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Stephanie Busari: How fake news does real harm
Stephanie Busari: Como as notícias falsas podem realmente prejudicar
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Em 14 de Abril de 2014, a organização terrorista Boko Haram sequestrou mais de 200 estudantes da cidade de Chibok, na Nigéria. No mundo inteiro, o crime ficou conhecido pelo slogan #BringBackOurGirls mas, na Nigéria, os funcionários governamentais chamaram a este crime uma falsificação, confundindo e atrasando quaisquer esforços para resgatar as raparigas. Nesta palestra, a jornalista Stephanie Busari aponta para a tragédia de Chibok para explicar o terrível perigo das notícias falsas e o que podemos fazer para acabar com isso.
Stephanie Busari - Journalist
Stephanie Busari is a journalist and editor at CNN International Digital. Full bio
Stephanie Busari is a journalist and editor at CNN International Digital. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
I want to tell you a story about a girl.
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Vou contar a história de uma rapariga
00:16
But I can't tell you her real name.
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mas não posso dizer o nome dela.
00:19
So let's just call her Hadiza.
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Por isso, chamemos-lhe Hadiza.
00:21
Hadiza is 20.
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Hadiza tem 20 anos.
00:23
She's shy,
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É tímida.
00:24
but she has a beautiful smile
that lights up her face.
that lights up her face.
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mas tem um sorriso lindo
que lhe ilumina o rosto.
que lhe ilumina o rosto.
00:28
But she's in constant pain.
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Está em constante sofrimento.
00:32
And she will likely be on medication
for the rest of her life.
for the rest of her life.
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Provavelmente, viverá com medicamentos
até ao fim da vida.
até ao fim da vida.
00:37
Do you want to know why?
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Querem saber porquê?
00:39
Hadiza is a Chibok girl,
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Hadiza é uma rapariga de Chibok.
00:42
and on April 14, 2014, she was kidnapped
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No dia 24 de abril de 2014, foi raptada
00:46
by Boko Haram terrorists.
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por terroristas Boko Haram.
00:48
She managed to escape, though,
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Mas conseguiu fugir,
00:51
by jumping off the truck
that was carrying the girls.
that was carrying the girls.
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saltando do camião
que transportava as raparigas.
que transportava as raparigas.
00:54
But when she landed,
she broke both her legs,
she broke both her legs,
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Quando caiu, partiu as duas pernas
00:57
and she had to crawl on her tummy
to hide in the bushes.
to hide in the bushes.
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e teve que rastejar
para se esconder nos arbustos.
para se esconder nos arbustos.
01:00
She told me she was terrified
that Boko Haram would come back for her.
that Boko Haram would come back for her.
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Contou-me que estava cheia de medo
que os Boko Haram a fossem procurar.
que os Boko Haram a fossem procurar.
01:05
She was one of 57 girls who would escape
by jumping off trucks that day.
by jumping off trucks that day.
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Foi uma das 57 raparigas que fugiram
saltando dos camiões, naquele dia.
saltando dos camiões, naquele dia.
01:10
This story, quite rightly, caused ripples
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Esta história, com toda a razão,
provocou repercussões no mundo inteiro.
provocou repercussões no mundo inteiro.
01:12
around the world.
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01:14
People like Michelle Obama,
Malala and others
Malala and others
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Pessoas como Michele Obama,
Malala e outras
Malala e outras
01:17
lent their voices in protest,
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levantaram a voz, em protesto.
01:19
and at about the same time --
I was living in London at the time --
I was living in London at the time --
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Mais ou menos nessa altura
— eu vivia em Londres —
— eu vivia em Londres —
01:23
I was sent from London to Abuja
to cover the World Economic Forum
to cover the World Economic Forum
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fui enviada de Londres para Abuja
para fazer a cobertura
do Fórum Económico Mundial
do Fórum Económico Mundial
01:27
that Nigeria was hosting
for the first time.
for the first time.
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que se realizava na Nigéria,
pela primeira vez.
pela primeira vez.
01:30
But when we arrived, it was clear
that there was only one story in town.
that there was only one story in town.
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Quando lá cheguei, era notório
que só havia uma notícia na cidade.
que só havia uma notícia na cidade.
01:35
We put the government under pressure.
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Exercemos pressão sobre o governo.
01:37
We asked tough questions
about what they were doing
about what they were doing
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Fizemos perguntas incómodas:
"O que é que estão a fazer
para ir buscar essas raparigas?"
para ir buscar essas raparigas?"
01:40
to bring these girls back.
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01:42
Understandably,
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Compreensivelmente,
01:44
they weren't too happy
with our line of questioning,
with our line of questioning,
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eles não ficaram nada satisfeitos
com a nossa linha de perguntas
com a nossa linha de perguntas
01:46
and let's just say we received
our fair share of "alternative facts."
our fair share of "alternative facts."
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e digamos apenas que recebemos
o nosso quinhão de "factos alternativos".
o nosso quinhão de "factos alternativos".
01:50
(Laughter)
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(Risos)
01:53
Influential Nigerians
were telling us at the time
were telling us at the time
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Nigerianos influentes
estavam sempre a dizer-nos
estavam sempre a dizer-nos
01:56
that we were naïve,
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que éramos ingénuos,
01:58
we didn't understand
the political situation in Nigeria.
the political situation in Nigeria.
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que não percebíamos
a situação política na Nigéria.
a situação política na Nigéria.
02:02
But they also told us
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Mas também nos diziam
02:05
that the story of the Chibok girls
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que a história das raparigas Chibok
02:07
was a hoax.
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era uma mistificação.
02:10
Sadly, this hoax narrative has persisted,
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Infelizmente, esta ideia
de narrativa falsa manteve-se
de narrativa falsa manteve-se
02:12
and there are still people
in Nigeria today
in Nigeria today
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e ainda hoje há pessoas na Nigéria
02:15
who believe that the Chibok girls
were never kidnapped.
were never kidnapped.
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que acreditam que as raparigas de Chibok
nunca foram raptadas.
nunca foram raptadas.
02:18
Yet I was talking to people like these --
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Porém, eu falei com pessoas como estas
02:22
devastated parents,
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— pais destroçados —
02:24
who told us that on the day
Boko Haram kidnapped their daughters,
Boko Haram kidnapped their daughters,
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que nos disseram que, no dia
em que os Boko Haram raptaram as filhas,
em que os Boko Haram raptaram as filhas,
02:28
they ran into the Sambisa Forest
after the trucks carrying their daughters.
after the trucks carrying their daughters.
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correram à floresta Sambisa,
atrás dos camiões que levavam as filhas.
atrás dos camiões que levavam as filhas.
02:32
They were armed with machetes,
but they were forced to turn back
but they were forced to turn back
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Estavam armados de catanas
mas foram forçados a recuar
mas foram forçados a recuar
02:36
because Boko Haram had guns.
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porque os Boko Haram tinham espingardas.
02:39
For two years, inevitably,
the news agenda moved on,
the news agenda moved on,
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Durante dois anos, inevitavelmente,
a agenda noticiosa passou à frente
a agenda noticiosa passou à frente
02:43
and for two years,
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e, durante dois anos,
02:44
we didn't hear much
about the Chibok girls.
about the Chibok girls.
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pouco ouvimos falar
das raparigas de Chibok.
das raparigas de Chibok.
02:47
Everyone presumed they were dead.
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Todos julgavam que elas tinham morrido.
02:50
But in April last year,
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Mas, em abril do ano passado,
02:52
I was able to obtain this video.
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consegui obter um vídeo.
02:55
This is a still from the video
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Esta é uma imagem desse vídeo
02:56
that Boko Haram filmed as a proof of life,
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que os Bolo Haram filmaram
como prova de vida
como prova de vida
03:00
and through a source,
I obtained this video.
I obtained this video.
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e, através duma fonte,
obtive este vídeo.
obtive este vídeo.
03:04
But before I could publish it,
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Mas, antes de o publicar,
03:05
I had to travel
to the northeast of Nigeria
to the northeast of Nigeria
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tive que ir ao nordeste da Nigéria.
03:08
to talk to the parents, to verify it.
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falar com os pais, para o verificar.
03:11
I didn't have to wait
too long for confirmation.
too long for confirmation.
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Não tive que esperar muito
pela confirmação.
pela confirmação.
03:15
One of the mothers,
when she watched the video, told me
when she watched the video, told me
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Uma das mães, quando viu o vídeo,
disse-me que, se pudesse
entrar no computador
entrar no computador
03:18
that if she could have reached
into the laptop
into the laptop
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03:21
and pulled our her child from the laptop,
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e tirar a filha do computador,
03:25
she would have done so.
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era o que faria.
03:28
For those of you who are parents,
like myself, in the audience,
like myself, in the audience,
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Os pais, como eu, que se encontram
aqui no público,
aqui no público,
03:31
you can only imagine the anguish
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podem imaginar a angústia
03:34
that that mother felt.
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que aquela mãe sentia.
03:37
This video would go on to kick-start
negotiation talks with Boko Haram.
negotiation talks with Boko Haram.
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Este vídeo iria acelerar
as negociações com os Boko Haram
as negociações com os Boko Haram
03:44
And a Nigerian senator told me
that because of this video
that because of this video
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Um senador nigeriano disse-me
que, por causa deste vídeo,
que, por causa deste vídeo,
tinham entrado em negociações
03:48
they entered into those talks,
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03:50
because they had long presumed
that the Chibok girls were dead.
that the Chibok girls were dead.
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porque presumiam há muito
que as raparigas Chibok estavam mortas.
que as raparigas Chibok estavam mortas.
03:54
Twenty-one girls were freed
in October last year.
in October last year.
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Foram libertadas 21 raparigas
em outubro do ano passado.
em outubro do ano passado.
03:59
Sadly, nearly 200 of them
still remain missing.
still remain missing.
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Infelizmente,
continuam a faltar 200 delas.
continuam a faltar 200 delas.
04:03
I must confess that I have not been
a dispassionate observer
a dispassionate observer
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Confesso que não tenho sido
uma observadora imparcial,
uma observadora imparcial,
a fazer a cobertura desta história.
04:07
covering this story.
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04:09
I am furious when I think
about the wasted opportunities
about the wasted opportunities
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Fico furiosa quando penso
nas oportunidades desperdiçadas
nas oportunidades desperdiçadas
04:14
to rescue these girls.
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para salvar aquelas raparigas.
04:15
I am furious when I think about
what the parents have told me,
what the parents have told me,
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Fico furiosa quando penso
no que os pais me disseram,
no que os pais me disseram,
04:19
that if these were daughters
of the rich and the powerful,
of the rich and the powerful,
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que, se fossem filhas
dos ricos e poderosos,
dos ricos e poderosos,
teriam sido encontradas
muito mais depressa.
muito mais depressa.
04:22
they would have been found much earlier.
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04:26
And I am furious
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E fico furiosa
04:28
that the hoax narrative,
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que a narrativa da mistificação
04:30
I firmly believe,
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— acredito-o firmemente —
04:32
caused a delay;
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tenha provocado um grande atraso,
04:34
it was part of the reason
for the delay in their return.
for the delay in their return.
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tenha sido uma das razões
para o atraso no regresso delas.
para o atraso no regresso delas.
04:38
This illustrates to me
the deadly danger of fake news.
the deadly danger of fake news.
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Para mim, isto é um exemplo
do perigo mortal das notícias falsas.
do perigo mortal das notícias falsas.
04:43
So what can we do about it?
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O que é que podemos fazer?
04:45
There are some very smart people,
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Há pessoas muito inteligentes,
04:47
smart engineers at Google and Facebook,
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engenheiros inteligentes
no Google e no Facebook,
no Google e no Facebook,
04:50
who are trying to use technology
to stop the spread of fake news.
to stop the spread of fake news.
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que tentam usar a tecnologia
para impedir a difusão de notícias falsas.
para impedir a difusão de notícias falsas.
04:55
But beyond that, I think
everybody here -- you and I --
everybody here -- you and I --
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Mas, para além disso,
acho que todos nós
acho que todos nós
05:00
we have a role to play in that.
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temos um papel a desempenhar.
05:02
We are the ones who share the content.
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Somos nós quem espalha os conteúdos.
05:04
We are the ones who share
the stories online.
the stories online.
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Somos nós quem partilha
as notícias online.
as notícias online.
05:07
In this day and age, we're all publishers,
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Hoje em dia, todos publicamos
05:10
and we have responsibility.
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e temos responsabilidades.
05:13
In my job as a journalist,
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No meu trabalho, enquanto jornalista,
05:15
I check, I verify.
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confiro, verifico.
05:17
I trust my gut, but I ask tough questions.
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Confio nos meus instintos,
mas faço perguntas incómodas.
mas faço perguntas incómodas.
05:21
Why is this person telling me this story?
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Porque é que esta pessoa
me está a contar esta história?
me está a contar esta história?
05:24
What do they have to gain
by sharing this information?
by sharing this information?
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O que é que eles ganham
por partilharem estas informações?
por partilharem estas informações?
05:28
Do they have a hidden agenda?
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Terão um objetivo oculto?
05:30
I really believe that we must all start
to ask tougher questions
to ask tougher questions
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Creio que todos temos que começar
a fazer perguntas incómodas
a fazer perguntas incómodas
05:36
of information that we discover online.
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sobre as informações
que encontramos "online".
que encontramos "online".
05:41
Research shows that some of us
don't even read beyond headlines
don't even read beyond headlines
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A investigação mostra que há pessoas
que só leem os cabeçalhos
que só leem os cabeçalhos
05:47
before we share stories.
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mas partilham as histórias na mesma.
05:49
Who here has done that?
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Quem aqui já fez isso?
05:51
I know I have.
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Eu já fiz.
05:54
But what if
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E se deixássemos de atribuir valor facial
às informações que encontramos?
às informações que encontramos?
05:57
we stopped taking information
that we discover at face value?
that we discover at face value?
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06:02
What if we stop to think
about the consequence
about the consequence
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E se parássemos para pensar
nas consequências
nas consequências
06:05
of the information that we pass on
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das informações que transmitimos
06:08
and its potential to incite
violence or hatred?
violence or hatred?
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e do seu potencial para incitar
à violência ou ao ódio?
à violência ou ao ódio?
06:12
What if we stop to think
about the real-life consequences
about the real-life consequences
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E se parássemos para pensar
nas consequências na vida real
nas consequências na vida real
06:17
of the information that we share?
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das informações que partilhamos?
06:20
Thank you very much for listening.
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Muito obrigada por me terem escutado.
06:21
(Applause)
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(Aplausos)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Stephanie Busari - JournalistStephanie Busari is a journalist and editor at CNN International Digital.
Why you should listen
Stephanie Busari moved to Lagos from London in July 2016 to pioneer CNN's first digital and multimedia bureau. She also reports on-air in breaking news situations for CNN International.
In April 2016 Busari exclusively obtained the "proof of life" video that showed that the missing Chibok schoolgirls who were kidnapped in Nigeria in 2014 were still alive. She was also an instrumental member of the CNN team that won a Peabody Award in May 2015 for the network's coverage of the missing girls. Busari recently won a Gracie Award for her persistence in covering this story, and she's also a previous recipient of the Outstanding Woman in the Media Awards.
Busari is a passionate community activist who curated TEDxBrixton for three years before she left London. She founded TEDxBrixton in 2013 driven by a desire to bring disparate elements of her community together and to create a platform for those who wouldn't normally have one to share their ideas worth spreading.
A passionate and adept public speaker, Busari is regularly invited to share her insights and host panels. She has spoken at UN Women, Said Business School, Oxford, Africa Gathering among others.
Over a 15-year career, Busari has worked as a news reporter, entertainment and features writer, court reporter and columnist, and she has been published in many of the UK and international media's most influential outlets, such as the BBC and Daily Mirror.
During a six-month stint in Northern Ireland in 2003, Busari spent time in some of the worst affected areas of "The Troubles" and secured interviews with a crucifixion victim, government ministers and paramilitaries. While there, she also launched and edited an award-winning lifestyle column.
A native Yoruba speaker, Busari also speaks fluent French and is currently learning Hausa.
Stephanie Busari | Speaker | TED.com