TEDxCambridge
Matt Killingsworth: Want to be happier? Stay in the moment
Matt Killingsworth: Želite biti sretniji? Ostanite u trenutku
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Kada su ljudi najsretniji? Kako bi prikupio podatke o ovom pitanju, Matt Killingsworth napravio je aplikaciju Track Your Happiness, koja omogućuje ljudima da u stvarnom vremenu izvještavaju o svojem raspoloženju. Jedan od iznenađujućih rezultata pokazao je da smo često najsretniji kad se izgubimo u trenutku. I, s druge strane, što više sanjarimo, manje ćemo biti sretni. (Snimljeno na TEDxCambridge.)
Matt Killingsworth - Happiness researcher
Researcher Matt Killingsworth designs studies that gather data on happiness. One takeaway? "A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind." Full bio
Researcher Matt Killingsworth designs studies that gather data on happiness. One takeaway? "A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind." Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:16
So, people want a lot of things out of life,
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Ljudi žele mnogo stvari od života,
00:19
but I think, more than anything else, they want happiness.
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ali mislim da najviše od svega žele sreću.
00:23
Aristotle called happiness "the chief good," the end
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Aristotel je sreću opisao kao "najveće dobro",
00:26
towards which all other things aim.
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cilj kojem sve stvari streme.
00:29
According to this view, the reason we want a big house
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Prema ovom gledištu, razlog zašto želimo veliku kuću
00:35
or a nice car
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ili lijep auto
00:38
or a good job
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ili dobar posao
00:40
isn't that these things are intrinsically valuable.
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nije zato što te stvari imaju intrinsičnu vrijednost.
00:42
It's that we expect them to bring us
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Stvar je u tome da mi očekujemo da nam one donesu
00:45
happiness.
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sreću.
00:46
Now in the last 50 years, we Americans have gotten
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U posljednjih 50 godina, mi Amerikanci nabavili smo
00:49
a lot of the things that we want. We're richer.
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puno stvari koje želimo. Bogatiji smo.
00:51
We live longer. We have access to technology
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Živimo duže. Imamo pristup tehnologiji
00:54
that would have seemed like science fiction
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koja je izgledala kao znanstvena fantastika
00:56
just a few years ago.
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prije samo nekoliko godina.
00:58
The paradox of happiness is that even though the
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Paradoks sreće jest taj da,
01:01
objective conditions of our lives have improved dramatically,
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iako su se fizički uvjeti
našeg života znatno poboljšali,
našeg života znatno poboljšali,
01:04
we haven't actually gotten any happier.
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mi zapravo nismo postali ništa sretniji.
01:07
Maybe because these conventional notions of progress
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Možda upravo zato što ti uobičajeni pojmovi razvoja
01:10
haven't delivered big benefits in terms of happiness,
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nisu donijeli više sreće
01:13
there's been an increased interest in recent years
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posljednjih godina raste zanimanje
01:15
in happiness itself.
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za samu sreću.
01:17
People have been debating the causes of happiness
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Ljudi raspravljaju o uzrocima sreće
01:19
for a really long time, in fact for thousands of years,
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već dosta dugo, tisućama godina,
01:22
but it seems like many of those debates remain unresolved.
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ali čini se kako mnoge
takve rasprave ostaju neriješene.
takve rasprave ostaju neriješene.
01:25
Well, as with many other domains in life, I think
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Kao i u mnogim drugim područjima u životu,
01:27
the scientific method has the potential to answer this question.
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mislim da znanstvena metoda
ima mogućnost odgovoriti na ovo pitanje.
ima mogućnost odgovoriti na ovo pitanje.
01:31
In fact, in the last few years, there's been an explosion
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Zapravo, u posljednjih
nekoliko godina, došlo je do eksplozije
nekoliko godina, došlo je do eksplozije
01:33
in research on happiness. For example, we've learned a lot
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istraživanja o sreći. Primjerice, puno smo naučili
01:36
about its demographics, how things like income
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o utjecaju demografije - kako stvari poput prihoda,
01:39
and education, gender and marriage relate to it.
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obrazovanja, spola
i bračnog statusa utječu na sreću.
i bračnog statusa utječu na sreću.
01:42
But one of the puzzles this has revealed is that
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Ali jedna od zagonetki koje su se pojavile
01:45
factors like these don't seem to have a particularly strong effect.
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jest to da ti faktori nemaju posebno velik utjecaj.
01:48
Yes, it's better to make more money rather than less,
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Naravno, bolje je zarađivati više nego manje,
01:50
or to graduate from college instead of dropping out,
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i bolje je diplomirati nego odustati od fakulteta,
01:53
but the differences in happiness tend to be small.
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ali razlike u sreći obično su male.
01:56
Which leaves the question, what are the big causes of happiness?
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Tako nam ostaje pitanje koji su veliki uzroci sreće?
01:59
I think that's a question we haven't really answered yet,
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Mislim da na to pitanje još uvijek nismo odgovorili,
02:02
but I think something that has the potential to be an answer
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ali odgovor bi mogao ležati
02:05
is that maybe happiness has an awful lot to do with
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u činjenici da je sreća možda duboko povezana
02:07
the contents of our moment-to-moment experiences.
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s našim doživljajem svakodnevnog života.
02:10
It certainly seems that we're going about our lives,
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Svakako se čini da ono s čime se susrećemo u životu,
02:12
that what we're doing, who we're with, what we're thinking about,
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ono što radimo, s kime smo i o čemu razmišljamo
02:16
have a big influence on our happiness, and yet
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ima velik utjecaj na našu sreću, a opet
02:18
these are the very factors that have been very difficult,
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to su sve faktori koje je znanstvenicima vrlo teško,
02:20
in fact almost impossible, for scientists to study.
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zapravo gotovo nemoguće proučiti.
02:23
A few years ago, I came up with a way to study people's happiness
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Prije nekoliko godina otkrio sam način
kako proučavati ljudsku sreću
kako proučavati ljudsku sreću
02:26
moment to moment as they're going about their daily lives
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od trenutka do trenutka svakog dana
02:28
on a massive scale all over the world, something we'd never
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na vrlo velikom području, širom svijeta.
02:31
been able to do before. Called trackyourhappiness.org,
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To nikad prije nismo mogli.
Zove se trackyourhappiness.org
Zove se trackyourhappiness.org
02:34
it uses the iPhone to monitor people's happiness in real time.
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i koristi iPhone za praćenje
ljudske sreće u stvarnom vremenu.
ljudske sreće u stvarnom vremenu.
02:38
How does this work? Basically, I send people signals
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Kako to funkcionira? Jedostavno rečeno,
šaljem ljudima poruke
šaljem ljudima poruke
02:41
at random points throughout the day, and then I ask them
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u nasumičnim trenucima tijekom dana i pitam ih
02:44
a bunch of questions about their moment-to-moment experience
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puno pitanja o njihovim svakodnevnim iskustvima
02:46
at the instant just before the signal.
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koja su doživjeli točno prije poruke.
02:48
The idea is that, if we can watch how people's happiness
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Ideja je da, ako možemo vidjeti kako ljudska sreća
02:51
goes up and down over the course of the day,
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raste i pada tijekom dana,
02:54
minute to minute in some cases,
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u nekim slučajevima iz minute u minutu,
02:55
and try to understand how what people are doing,
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i ako pokušamo razumjeti kako ono što ljudi rade,
02:58
who they're with, what they're thinking about, and all
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s kime su, o čemu razmišljaju,
03:00
the other factors that describe our day, how those might
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i svi drugi faktori koji čine naš dan -- kako to
03:03
relate to those changes in happiness, we might be able
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može utjecati na promjene u sreći, onda možda možemo
03:05
to discover some of the things that really have
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otkriti koje stvari imaju zaista
03:07
a big influence on happiness.
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velik utjecaj na sreću.
03:09
We've been fortunate with this project to collect
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Imali smo sreće s ovim projektom, prikupili smo
03:12
quite a lot of data, a lot more data of this kind than I think
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puno podataka ove vrste, puno više nego je
03:14
has ever been collected before,
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prikupljeno ikad prije --
03:16
over 650,000 real-time reports
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više od 650.000 izvještaja
03:19
from over 15,000 people.
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od više od 15.000 ljudi.
03:22
And it's not just a lot of people, it's a really diverse group,
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I to nije samo puno ljudi, to je heterogena skupina
03:25
people from a wide range of ages, from 18 to late 80s,
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ljudi u dobi od 18 do gotovo 90 godina,
03:29
a wide range of incomes, education levels,
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širokih raspona prihoda, razine obrazovanja,
03:32
people who are married, divorced, widowed, etc.
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ljudi koji si u braku, rastavljeni, udovci i slično.
03:35
They collectively represent every one of
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Oni zajedo predstavljaju svaku od
03:37
86 occupational categories and hail from over 80 countries.
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86 kategorija djelatnosti
i dolaze iz više od 80 zemalja.
i dolaze iz više od 80 zemalja.
03:42
What I'd like to do with the rest of my time with you today
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U preostalom vremenu koje
imam s vama danas htio bih
imam s vama danas htio bih
03:45
is talk a little bit about one of the areas that we've been
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malo govoriti o jednom od područja koja smo
03:47
investigating, and that's mind-wandering.
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istraživali, a to je lutanje uma.
03:50
As human beings, we have this unique ability
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Kao ljudska bića, imamo jedinstvenu sposobnost
03:53
to have our minds stray away from the present.
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da se mislima udaljimo od sadašnjosti.
03:56
This guy is sitting here working on his computer,
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Ovaj čovjek sjedi i radi na kompjutoru,
03:58
and yet he could be thinking about
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a možda razmišlja
03:59
the vacation he had last month,
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o odmoru na kojem je bio prošli mjesec,
04:01
wondering what he's going to have for dinner.
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možda se pita što će večerati.
04:03
Maybe he's worried that he's going bald. (Laughter)
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Možda se brine zbog činjenice da ćelavi. (Smijeh)
04:07
This ability to focus our attention on something other
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Ta sposobnost da se usredotočimo na nešto
04:10
than the present is really amazing. It allows us to learn
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osim sadašnjosti stvarno je fantastična.
Omogućuje nam da učimo,
Omogućuje nam da učimo,
04:13
and plan and reason in ways that no other species of animal can.
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planiramo i prosuđujemo kako nijedna druga
vrsta ili životinja to ne može.
vrsta ili životinja to ne može.
04:18
And yet it's not clear what the relationship is
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A ipak, nije jasno kakva je veza
04:20
between our use of this ability and our happiness.
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između korištenja te sposobnosti i naše sreće.
04:24
You've probably heard people suggest that you should
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Vjerojatno ste čuli preporuke da trebate
04:26
stay focused on the present. "Be here now,"
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ostati usredotočeni
na sadašnjost. ''Budi ovdje sada.''
na sadašnjost. ''Budi ovdje sada.''
04:28
you've probably heard a hundred times.
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Vjerojatno ste to čuli stotine puta.
04:30
Maybe, to really be happy, we need to stay completely
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Možda, da bismo zaista bili sretni,
moramo biti potpuno
moramo biti potpuno
04:32
immersed and focused on our experience in the moment.
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uronjeni i usredotočeni na svoje iskustvo u trenutku.
04:36
Maybe these people are right. Maybe mind-wandering
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Možda su ti ljudi u pravu. Možda je lutanje umom
04:38
is a bad thing.
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loša stvar.
04:39
On the other hand, when our minds wander,
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S druge strane, kad naš um luta,
04:42
they're unconstrained. We can't change the physical reality
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on je nesputan. Ne možemo
promijeniti fizičku stvarnost
promijeniti fizičku stvarnost
04:45
in front of us, but we can go anywhere in our minds.
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koja je pred nama, ali u svojm mislima
možemo otići bilo kamo.
možemo otići bilo kamo.
04:48
Since we know people want to be happy, maybe
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Budući da znamo da ljudi žele biti sretni,
04:50
when our minds wander, they're going to someplace happier than the place
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možda, kad naš um luta, odlazi
na neko mjesto sretnije od onoga
na neko mjesto sretnije od onoga
04:52
that they're leaving. It would make a lot of sense.
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koje napušta. To bi imalo smisla.
04:55
In other words, maybe the pleasures of the mind
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Drugim riječima, možda nam užitci uma
04:56
allow us to increase our happiness with mind-wandering.
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omogućuju da pomoću lutanja uma
povećamo svoju sreću.
povećamo svoju sreću.
05:01
Well, since I'm a scientist, I'd like to try to
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Budući da sam znanstvenik, pokušao bih
05:03
resolve this debate with some data, and in particular
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riješiti ovu debatu određenim podacima, a posebno bih
05:05
I'd like to present some data to you from three questions
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vam htio predstaviti podatke dobivene iz tri pitanja
05:08
that I ask with Track Your Happiness. Remember, this is from
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koja postavljam kroz "Track Your Happiness".
Zapamtite, odgovori dolaze
Zapamtite, odgovori dolaze
05:10
sort of moment-to-moment experience in people's real lives.
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iz iskustva svakodnevnih trenutaka
u stvarnim životima.
u stvarnim životima.
05:13
There are three questions. The first one is a happiness question:
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Tri su pitanja. Prvo je pitanje o sreći:
05:16
How do you feel, on a scale ranging from very bad
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Kako se osjećate, u rasponu od "vrlo loše"
05:19
to very good? Second, an activity question:
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do "vrlo dobro"? Drugo je pitanje o aktivnosti:
05:23
What are you doing, on a list of 22 different activities
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Što sada radite, na popisu od 22 različite aktivnosti,
05:25
including things like eating and working and watching TV?
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uključujući aktivnosti poput
jedenja, rada i gledanja televizije?
jedenja, rada i gledanja televizije?
05:28
And finally a mind-wandering question:
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Naposljetku, pitanje o lutanju uma:
05:32
Are you thinking about something other
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Razmišljate li o nečemu drugome,
05:35
than what you're currently doing?
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osim o onome što trenutno radite?
05:37
People could say no -- in other words, I'm focused only on my task --
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Ljudi mogu odogovoriti s "ne" - drugim riječima,
usredotočen sam samo na svoj zadatak -
usredotočen sam samo na svoj zadatak -
05:41
or yes -- I am thinking about something else --
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ili s "da" - razmišljam o nečemu drugome --
05:43
and the topic of those thoughts are pleasant,
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a teme tih misli su ugodne,
05:46
neutral or unpleasant.
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neutralne ili neugodne.
05:47
Any of those yes responses are what we called mind-wandering.
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Bilo koji od tih potvrdnih odgovora
smatra se lutanjem uma.
smatra se lutanjem uma.
05:53
So what did we find?
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I, što smo otkrili?
05:55
This graph shows happiness on the vertical axis,
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Ovaj graf pokazuje sreću na okomitoj osi
05:57
and you can see that bar there representing how happy
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i možete vidjeti ove stupce koji pokazuju koliko su
06:00
people are when they're focused on the present,
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ljudi sretni kad su usredotočeni na sadašnjost,
06:01
when they're not mind-wandering.
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kad ne sanjare.
06:03
As it turns out, people are substantially less happy
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Ispalo da je su ljudi znatno manje sretni
06:07
when their minds are wandering than when they're not.
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kad sanjare nego kad ne sanjare.
06:11
Now you might look at this result and say, okay, sure,
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Možete pogledati ove rezultate i reći, u redu, da,
06:14
on average people are less happy when they're mind-wandering,
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u prosjeku su ljudi manje sretni kad sanjare,
06:16
but surely when their minds are straying away
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ali kad se njihovi umovi udaljavaju
06:18
from something that wasn't very enjoyable to begin with,
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od nečega što nije ugodno,
06:20
at least then mind-wandering should be doing something good for us.
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bar bi tada sanjarenje trebalo biti dobro.
06:24
Nope. As it turns out,
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Ne. Pokazalo se
06:27
people are less happy when they're mind-wandering
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da su ljudi manje sretni kad sanjare,
06:28
no matter what they're doing. For example,
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bez obzira što radili. Na primjer,
06:31
people don't really like commuting to work very much.
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ljudi baš i ne vole putovati na posao.
06:34
It's one of their least enjoyable activities, and yet
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To je jedna od najmanje ugodnih aktivnosti, a ipak
06:36
they are substantially happier when they're focused
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znatno su sretniji kad su usredotočeni
06:39
only on their commute than when their mind is going
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samo na to putovanje nego kad njihov um
06:41
off to something else.
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ode nekamo drugamo.
06:44
It's amazing.
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To je nevjerojatno.
06:46
So how could this be happening? I think part of the reason,
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Zašto se to događa? Mislim da je to djelomično,
06:50
a big part of the reason, is that when our minds wander,
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velikim dijelom, zbog činjenice da, kad naš um luta,
06:52
we often think about unpleasant things, and they are
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često mislimo o neugodnim stvarima, i te su misli
06:55
enormously less happy when they do that,
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mnogo manje sretne kad lutaju,
06:59
our worries, our anxieties, our regrets,
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naše brige, tjeskobe, žaljenja...
07:01
and yet even when people are thinking about something
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A kad ljudi razmišljaju o nečemu
07:04
neutral, they're still considerably less happy
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neutralnom, opet su znatno manje sretni
07:07
than when they're not mind-wandering at all.
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nego kad uopće ne sanjare.
07:09
Even when they're thinking about something they would describe as pleasant,
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Čak i kad razmišljaju o nečemu što bi opisali kao ugodno,
07:12
they're actually just slightly less happy
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manje su sretni
07:14
than when they aren't mind-wandering.
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nego kad ne sanjare.
07:17
If mind-wandering were a slot machine, it would be like
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Da je sanjarenje poput automata za kockanje,
07:20
having the chance to lose 50 dollars, 20 dollars
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imali biste šansu da izgubite 50 dolara, 20 dolara
07:23
or one dollar. Right? You'd never want to play. (Laughter)
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ili jedan dolar. Nikad ne biste htjeli igrati. (Smijeh)
07:29
So I've been talking about this, suggesting, perhaps,
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Dakle, do sad sam vam govorio, možda čak i tvrdio
07:31
that mind-wandering causes unhappiness, but all
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da se ljudi zbog sanjarenja osjećaju nesretnima,
07:34
I've really shown you is that these two things are correlated.
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ali zapravo sam vam pokazao samo
da su te dvije stvari povezane.
da su te dvije stvari povezane.
07:37
It's possible that's the case, but it might also be the case
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Moguće je da je tako, ali također je moguće
07:40
that when people are unhappy, then they mind-wander.
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i da ljudi sanjare kad su nesretni.
07:42
Maybe that's what's really going on. How could we ever
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Možda je to istina. Kako možemo
07:45
disentangle these two possibilites?
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razlučiti te dvije mogućnosti?
07:48
Well, one fact that we can take advantage of, I think a fact
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Jedna od činjenica koje možemo iskoristiti,
07:50
you'll all agree is true, is that time goes forward, not
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a za koju ćete se svi složiti da je istinita,
jest da vrijeme ide naprijed,
jest da vrijeme ide naprijed,
07:53
backward. Right? The cause has to come before the effect.
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ne unutrag. Uzrok mora doći prije posljedice.
07:57
We're lucky in this data we have many responses from each person,
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Imamo sreće što u ovim podacima
imamo mnogo odgovora od svake osobe
imamo mnogo odgovora od svake osobe
08:00
and so we can look and see, does mind-wandering
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pa možemo vidjeti prethodi li
08:04
tend to precede unhappiness, or does unhappiness
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sanjarenje osjećaju nezadovoljstva, ili nezadovoljstvo
08:06
tend to precede mind-wandering, to get some insight
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prethodi sanjarenju. Tako bismo dobili uvid
08:08
into the causal direction.
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u uzročno-posljedični tijek.
08:10
As it turns out, there is a strong relationship between
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Pokazalo se da postoji snažna veza između
08:14
mind-wandering now and being unhappy a short time later,
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sanjarenja sada i osjećaja nezadovoljstva
nekoliko trenutaka kasnije,
nekoliko trenutaka kasnije,
08:17
consistent with the idea that mind-wandering is causing people to be unhappy.
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što je u skladu s idejom da se ljudi
zbog sanjarenja osjećaju nesretnima.
zbog sanjarenja osjećaju nesretnima.
08:21
In contrast, there's no relationship between being unhappy
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S druge strane, ne postoji veza između nezadovoljstva sada
08:24
now and mind-wandering a short time later.
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i sanjarenja nekoliko trenutaka kasnije.
08:27
In other words, mind-wandering very likely seems to be
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Drugim riječima, čini se da je sanjarenje
08:30
an actual cause, and not merely a consequence, of unhappiness.
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stvarni uzrok, a nikako posljedica osjećaja nezadovoljstva.
08:35
A few minutes ago, I likened mind-wandering
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Prije par minuta usporedio sam lutanje uma
08:38
to a slot machine you'd never want to play.
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s automatom za kockanje na kojem nikad ne želite igrati.
08:40
Well, how often do people's minds wander?
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Koliko često ljudski um zapravo luta?
08:42
Turns out, they wander a lot. In fact, really a lot.
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Pokazalo se da luta često. Zapravo jako često.
08:47
Forty-seven percent of the time, people are thinking
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47% vremena ljudi razmišljaju
08:49
about something other than what they're currently doing.
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o nečemu drugome, a ne o onome što trenutno rade.
08:53
How does that depend on what people are doing?
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Kako to ovisi o tome što ljudi rade?
08:55
This shows the rate of mind-wandering across 22 activities
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Ovdje je prikazan stupanj sanjarenja u 22 aktivnosti
08:58
ranging from a high of 65 percent — (Laughter) —
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u razmjeru od visokih 65% - (Smijeh) -
09:02
when people are taking a shower, brushing their teeth,
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kad se ljudi tuširaju, peru zube,
09:04
to 50 percent when they're working,
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do 50% kad su na poslu,
09:07
to 40 percent when they're exercising,
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do 40% kad vježbaju
09:10
all the way down to this one short bar on the right
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i sve do ovog kratkog stupca s desne strane
09:12
that I think some of you are probably laughing at.
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kojem mislim da neki od vas smiju.
09:14
Ten percent of the time people's minds are wandering
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Deset posto vremena ljudima um luta
09:17
when they're having sex. (Laughter)
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dok vode ljubav. (Smijeh)
09:21
But there's something I think that's quite interesting in this graph,
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Ali mislim da na ovom grafu postoji nešto vrlo zanimljivo,
09:24
and that is, basically with one exception,
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a to je da ljudi, samo s jednom iznimkom,
09:27
no matter what people are doing, they're mind-wandering
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bez obzira što radili, sanjare
09:29
at least 30 percent of the time, which suggests, I think,
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barem 30% vremena, što po mom mišljenju pokazuje
09:33
that mind-wandering isn't just frequent, it's ubiquitous.
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da sanjarenje nije samo često, već sveprisutno.
09:36
It pervades basically everything that we do.
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Prožima više-manje sve što radimo.
09:40
In my talk today, I've told you a little bit about mind-wandering,
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Danas sam vam u svojem govoru
rekao ponešto o lutanju uma,
rekao ponešto o lutanju uma,
09:43
a variable that I think turns out to be fairly important
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varijabli za koju ja mislim da je vrlo važna
09:45
in the equation for happiness.
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u jednadžbi za sreću.
09:47
My hope is that over time, by tracking people's
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Nadam se da ćemo tijekom vremena, prateći sreću
09:49
moment-to-moment happiness and their experiences
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ljudi iz trenutka u trenutak i njihova iskustva
09:52
in daily life, we'll be able to uncover a lot of important causes of happiness,
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u svakodnevnom životu, moći mnogo
otkriti o važnim uzrocima sreće.
otkriti o važnim uzrocima sreće.
09:55
and then in the end, a scientific understanding of happiness
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Na kraju, znanstveno razumijevanje sreće
09:58
will help us create a future that's not only richer
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pomoći će nam da stvorimo budućnost
koja neće biti samo bogatija
koja neće biti samo bogatija
10:01
and healthier, but happier as well.
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i zdravija, nego i sretnija.
10:03
Thank you. (Applause)
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Hvala. (Pljesak)
10:07
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Matt Killingsworth - Happiness researcherResearcher Matt Killingsworth designs studies that gather data on happiness. One takeaway? "A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind."
Why you should listen
While doing his PhD research with Dan Gilbert at Harvard, Matt Killingsworth invented a nifty tool for investigating happiness: an iPhone app called Track Your Happiness that captured feelings in real time. (Basically, it pings you at random times and asks: How are you feeling right now, and what are you doing?) Data captured from the study became the landmark paper "A Wandering Mind Is an Unhappy Mind" (PDF).
As an undergrad, Killingsworth studied economics and engineering, and worked for a few years as a software product manager -- an experience during which, he says, "I began to question my assumptions about what defined success for an individual, an organization, or a society." He's now a Robert Wood Johnson Health and Society Scholar examining such topics as "the relationship between happiness and the content of everyday experiences, the percentage of everyday experiences that are intrinsically valuable, and the degree of congruence between the causes of momentary happiness and of one’s overall satisfaction with life."
Matt Killingsworth | Speaker | TED.com