Siddhartha Mukherjee: Soon we'll cure diseases with a cell, not a pill
Siddhartha Mukherjee: Czy komórka może zastąpić tabletkę?
When he’s not ferreting out the links between stem cells and malignant blood disease, Siddhartha Mukherjee writes and lectures on the history (and future) of medicine. Full bio
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about the future of medicine.
a little bit about the past.
powiem trochę o jej przeszłości.
of the recent history of medicine,
w pięciu słowach:
for the dominance of this model
jest oczywiście przełom
but we happen to be celebrating
że świętujemy setną rocznicę
of antibiotics into the United States.
was nothing short of transformative.
either from the natural world
pochodzenia naturalnego,
in the laboratory,
exquisite specificity.
a previously fatal, lethal disease --
into a curable, or treatable illness.
over and over again
and hypertension and heart disease.
nadciśnienie tętnicze i choroby serca.
but it's only worked partly.
in the human body,
that your body is capable of,
is on the order of a million.
że jest ich blisko milion.
all of medicinal chemistry?
of all chemical reactions in your body
reakcji chemicznych w organizmie
by this lock and key mechanism.
mechanizmem zamka i klucza.
about human physiology
and interacting pieces,
z współdziałającymi węzłami,
of that network.
pharmaceutical chemistry
w jednym mieście: Wichita w Kansas,
10 or 15 telephone lines.
that the natural world
że świat naturalny podpowiada,
might think about illness
schorzenie, lek, cel.
is organized hierarchically upwards,
hierarchicznie i rosnąco,
semi-autonomous unit called a cell.
semi-autonomous units
semi-autonomous units called organs,
to form things called humans,
ultimately live in environments,
and partly semi-autonomous.
this hierarchical scheme
to think about illness as well
this lock and key model to cancer.
i klucza w leczeniu raka.
or targeted therapies,
czy nakierowanego leczenia.
of breast cancer,
to the ceiling of that approach.
wyczerpała swoje możliwości.
about using the immune system,
systemu odpornościowego,
doesn't grow in a vacuum.
nie rozwijają się w próżni,
have an immune system, to attack cancer?
spectacular new medicines in cancer.
najskuteczniejsze leki na raka.
of the environment, isn't there?
as altering the environment.
of a profoundly carcinogenic environment.
dogłębnie rakotwórczego środowiska.
you take confinement,
white sheet of paper,
that we know, called nicotine,
znanych neurostymulantów, nikotyna,
addictive substances that you know,
uzależniających substancji
a pro-carcinogenic environment.
environments too.
for breast cancer, for instance.
w przypadku raka piersi.
milieu for other forms of cancer.
metaboliczne dla innych typów raka.
we've tried, again, desperately
próbujemy wyłączać molekuły,
that operate between nerve cells --
but then that reached the limit.
really probably need to do
of the organ, the brain,
we know study upon study has shown
has shown that talk therapy
jest znacznie efektywniejsza
than either one alone.
environment that will change depression?
mogłoby zmienić depresję?
that elicit depression?
które ją wywołują?
hierarchical chain of organization.
hierarchicznego łańcucha.
chronic degenerative diseases --
chorób degeneracyjnych,
hypertension, osteoarthritis --
nadciśnienia czy choroby zwyrodnieniowej,
the metaphor to growing something.
shift, as it were,
personal manner about 10 years ago.
jakieś 10 lat temu.
I've been a runner most of my life --
and I basically couldn't move.
of bone against bone.
ścierających się kości.
is that you get to order your own MRIs.
że można samemu sobie zlecić
and it looked like that.
wyglądało tak.
that is between bone
and the bone itself had been shattered.
and feeling sorry,
of every person in this audience,
and cartilage degeneration like this.
cartilage degeneration.
objawy zwyrodnienia chrząstek.
of the men in this audience
to experiment on your own ailments.
na własnych schorzeniach.
into the laboratory,
to fix this degeneration.
into the knee spaces of animals
w przestrzenie kolan zwierząt,
on a very long and painful process,
we had a research student from Australia.
wziął udział student z Australii.
looking at the world upside down.
maybe it isn't a mechanical problem.
"Może to nie problem chemiczny
Maybe it's a stem cell problem."
as a skeletal stem cell --
macierzysta szpiku kostnego,
the entire vertebrate skeleton,
elements of skeleton,
krwi czy układu nerwowego.
in the nervous system.
or dysfunction of this stem cell
lub dysfunkcja komórki macierzystej
a very common ailment.
chrzęstno-kostne zwyrodnienie stawów.
were we looking for a pill
czy nie szukamy tabletki
been looking for a cell.
to look for skeletal stem cells.
we found these cells.
a real photograph of one of them.
and the yellow cells
i żółte komórki powstały z jednej
from one single skeletal stem cell --
macierzystej szpiku kostnego.
coming out of a single cell.
wyprodukowane z jednej komórki.
They have four properties.
Mają cztery właściwości.
where they're expected to live.
the surface of the bone,
it's location, location, location.
and form bone and cartilage.
i budują kość i chrząstkę.
of the vertebrate skeleton,
w labolatorium
in petri dishes in the laboratory,
budować chrząstki za skarby świata?
form cartilage for love or money?
of cartilage around themselves.
własne zwoje chrząstki.
of fractures that we've ever encountered.
a mouse bone that we fractured
and repaired, in yellow, the bone,
na żółto - kość,
almost completely.
with a fluorescent dye
of peculiar cellular glue
rodzaj kleju komórkowego
and then stopping their work.
najbardziej niepokojąca:
decline precipitously,
fiftyfold, as you age.
in a perceptual shift.
back onto this idea:
about bone stem cells,
komórce macierzystej,
in terms of a cellular disease.
jako chorobie komórkowej.
are there organs?
poza organizmem człowieka?
as an organ outside the body?
into areas of trauma?
w miejsce uszkodzenia?
i tworzyć środowiska?
and create environments?
that exercise remodels bone,
is going to exercise.
loading and unloading bone
biernego obciążania i odciążania kości,
or regenerate degenerating cartilage?
wyrodniejącą chrząstkę?
and more importantly,
interesująca i ważniejsza
more globally outside medicine?
tego modelu szerzej, poza medycynę.
is not killing something,
some of the most interesting questions
about medicine in the future.
o medycynie w przyszłości.
be a cell and not a pill?
the malignant growth of these cells?
of unleashing growth.
niekontrolowanego wzrostu.
suicide genes into these cells
by powstrzymać ten rozrost?
that's created outside the body
narządu poza organizmem,
część procesu degeneracyjnego?
some of those organs had memory.
niektóre z narządów mają pamięć.
those memories back in?
for an individual human being
indywidualnie poza ciałem
environments as medicines.
I began this talk with models.
i dużo o nich powiedziałem.
about model building.
o budowaniu modeli.
builds a model,
a world in miniature.
the world in metaphor.
a new way of seeing.
The latter is a perceptual shift.
naukowiec percepcję.
such a perceptual shift
sposób myślenia lekach,
that it really colored, distorted,
i skutecznie zniekształciły
about medicine for the last hundred years.
to think about medicine in the future.
a popular trope out there
the transformative impact
powerful-enough drugs,
ways of thinking about medicines.
sposobów myślenia o lekach.
are three more intangible M's:
o trzy nienamacalne M:
I really like this metaphor.
podoba mi się ta metafora.
and that medical treatments of the future
a opieka medyczna w przyszłości
your genome, your current context.
do genomu i obecnego stanu.
you've got here?
It's a very interesting question.
Bardzo interesujące pytanie.
do personalizacji medycyny
personalization of medicine
is such a dominant metaphor,
żeby znów użyć tego słowa,
in medicine today,
the personalization of medicine.
że będzie napędzać ten proces.
is just the bottom
organized unit of that, is the cell.
in medicine in this way,
terapii komórkowych
cellular therapies,
organ or organismal therapies,
całościowe dla środowisk.
immersion therapies for the environment.
there's turtles all the way.
personalization all the way.
medicine could be a cell
że w lekarstwem może być komórka,
potentially your own cells.
CA: So converted to stem cells,
ze zwykłych komórek,
of drugs or something, and prepared.
This is what we're doing.
and in fact, we're slowly moving,
but incorporating genomics
ale do wykorzystania genomiki
semi-autonomous, self-regulating systems,
i samoregulujących się systemach
like environments.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Siddhartha Mukherjee - Cancer physician and writerWhen he’s not ferreting out the links between stem cells and malignant blood disease, Siddhartha Mukherjee writes and lectures on the history (and future) of medicine.
Why you should listen
While discussing a diagnosis with a patient, Siddhartha Mukherjee realized that there were no easy answers to the question, “What is cancer?” Faced with his hesitation, Mukherjee decided to do something about it.
Over the next six years, Mukherjee wrote the influential, Pulitzer-winning The Emperor of All Maladies, a 4,000-year “biography” of cancer. He collaborated with Ken Burns on a six-hour documentary for PBS based on his book, updating the story with recent discoveries in oncology.
In his new TED Book, The Laws of Medicine, he examines the three principles that govern modern medicine -- and every profession that confronts uncertainty and wonder.
Siddhartha Mukherjee | Speaker | TED.com