i zatvorim ovo.
08:25
And this costs very little money to make --
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A to izrada ovoga vrlo je jeftina --
08:27
great fun for children to do.
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velika zabava za djecu.
08:29
What we do
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Ono što radimo
08:31
is make a very simple electric motor.
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jest da napravimo vrlo jednostavan elektromotor.
08:33
Now this is the simplest motor on Earth.
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Dakle, ovo je najjednostavniji motor na svijetu
08:37
The most expensive thing is the battery inside this.
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Najskuplja stvar je baterija koja se nalazi unutar njega.
08:40
If you have a battery, it costs five cents to make it.
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Ako imate bateriju, njegova izrada stoji pet centa.
08:43
This is an old bicycle tube,
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Ovo je stara unutarnja guma bicikla,
08:45
which gives you a broad rubber band, two safety pins.
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od koje smo dobili gumenu traku, dvije zaštitne igle.
08:47
This is a permanent magnet.
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Ovo je trajni magnet.
08:49
Whenever current flows through the coil, this becomes an electromagnet.
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Kad god struja teče kroz zavojnicu, ovo postaje elektromagnet.
08:52
It's the interaction of both these magnets
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Interakcija ovih dvaju magneta
08:54
which makes this motor spin.
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okreće ovaj motor.
08:56
We made 30,000.
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Napravili smo ih 30.000.
08:58
Teachers who have been teaching science for donkey years,
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Učitelji koji godinama podučavaju prirodne znanosti,
09:01
they just muck up the definition and they spit it out.
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oni samo upropaste definiciju i izbrbljaju je na brzinu.
09:04
When teachers make it, children make it.
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Kada učitelji izrađuju, djeca izrađuju.
09:06
You can see a gleam in their eye.
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Možete vidjeti sjaj u njihovim očima.
09:08
They get a thrill
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Uzbuđeni su
09:11
of what science is all about.
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onime što znanost stvarno jest.
09:13
And this science is not a rich man's game.
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A ova znanost nije igra za bogataše.
09:15
In a democratic country,
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U demokratskoj zemlji,
09:17
science must reach to our most oppressed,
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znanost mora doprijeti do najpotlačenije,
09:20
to the most marginalized children.
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najmarginaliziranije djece.
09:22
This program started with 16 schools
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Ovaj je program započeo sa 16 škola
09:25
and spread to 1,500 government schools.
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i proširio se na 1.500 državnih škola.
09:28
Over 100,000 children learn science this way.
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Više od 100.000 djece uči o znanosti na ovaj način.
09:32
And we're just trying to see possibilities.
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A samo pokušavamo primijetiti prilike.
09:34
Look, this is the tetrapak --
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Pogledajte, ovo je tetrapak --
09:36
awful materials from the point of view of the environment.
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grozni materijali, s ekološkog stajališta.
09:39
There are six layers -- three layers of plastic, aluminum --
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Ima šest slojeva -- tri sloja plastike, aluminija --
09:42
which are are sealed together.
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koji su povezani zajedno.
09:44
They are fused together, so you can't separate them.
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Spojeni su i zato ih ne možete rastaviti.
09:46
Now you can just make a little network like this
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Možete samo napraviti malu mrežu poput ove
09:48
and fold them and stick them together
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i savinuti ih i spojiti ih zajedno
09:50
and make an icosahedron.
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i napraviti ikosaedar.
09:52
So something which is trash,
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Dakle, nešto što je smeće,
09:54
which is choking all the seabirds,
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nešto što ubija sve morske ptice,
09:57
you could just recycle this into a very, very joyous --
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možete jednostavno reciklirati u vrlo, vrlo zabavan --
10:00
all the platonic solids can be made with things like this.
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sve platonske tvari u znanosti se mogu izraditi od stvari poput ovih.
10:03
This is a little straw,
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Ovo je mala cjevčica,
10:06
and what you do is you just nip two corners here,
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i ono što napravite jest da samo otkinete dva ugla ovdje,
10:10
and this becomes like a baby crocodile's mouth.
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i ovo postaje nalik na usta malog krokodila.
10:14
You put this in your mouth, and you blow.
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Stavite ovo u usta i pušete.
10:16
(Honk)
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(Truba)
10:18
It's children's delight, a teacher's envy, as they say.
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To djecu veseli, a učitelje čini zavidnima, kao što kažu.
10:22
You're not able to see how the sound is produced,
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Ne možete vidjeti kako se zvuk proizvodi,
10:24
because the thing which is vibrating goes inside my mouth.
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jer stvar koja vibrira ulazi u moja usta.
10:27
I'm going to keep this outside, to blow out. I'm going to suck in air.
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Držat ću ovo vani, da ispušem. Povući ću zrak.
10:30
(Honk)
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(Truba)
10:32
So no one actually needs to muck up the production of sound
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Dakle, nitko zapravo ne mora upropastiti proizvodnju zvuka
10:35
with wire vibrations.
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vibracijom žice.
10:37
The other is that you keep blowing at it,
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Druga osoba, odnosno vi, i dalje pušete,
10:39
keep making the sound,
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nastavljate proizvoditi zvuk,
10:41
and you keep cutting it.
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i ga režete.
10:43
And something very, very nice happens.
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I dogodi se nešto vrlo lijepo.
10:45
(Honk)
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(Truba)
10:57
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
11:00
And when you get a very small one --
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A kad ostane vrlo malen --
11:02
(Honk)
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(Truba)
11:05
This is what the kids teach you. You can also do this.
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To vas djeca uče. Možete isto tako učiniti i ovo.
11:08
Well before I go any further,
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Prije nego krenem dalje,
11:10
this is something worth sharing.
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ovo je nešto što vrijedi podijeliti.
11:12
This is a touching slate meant for blind children.
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Ovo je ploča za dodirivanje namijenjena slijepoj djeci.
11:14
This is strips of Velcro, this is my drawing slate,
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Ovo su čičak-trake, ovo je moja ploča za crtanje,
11:17
and this is my drawing pen,
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a ovo je moja olovka za crtanje,
11:19
which is basically a film box.
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koja je zapravo kutija za film.
11:21
It's basically like a fisherman's line,
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To je, u osnovi, poput ribičke uzice,
11:25
a fishing line.
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flaksa.
11:27
And this is wool over here.
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A ovo ovdje je vuna.
11:29
If I crank the handle, all the wool goes inside.
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Ako pogurnem ručicu, sva vuna ode unutra.
11:32
And what a blind child can do is to just draw this.
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A ono što slijepo dijete može učiniti jest da samo nacrta ovo.
11:36
Wool sticks on Velcro.
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Vuna se primi za čičak.
11:40
There are 12 million blind children in our country --
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U našoj zemlji ima 12 milijuna slijepe djece --
11:43
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
11:45
who live in a world of darkness.
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koja žive u svijetu tame.
11:47
And this has come as a great boon to them.
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A ovo je došlo kao velika blagodat za njih.
11:50
There's a factory out there making our children blind,
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Postoji tvornica koja osljepljuje našu djecu,
11:53
not able to provide them with food,
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jer im ne osigurava prehranu,
11:55
not able to provide them with vitamin A.
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ne osigurava im vitamin A.
11:57
But this has come as a great boon for them.
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Ali ovo je došlo kao velika blagodat za njih.
11:59
There are no patents. Anyone can make it.
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Nema patenata. Svatko to može izraditi.
12:03
This is very, very simple.
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To je vrlo, vrlo jednostavno.
12:05
You can see, this is the generator. It's a crank generator.
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Vidjite, ovo je generator. To je generator s ručicom.
12:08
These are two magnets.
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Ovo su dva magneta.
12:10
This is a large pulley made by sandwiching rubber between two old CDs.
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Ovo je veliki kolotur napravljen od gume smještene između dva stara CD-a.
12:13
Small pulley and two strong magnets.
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Mali kolotur i dva snažna magneta.
12:15
And this fiber turns a wire attached to an LED.
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A ovo vlakno pokreće žicu koja je pričvršćena na LED.
12:18
If I spin this pulley, the small one's going to spin much faster.
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Ako zavrtim ovaj kolotur, manji će se vrtjeti mnogo brže.
12:20
There will be a spinning magnetic field.
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Nastat će rotirajuće magnetsko polje.
12:22
Lines, of course, would be cut, the force will be generated.
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Žice će, naravno, biti prerezane, snaga će se generirati.
12:25
And you can see, this LED is going to glow.
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I vidite, ova LED-ica će svijetliti.
12:27
So this is a small crank generator.
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Dakle, to je maleni generator s ručicom.
12:31
Well, this is, again,
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Dakle, ovo je, ponovno,
12:34
it's just a ring, a steel ring with steel nuts.
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to je samo prsten, čelični prsten s čeličnim vijcima.
12:37
And what you can do
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A ono što možete učiniti
12:39
is just, if you give it a twirl,
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jednostavno je, ako ga brzo okrećete,
12:42
well they just keep going on.
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oni se samo kreću.
12:48
And imagine a bunch of kids
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I zamislite hrpu djece
12:50
standing in a circle
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koja stoje u krugu
12:52
and just waiting for the steel ring to be passed on.
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i samo čekaju da se čelični prsten prenosi od jednog do drugog.
12:54
And they'd be absolutely joyous playing with this.
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Igranje s ovime zaista bi ih veselilo.
12:59
Well in the end, what we can also do:
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Na kraju, što još možemo napraviti,
13:01
we use a lot of old newspapers
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koristimo mnogo starih novina
13:04
to make caps.
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za izradu kapa.
13:06
This is worthy of Sachin Tendulkar.
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Ovo je dostojno Sachina Tendulkara.
13:08
It's a great cricket cap. (Laughter) (Applause)
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Ovo je odlična kapa za kriket.
13:11
When first you see Nehru and Gandhi,
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Kada vidite Nehrua i Gandhija,
13:13
this is the Nehru cap -- just half a newspaper.
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ovo je Nehruova kapa -- samo pola novina.
13:16
We make lots of toys with newspapers,
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Izrađujemo mnogo igračaka od novina,
13:18
and this is one of them.
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a ovo je jedna od njih.
13:20
And this is -- you can see --
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A ovo je -- vidite --
13:22
this is a flapping bird.
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ovo je ptica koja lamata krilima.
13:25
All of our old newspapers, we cut them into little squares.
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Sve naše stare novine režemo na male kvadrate.
13:28
And if you have one of these birds --
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A ako imate jednu od tih ptica --
13:30
children in Japan have been making this bird for many, many years.
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djeca u Japanu izrađuju ovu pticu mnogo, mnogo godina.
13:35
And you can see,
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I vidite,
13:37
this is a little fantail bird.
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ovo je mala ptica s repom u obliku lepeze.
13:41
Well in the end, I'll just end with a story.
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Dakle, na kraju, završit ću s jednom pričom.
13:44
This is called "The Captain's Hat Story."
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Zove se "Priča o kapetanovom šeširu".
13:46
The captain was a captain of a sea-going ship.
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Kapetan je bio kapetan pomorskog broda.
13:48
It goes very slowly.
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On se kreće vrlo sporo.
13:50
And there were lots of passengers on the ship,
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Na brodu je bilo vrlo mnogo putnika
13:52
and they were getting bored, so the captain invited them on the deck.
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i bilo im je dosadno, stoga ih je kapetan pozvao na palubu.
13:54
"Wear all your colorful clothes and sing and dance,
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"Odjenite svoju šarenu odjeću i pjevajte i plešite,
13:56
and I'll provide you with good food and drinks."
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a ja ću vas opskrbiti dobrom hranom i pićima."
13:58
And the captain would wear a cap everyday
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I kapetan bi nosio šešir svaki dan
14:00
and join in the regalia.
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i pridružio bi se otmjenim gostima.
14:02
The first day, it was a huge umbrella cap,
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Prvi je dan imao ogroman šešir-kišobran,
14:04
like a captain's cap.
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poput kapetanovog šešira.
14:06
That night, when the passengers would be sleeping,
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Te noći, kad su putnici zaspali,
14:09
he would give it one more fold,
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on bi ga još jednom presavinuo,
14:11
and the second day, he would be wearing a fireman's cap --
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i idućeg bi dana nosio vatrogasni šešir --
14:13
with a little shoot just like a designer cap,
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s malom izbočinom poput dizajnerskog šešira,
14:15
because it protects the spinal cord.
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jer štiti kralježnicu.
14:18
And the second night, he would take the same cap
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A druge noći, uzeo bi isti šešir
14:20
and give it another fold.
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i još jednom ga presavinuo.
14:22
And the third day, it would be a Shikari cap --
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I treći bi dan imao Shikari šešir --
14:24
just like an adventurer's cap.
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poput šešira koje nose pustolovi.
14:27
And the third night, he would give it two more folds --
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I treće bi ga noći presavinuo još dva puta --
14:30
and this is a very, very famous cap.
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a to je vrlo, vrlo poznat šešir,
14:32
If you've seen any of our Bollywood films,
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ako ste vidjeli bilo koji od naših Bollywoodskih filmova,
14:34
this is what the policeman wears,
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nose ga policajci,
14:36
it's called a zapalu cap.
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zove se Zapalu šešir.
14:38
It's been catapulted to international glory.
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Postao je slavan u cijelom svijetu.
14:41
And we must not forget that he was the captain of the ship.
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I ne smijemo zaboraviti da je on bio kapetan broda.
14:44
So that's a ship.
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Dakle, ovo je brod.
14:46
And now the end:
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A sada kraj.
14:48
everyone was enjoying the journey very much.
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Svima je putovanje bilo vrlo zabavno.
14:50
They were singing and dancing.
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Pjevali su i plesali.
14:52
Suddenly there was a storm and huge waves.
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Odjednom se pojavila oluja i veliki valovi.
14:55
And all the ship can do is to dance and pitch along with the waves.
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A brod može samo plesati i njihati se zajedno s valovima.
14:58
A huge wave comes and slaps the front
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Naiđe ogroman val i udari pramac
15:00
and knocks it down.
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i otkine ga.
15:02
And another one comes and slaps the aft and knocks it down.
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Zatim naiđe i drugi i udari u krmu i otkine je.
15:05
And there's a third one over here.
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A ovdje je i treći.
15:07
This swallows the bridge and knocks it down.
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On proguta most i obori ga.
15:09
And the ship sinks,
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I brod potone,
15:11
and the captain has lost everything,
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a kapetan je izgubio sve
15:13
but for a life jacket.
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osim prsluka za spašavanje.
15:16
Thank you so much.
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Puno vam hvala.
15:18
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Arvind Gupta - ToymakerScience educator Arvind Gupta uses simple toys to teach.
Why you should listen
Arvind Gupta is an Indian toy inventor and popularizer of science for kids. Creating simple toys out of trash and everyday goods, he illustrates principles of science and design in a memorably hands-on fashion. He works at the Children's Science Centre in Pune, India.
He's the author of numerous books available in English, Hindi and other Indian languages, including Little Toys, Amazing Activities, Science from Scrap, and Science Skills & Thrills: The Best of Arvind Gupta. His Low-Cost Equipment for Science and Technology Eduction is available as a PDF download through UNESCO. Many of his toy designs are explained in one-minute films >>
Arvind Gupta | Speaker | TED.com