TEDGlobal 2009
John Lloyd: An inventory of the invisible
Džons Loids uzskaita neredzamo
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Šajā 10 minūšu asprātības un pamācību sajaukumā, dabas noslēpumi apvienoti ar pārsteidzošu asprātību. Komiķis, rakstnieks, un TV seja Džons Loids pieskaras daudzu neredzamu lietu būtībai.
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So the question is, what is invisible?
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Tātad, jautājums ir šāds: kas ir neredzams?
00:17
There is more of it than you think, actually.
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Patiesībā tā ir daudz vairāk, nekā jūs iedomājaties.
00:20
Everything, I would say. Everything that matters
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Jebkas, ko es teiktu, jebkas, kam ir nozīme
00:23
except every thing and except matter.
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izņemot jēgu un nozīmi.
00:29
We can see matter. But we can't see what's the matter.
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Mēs varam redzēt lietu, bet nevaram redzēt kas par lietu.
00:33
As in this cryptic sentence I found in The Guardian recently:
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Kā šajā mīklainajā teikumā, ko nesen uzgāju laikrakstā "Guardian"
00:38
"The marriage suffered a setback in 1965,
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"Laulība piedzīvoja neveiksmi 1965. gadā
00:41
when the husband was killed by the wife."
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kad sieva nogalināja vīru."
00:44
(Laughter)
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(Smiekli)
00:47
There's a world of invisibility there, isn't there?
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Neredzamā taču ir tik daudz, vai ne?
00:49
(Laughter)
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(Smiekli)
00:51
So, we can see the stars and the planets,
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Tātad, mēs varam redzēt zvaigznes un planētas.
00:53
but we can't see what holds them apart
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Taču mēs nevaram redzēt kas tās atgrūž,
00:56
or what draws them together.
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un nevaram redzēt to, kas viņām liek savstarpēji pievilkties.
00:58
With matter, as with people, we see only the skin of things.
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Ar lietām, tāpat kā ar cilvēkiem, mēs redzam tikai to ārpusi.
01:01
We can't see into the engine room.
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Mēs neredzam pašu mehānismu.
01:03
We can't see what makes people tick, at least not without difficulty.
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Mēs nevaram redzēt, kas liek cilvēkiem 'tikšķēt', vismaz ne bez grūtībām.
01:06
And the closer we look at anything, the more it disappears.
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Un jo tuvāk mēs kaut ko aplūkojam, jo vairāk tas izzūd.
01:10
In fact, if you look really closely at stuff,
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Patiesībā, ja jūs uz lietām skatītos ļoti cieši
01:12
if you look at the basic substructure of matter,
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ja jūs skatītos uz to pamatuzbūvi,
01:14
there isn't anything there.
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jūs neko neredzētu.
01:16
Electrons disappear in a kind of fuzz,
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Elektroni pazūd tādā kā jūklī
01:18
and there is only energy. And you can't see energy.
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un paliek tikai enerģija. Un enerģiju nevar redzēt.
01:23
So everything that matters, that's important, is invisible.
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Tātad viss, kam ir kāda jēga; viss, kas ir svarīgs, ir neredzams.
01:26
One slightly silly thing that's invisible
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Mazliet smieklīgi ir tas,
01:29
is this story, which is invisible to you.
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ka šis stāsts jums ir neredzams.
01:31
And I'm now going to make it visible to you in your minds.
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Un tagad es to jūsu prātos padarīšu par redzamu.
01:34
It's about an M.P. called Geoffrey Dickens.
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Tas ir par politiķi Džofriju Dikensu.
01:38
The late Geoffrey Dickens, M.P. was attending a fete in his constituency.
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Nelaiķis Dikenss piedalījās svētkos savā vēlēšanu apgabalā.
01:41
Wherever he went, at every stall he stopped he was closely followed
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Lai arī kur viņš ietu, pie kura stenda apstātos, visur viņam sekoja
01:44
by a devoted smiling woman of indescribable ugliness.
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kāda neticami neglīta sieviete, kura visu laiku smaidīja.
01:47
(Laughter)
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(Smiekli)
01:49
Try as he might, he couldn't get away from her.
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Lai kā arī censtos, viņš netika no viņas vaļā.
01:51
A few days later he received a letter from a constituent
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Pāris dienu vēlāk viņš saņēma vēstuli no kādas vēlētājas
01:53
saying how much she admired him,
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kura stāstīja, cik ļoti viņa viņu apbrīno,
01:55
had met him at a fete and asking for a signed photograph.
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ka viņa ir viņu satikusi svētkos un lūdza, lai politiķis paraksta fotogrāfiju.
01:58
After her name, written in brackets was the apt description, horse face.
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Aiz viņas vārda iekavās bija piemērots apraksts: zirgaģīmis.
02:03
(Laughter)
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(Smiekli)
02:04
"I've misjudged this women," thought Mr. Dickens.
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"Es šo sievieti novērtēju nepareizi." nodomāja Dikensa kungs.
02:06
"Not only is she aware of her physical repulsiveness,
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"Viņa ne tikai apzinās savu fizisko nepievilcību,
02:09
she turns it to her advantage.
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viņa to padara par savu priekšrocību.
02:11
A photo is not enough."
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Ar foto vien nepietiks."
02:13
So he went out and bought a plastic frame to put the photograph in.
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Tā viņš aizgāja nopirkt rāmīti, kur ievietot fotogrāfiju.
02:16
And on the photograph, he wrote with a flourish,
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Un uz fotogrāfijas viņš krāšņi uzrakstīja:
02:18
"To Horse Face, with love from Geoffrey Dickens, M.P."
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"Zirgaģīmim, ar mīlestību - politiķis Džofrijs Dikenss."
02:23
After it had been sent off, his secretary said to him,
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Pēctam, kad tā bija nosūtīta, viņa sekretāre vaicāja:
02:25
"Did you get that letter from the woman at the fete?
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"Vai saņēmāt vēstuli no sievietes, kura bija svinībās?
02:27
I wrote Horse Face on her, so you'd remember who she was."
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Es klāt pierakstīju 'zirgaģīmis', lai jūs atcerētos, kura tā bija."
02:31
(Laughter)
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(Smiekli)
02:37
I bet he thought he wished he was invisible, don't you?
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Varu saderēt, ka tad viņš vēlējās būt neredzams, vai ne?
02:39
(Laughter)
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(Smiekli)
02:41
So, one of the interesting things about invisibility
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Interesanti par neredzamo ir tas,
02:43
is that things that we can't see
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ka mēs nesaprotam to,
02:45
we also can't understand.
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ko neredzam.
02:47
Gravity is one thing that we can't see
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Gravitāte ir viena no lietām ko mēs neredzam,
02:49
and which we don't understand.
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un ko mēs nesaprotam.
02:51
It's the least understood of all the four fundamental forces,
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Tā ir vājākā un vismazāk izprastā no visiem četriem
02:53
and the weakest.
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pamatspēkiem.
02:55
And nobody really knows what it is or why it's there.
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Un patiesībā neviens nezin kas tā ir un kādēļ pastāv.
02:57
For what it's worth, Sir Isaac Newton, the greatest scientist who ever lived,
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Lai nu kā, Sers Īzaks Ņūtons, lieliskākais zinātnieks, kas jebkad dzīvojis,
03:00
he thought Jesus came to Earth specifically to operate the levers of gravity.
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domāja, ka Jēzus nāca pasaulē lai darbinātu gravitātes sviras.
03:05
That's what he thought he was there for.
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Viņš domāja, ka Jēzus nāca tieši tādēļ.
03:07
So, bright guy, could be wrong on that one, I don't know.
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Tā nu, gudrinieks, to sakot varbūt kļūdījās, es nezinu.
03:10
(Laughter)
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(Smiekli)
03:12
Consciousness. I see all your faces.
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Apziņa. Es jūs visus redzu.
03:14
I have no idea what any of you are thinking. Isn't that amazing?
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Man nav ne jausmas par ko jūs domājat. Vai tas nav apbrīnojami?
03:17
Isn't that incredible that we can't read each other's minds?
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Vai nav neticami, ka mēs nevaram lasīt citu domas?
03:20
But we can touch each other, taste each other perhaps, if we get close enough.
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Taču mēs varam viens otram pieskarties, vai, varbūt, pagaršot - ja esam pietiekami tuvu.
03:24
But we can't read each other's minds. I find that quite astonishing.
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Taču mēs nevaram lasīt viens otra domas. Manuprāt, tas ir pārsteidzoši.
03:27
In the Sufi faith, this great Middle Eastern religion,
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Sūfiju ticībā - šajā lielajā Vidus Austrumu reliģijā,
03:31
which some claim is the route of all religions,
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ko daži uzskata par visu reliģiju pamatu,
03:33
Sufi masters are all telepaths, so they say.
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apgalvo, ka visi Sūfiju skolotāji ir telepāti.
03:38
But their main exercise of telepathy
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Taču šīs telepātijas galvenais uzdevums
03:40
is to send out powerful signals to the rest of us that it doesn't exist.
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ir sūtīt spēcīgus signālus mums pārējiem, ka šīs reliģijas nemaz nav.
03:45
So that's why we don't think it exists,
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Tādēļ mēs domājam, ka tā nepastāv,
03:47
the Sufi masters working on us.
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jo uz mums darbojas Sūfiju skolotāji.
03:50
In the question of consciousness
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Apskatot jautājumu par apziņu
03:52
and artificial intelligence,
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un mākslīgo intelektu.
03:54
artificial intelligence has really, like the study of consciousness,
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Māksīgais intelekts, tāpat kā apziņas izpēte,
03:56
gotten nowhere. We have no idea how consciousness works.
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nekur nav nonācis. Mums nav ne mazākās nojaumsas kā strādā apziņa.
03:59
With artificial intelligence, not only have they not created artificial intelligence,
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Par mākslīgo intelektu: ne tikai tas nav radīts,
04:03
they haven't yet created artificial stupidity.
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nav radīts arī mākslīgais stulbums.
04:06
(Laughter)
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(Smiekli)
04:11
The laws of physics: invisible, eternal, omnipresent, all-powerful.
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Fizikas likumi: neredzami, mūžīgi, visuresoši, visspēcīgi.
04:15
Remind you of anyone?
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Vai tas jums kādu atgādina?
04:17
Interesting. I'm, as you can guess,
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Interesanti. Es, kā jau jūs varat minēt,
04:19
not a materialist, I'm an immaterialist.
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neesmu materiālists, esmu nemateriālists.
04:21
And I've found a very useful new word, ignostic. Okay?
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Un esmu atradis jaunu un ļoti noderīgu vārdu, ignostiķis. Labi?
04:24
I'm an ignostic.
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Es esmu ignostiķis.
04:26
I refuse to be drawn on the question of whether God exists,
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Es atsakos atbidēt uz jautājumu vai Dievs ir,
04:29
until somebody properly defines the terms.
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līdz kamēr jautātājs precīzi definē šo jēdzienu.
04:32
(Laughter)
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(Smiekli)
04:35
Another thing we can't see is the human genome.
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Vēlviena lieta, ko neredzam, ir cilvēka genoms.
04:38
And this is increasingly peculiar,
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Un tas ir ārkārtīgi īpašs.
04:41
because about 20 years ago, when they started delving into the genome,
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Jo pirms 20 gadiem, kad genoms tika sākts pētīt,
04:46
they thought it would probably contain around 100,000 genes.
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domāja, ka tas varētu sastāvēt no apmēram 100 tūkstoš gēniem.
04:49
Geneticists will know this, but every year since,
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Ģenētiķi to noteikti zinās, taču katru gadu kopš tā brīža,
04:51
it's been revised downwards.
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šis skaitlis tiek samazināts.
04:53
We now think there are likely to be only just over 20,000
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Tagad mēs domājam, ka cilvēka genomā apmēram varētu būt
04:56
genes in the human genome.
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mazliet vairāk par 20 tūkstoš gēnu.
04:58
This is extraordinary. Because rice -- get this --
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Tas ir neparasti. Jo rīsiem, ieklausieties,
05:01
rice is known to have 38 thousand genes.
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rīsiem ir 38 tūkstoš gēnu.
05:05
Potatoes, potatoes have 48 chromosomes. Do you know that?
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Kartupeļiem ir 48 hromosomas. Vai jūs to zinājāt?
05:10
Two more than people,
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Par divām vairāk kā cilvēkam.
05:12
and the same as a gorilla.
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Arī gorillai ir tikpat.
05:14
(Laughter)
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(Smiekli)
05:16
You can't see these things, but they are very strange.
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Jūs šis lietas neredzat. Taču tās ir ļoti dīvainas.
05:19
(Laughter)
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(Smiekli)
05:21
The stars by day. I always think that's fascinating.
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Zvaignes dienā. Es vienmēr esmu domājis, ka tas ir fascinējoši.
05:24
The universe disappears.
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Visums izzūd.
05:26
The more light there is, the less you can see.
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Jo vairāk gaismas, jo mazāk varam redzēt.
05:29
Time, nobody can see time.
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Laiks, neviens neredz laiku.
05:31
I don't know if you know this. Modern physics,
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Es nezinu vai jūs to zināt. Mūsdienu fizikā;
05:33
there is a big movement in modern physics
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mūsdienu fizikā ir liela kustība,
05:35
to decide that time doesn't really exist,
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kas apgalvo, ka laika nemaz nav.
05:37
because it's too inconvenient for the figures.
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Tādēļ, ka tas ir pārāk apgrūtinoši statistikas datiem.
05:40
It's much easier if it's not really there.
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Ir daudz vieglāk, ja laika nav.
05:42
You can't see the future, obviously.
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Ir skaidrs, ka nevar redzēt nākotni.
05:44
And you can't see the past, except in your memory.
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Un arī pagātni ne, tikai savās atmiņās.
05:47
One of the interesting things about the past is
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Interesanti par pagātni ir tas,
05:49
you particularly can't see. My son asked me this the other day,
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ka jūs to neredzat. Kādu dienu mans dēls man vaicāja,
05:52
he said, "Dad, can you remember what I was like when I was two?"
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viņš teica: "Tēt, vai tu atceries kāds es biju divu gadu vecumā?"
05:54
And I said, "Yes." And he said, "Why can't I?"
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Un es teicu: "Jā." Un tad viņš teica: "Kādēļ tad es neatceros?"
05:57
Isn't that extraordinary? You cannot remember
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Vai tas nav neparasti? Mēs neatceramies
05:59
what happened to you earlier than the age of two or three,
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kas ar mums notika agrāk kā divu, trīs gadu vecumā.
06:02
which is great news for psychoanalysts,
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Kas ir lieliskas ziņas psihoanalītiķiem.
06:04
because otherwise they'd be out of a job.
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Savādāk viņi būtu bez darba.
06:06
Because that's where all the stuff happens
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Jo tas ir vecums, kad notiek viss interesantais
06:09
(Laughter)
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(Smiekli)
06:11
that makes you who you are.
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un tas tevi padara par to, kas esi.
06:14
Another thing you can't see is the grid on which we hang.
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Vēlviena lieta, ko īsti nevar redzēt ir rāmis, pie kā mēs turamies.
06:17
This is fascinating. You probably know, some of you,
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Tas ir fascinējoši. Daži no jums noteikti zin,
06:20
that cells are continually renewed. You can see it in skin and this kind of stuff.
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ka šunas tiek nemitīgi atjaunotas. Jūs to varat novērot ar savu ādu un tādām lietām.
06:23
Skin flakes off, hairs grow, nails, that kind of stuff.
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Āda nolobās, aug mati, nagi un tā tālāk.
06:27
But every cell in your body is replaced at some point.
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Bet katra jūsu organisma šūna kādā brīdi tiek aizvietota.
06:30
Taste buds, every 10 days or so.
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Garšas kārpiņas - apmēram katru 10. dienu.
06:32
Livers and internal organs sort of take a bit longer. A spine takes several years.
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Tas notiek ilgāk ar aknām un iekšējiem orgāniem. Mugurkaulam vajadzīgi vairāki gadi.
06:36
But at the end of seven years, not one cell in your body
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Taču pēc septiņiem gadiem, neviena šūna jūsu ķermenī
06:40
remains from what was there seven years ago.
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nebūs tā pati, kas pirms septiņiem gadiem.
06:43
The question is, who, then, are we?
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Tad kas īsti mēs esam?
06:45
What are we? What is this thing that we hang on,
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Kas mēs esam? Kas ir tā lieta, pie kā mēs turamies,
06:48
that is actually us?
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kas esam mēs?
06:52
Okay. Atoms, you can't see them.
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Labi. Atomi, tos nevar redzēt.
06:54
Nobody ever will. They're smaller than the wavelength of light.
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Un neviens nekad neredzēs. Tie ir mazāki par gaismas viļņa garumu.
06:57
Gas, you can't see that.
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Arī gāzi nevar redzēt.
06:59
Interesting. Somebody mentioned 1600 recently.
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Interesanti. Kāds nesen minēja 1600. gadu.
07:01
Gas was invented in 1600
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Šajā gadā tika izgudrots vārds 'gāze',
07:03
by a Dutch chemist called Van Helmont.
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to izdarīja holandiešu zinātnieks Van Helmonts.
07:06
It's said to be the most successful ever invention
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Šis vārds tiek uzskatīts par labāko
07:09
of a word by a known individual.
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zināma individuāļa atklājumu.
07:11
Quite good. He also invented a word called "blas,"
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Diezgan labi. Viņš arī izgudroja kādu vārdu,
07:14
meaning astral radiation.
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kas nozīmēja 'astrālā radiācija'.
07:16
Didn't catch on, unfortunately.
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Diemžēl, šis vārds laikam nebija pārāk lipīgs.
07:18
(Laughter)
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(Smiekli)
07:20
But well done, him.
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Bet viņš labi pastrādāja.
07:22
(Laughter)
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(Smiekli)
07:23
There is so many things that -- Light.
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Ir tik daudz lietu, ko -- Gaisma.
07:26
You can't see light. When it's dark, in a vacuum,
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Mēs nevaram redzēt gaismu. Vakuumā, kad ir tumšs,
07:29
if a person shines a beam of light straight across your eyes,
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un kāds jums tieši acīs spīdina gaismas staru,
07:32
you won't see it. Slightly technical, some physicists will disagree with this.
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jūs to neredzēsiet. Mazliet tehniski, daži fiziķi šim faktam nepiekritīs.
07:35
But it's odd that you can't see the beam of light,
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Taču ir dīvaini, ka gaismas staru nevar redzēt,
07:37
you can only see what it hits.
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mēs redzam tikai to, ko tas atstaro.
07:39
I find that extraordinary, not to be able to see light,
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Manuprāt, tas ir neparasti, ka gaismu nevar redzēt,
07:41
not to be able to see darkness.
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un arī tumsu nevar.
07:43
Electricity, you can't see that.
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Mēs neredzam elektrību.
07:45
Don't let anyone tell you they understand electricity.
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Neļaujiet sev iestāstīt, ka kāds izprot elektrību.
07:47
They don't. Nobody knows what it is.
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Viņi nesaprot. Neviens nezin kas tas ir.
07:49
(Laughter)
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(Smiekli)
07:50
You probably think the electrons in an electric wire
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Jūs droši vien domājat, ka tad, kad jūs ieslēdzat gaismu,
07:52
move instantaneously down a wire, don't you, at the speed of light
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pa elektrības vadiem gaismas ātrumā
07:55
when you turn the light on. They don't.
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nemitīgi brāžas elektroni. Tā nav.
07:57
Electrons bumble down the wire,
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Saka, ka elektroni pa vadiem virzās
07:59
about the speed of spreading honey, they say.
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ar tekoša medus ātrumu.
08:02
(Laughter)
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(Smiekli)
08:04
Galaxies, 100 billion of them estimated in the universe.
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Ir izmērīts, ka visumā ir 100 biljonu galaktiku.
08:07
100 billion. How many can we see? Five.
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100 biljonu. Cik mēs varam redzēt? Piecas.
08:10
Five out of the 100 billion galaxies, with the naked eye,
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Piecas no 100 biljoniem galaktiku. Ar neapbruņotu aci.
08:13
and one of them is quite difficult to see unless you've got very good eyesight.
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Un vienu no tām ir diezgan grūti redzēt, ja jums nav laba redze.
08:17
Radio waves. There's another thing.
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Radioviļņi. Tā ir vēlviena no lietām.
08:19
Heinrich Hertz, when he discovered radio waves in 1887,
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Kad 1887. gadā Heinrihs Hercs atklāja radioviļņus,
08:22
he called them radio waves because they radiated.
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viņš tos tā nosauca tādēļ, ka tie staroja.
08:24
And somebody said to him,
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Un kāds viņam jautāja:
08:27
"Well what's the point of these, Heinrich?
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"Heinrih, kāda tiem jēga?
08:29
What's the point of these radio waves that you've found?"
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Kāda jēga no šiem viļņiem, kurus esi atklājis?"
08:32
And he said, "Well, I've no idea.
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Un viņš atbildēja: "Nu man tas nav skaidrs.
08:34
But I guess somebody will find a use for them someday."
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Bet laikam jau kādu dienu kāds tiem atradīs jēgu."
08:37
And that's what they do, radio. That's what they discovered.
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Un tas ir tas, ko tie dara, radio. Tas ir tas, ko viņi atklāja.
08:41
Anyway, so the biggest thing
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Lai nu kā, lielākā lieta
08:44
that's invisible to us is what we don't know.
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kas mums ir neredzama ir viss tas, ko mēs nezinām.
08:46
It is incredible how little we know.
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Ir pārsteidzoši, cik maz mēs zinām.
08:49
Thomas Edison once said,
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Tomass Edisons reiz teica:
08:51
"We don't know one percent of one millionth
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"Mēs nezinām ne procentu no vienas miljonās daļas
08:53
about anything."
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par kādu lietu."
08:55
And I've come to the conclusion --
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Un es esmu nonācis pie secinājuma
08:58
because you've asked this other question, "What's another thing you can't see?"
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jo jūs pajautājāt vēl šo: "Kas vēl ir tas, ko mēs neredzam?"
09:01
The point, most of us. What's the point?
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Lielākā daļa no mums - jēgu. Kāda jēga?
09:04
(Laughter)
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(Smiekli)
09:07
(Applause)
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(Aplausi)
09:08
You can't see a point. It's by definition dimensionless,
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Jūs nevarat redzēt punktu. Diezgan dīvaini, ka pēc definīcijas tas ir
09:11
like an electron, oddly enough.
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bezdimensionāls, gluži tāpat kā elektrons.
09:14
But the point, what I've got it down to,
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Bet pats svarīgākais līdz kam esmu nonācis ir
09:17
is there are only two questions really worth asking.
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tas, ka ir tikai viens jautājums, ko patiešām vērts uzdot.
09:19
"Why are we here?" and "What should we do about it while we are?
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"Kādēļ mēs esam šeit?" un "Ko mums darīt kamēr šeit esam?"
09:24
And to help you, I've got two things to leave you with, from two great philosophers,
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Un lai jums palīdzētu, man ir vēl divas lietas ko jums pateikt, divu lielisku filosofu vārdiem,
09:29
perhaps two of the greatest philosopher thinkers of the 20th century,
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iespējams, divu lieliskāko 20. gadsimta filosofu domas.
09:32
one a mathematician and an engineer, and the other a poet.
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Viens bija matemātiķis-inženieris un otrs bija dzejnieks.
09:35
The first is Ludwig Wittgenstein who said,
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Pirmais ir Ludvigs Vitgenšteins, kurš teica:
09:39
"I don't know why we are here.
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"Es nezinu, kādēļ mēs esam šeit.
09:41
But I'm pretty sure it's not in order to enjoy ourselves."
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Bet tas noteikti nav tādēļ, lai izklaidētos."
09:44
(Laughter)
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(Smiekli)
09:50
He was a cheerful bastard wasn't he?
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Viņš bija jautrs nelietis, ne tā?
09:52
(Laughter)
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(Smiekli)
09:55
And secondly and lastly, W.H. Auden,
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Otkārt, un visbeidzot, V.H. Audens,
09:57
one of my favorite poets, who said,
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viens no maniem mīļākajiem dzejniekiem, sacīja:
09:59
"We are here on earth
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"Mēs esam šeit uz zemes
10:02
to help others.
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lai palīdzētu citiem.
10:04
What the others are here for, I've no idea."
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Kādēļ šeit ir arī citi, es nezinu."
10:07
(Laughter)
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(Smiekli)
10:09
(Applause)
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(Aplausi)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
John Lloyd - ProducerJohn Lloyd helps make some of the cleverest television in the UK.
Why you should listen
John Lloyd seems to have known every brilliant and funny person in Britain, and his collaborations are legendary. He's been a fixture on the BBC for four decades, producing such classic comedies as Blackadder, Spitting Image, the BBC's Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy and lately QI (short for "Quite Interesting"), hosted by Stephen Fry (read his Reddit AMA about it).
Lloyd has also written more than a dozen funny books -- including The Meaning of Liff, a collaboration with his friend Douglas Adams, which has been in print for 26 years.
John Lloyd | Speaker | TED.com