TED2015
Pamela Ronald: The case for engineering our food
Pamela Ronald: Genetski inženjering naše hrane
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Pamela Ronald proučava gene biljaka koje ih čine otpornim na bolesti i stres. U govoru koji otkriva mnogo, ona opisuje svoje desetogodišnje traganje za stvaranjem vrste pirinča koji može da preživi produžene poplave. Pokazuje kako su genetski unapređenim semenom spašeni usevi papaje na Havajima 50-ih godina prošlog veka - i gradi slučaj koji bi jednostavno mogao biti najefektivniji način u obezbeđivanju sigurnosti hrane za našu globalno rastuću populaciju.
Pamela Ronald - Plant geneticist
Embracing both genetically improved seed and ecologically based farming methods, Pamela Ronald aims to enhance sustainable agriculture. Full bio
Embracing both genetically improved seed and ecologically based farming methods, Pamela Ronald aims to enhance sustainable agriculture. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I am a plant geneticist.
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Ja sam genetičar biljaka.
00:15
I study genes that make plants
resistant to disease
resistant to disease
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Proučavam gene koje čine biljke
otpornim na bolesti
otpornim na bolesti
00:18
and tolerant of stress.
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i tolerantnim na stres.
00:21
In recent years,
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Poslednjih godina,
00:23
millions of people around the world
have come to believe
have come to believe
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milioni ljudi širom sveta
počeli su da veruju
počeli su da veruju
00:26
that there's something sinister
about genetic modification.
about genetic modification.
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da postoji nešto zlo
u vezi sa genetskom modifikacijom.
u vezi sa genetskom modifikacijom.
00:30
Today, I am going to provide
a different perspective.
a different perspective.
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Danas ću vam pokazati
drugačiju perspektivu.
drugačiju perspektivu.
00:36
First, let me introduce my husband, Raoul.
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Prvo da vam predstavim
svog supruga Raula.
svog supruga Raula.
00:38
He's an organic farmer.
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On uzgaja organsku hranu.
00:41
On his farm, he plants
a variety of different crops.
a variety of different crops.
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Na svojoj farmi uzgaja
različite vrste useva.
različite vrste useva.
00:45
This is one of the many
ecological farming practices
ecological farming practices
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Ovo je jedan od mnogih
ekoloških procesa uzgajanja
ekoloških procesa uzgajanja
00:48
he uses to keep his farm healthy.
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koje on koristi da bi održao
farmu zdravom.
farmu zdravom.
00:51
Imagine some of the reactions we get:
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Zamislite neke od reakcija
koje dobijamo:
koje dobijamo:
00:54
"Really? An organic farmer
and a plant geneticist?
and a plant geneticist?
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"Zaista? Uzgajivač organske hrane
i genetičar biljaka?
i genetičar biljaka?
00:58
Can you agree on anything?"
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Možete li se složiti oko bilo čega?"
01:01
Well, we can, and it's not difficult,
because we have the same goal.
because we have the same goal.
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Pa, možemo i to lako,
zato što imamo isti cilj.
zato što imamo isti cilj.
01:06
We want to help nourish
the growing population
the growing population
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Želimo da pomognemo u ishrani
populacije koja raste
populacije koja raste
01:09
without further destroying
the environment.
the environment.
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bez daljeg uništavanja sredine.
01:12
I believe this is the greatest
challenge of our time.
challenge of our time.
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Verujem da je to trenutno
najveći izazov našeg doba.
najveći izazov našeg doba.
01:17
Now, genetic modification is not new;
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Dakle, genetska modifikacija
nije ništa novo;
nije ništa novo;
01:21
virtually everything we eat
has been genetically modified
has been genetically modified
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skoro sve što jedemo
je genetski modifikovano
je genetski modifikovano
01:25
in some manner.
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na neki način.
01:27
Let me give you a few examples.
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Pokazaću vam nekoliko primera.
01:30
On the left is an image
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Sa leve strane je slika
01:32
of the ancient ancestor of modern corn.
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pretka današnjeg kukuruza.
01:37
You see a single roll of grain
that's covered in a hard case.
that's covered in a hard case.
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Možete da vidite jedan red zrnevlja
pokriven tvrdom ljuskom.
pokriven tvrdom ljuskom.
01:41
Unless you have a hammer,
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Osim ako nemate čekić,
01:43
teosinte isn't good for making tortillas.
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tiosint je neupotrebljiv
za pravljenje tortilja.
za pravljenje tortilja.
01:48
Now, take a look at
the ancient ancestor of banana.
the ancient ancestor of banana.
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Sada, pogledajte pretka banane.
01:53
You can see the large seeds.
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Možete videti veliko semenje.
01:55
And unappetizing brussel sprouts,
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Neukusan briselski brokelj,
01:58
and eggplant, so beautiful.
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plavi patlidžan, jako lep.
02:02
Now, to create these varieties,
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Sada, da bi dobili ove vrste,
02:04
breeders have used many different
genetic techniques over the years.
genetic techniques over the years.
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uzgajivači koriste razne
genetske tehnike već godinama.
genetske tehnike već godinama.
Neke od njih su prilično kreativne,
02:07
Some of them are quite creative,
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02:09
like mixing two different species together
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poput ukrštanja dveju različitih vrsta
02:11
using a process called grafting
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koristeći proces koji se
zove kalemljenje
zove kalemljenje
02:13
to create this variety
that's half tomato and half potato.
that's half tomato and half potato.
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da bi dobili ovu vrstu -
pola paradajz, pola krompir.
pola paradajz, pola krompir.
02:19
Breeders have also used
other types of genetic techniques,
other types of genetic techniques,
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Uzgajivači, takođe, koriste i druge
vrste genetskih tehnika,
vrste genetskih tehnika,
02:24
such as random mutagenesis,
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kao što su nasumična mutageneza,
02:26
which induces uncharacterized mutations
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koja uključuje nekarakteristične mutacije
02:29
into the plants.
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kod biljaka.
02:31
The rice in the cereal
that many of us fed our babies
that many of us fed our babies
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Pirinač u žitaricama, kojim
mnogi od nas hrane svoje bebe,
mnogi od nas hrane svoje bebe,
02:36
was developed using this approach.
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razvijen je korišćenjem ovog pristupa.
02:39
Now, today, breeders have
even more options to choose from.
even more options to choose from.
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U današnje vreme, uzgajivači
imaju još veći izbor.
imaju još veći izbor.
02:43
Some of them are extraordinarily precise.
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Neke opcije su izuzetno precizne.
02:47
I want to give you a couple examples
from my own work.
from my own work.
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Dala bih vam nekoliko primera
iz svog rada.
iz svog rada.
02:51
I work on rice, which is a staple food
for more than half the world's people.
for more than half the world's people.
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Ja radim na pirinču, koji je osnovna hrana
za više od polovinu ljudi na svetu.
za više od polovinu ljudi na svetu.
02:57
Each year, 40 percent
of the potential harvest
of the potential harvest
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Svake godine, 40% potencijalne žetve
03:00
is lost to pest and disease.
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se gubi na štetočine i bolesti.
03:03
For this reason,
farmers plant rice varieties
farmers plant rice varieties
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Zbog toga, farmeri uzgajaju
različite vrste pirinča
različite vrste pirinča
03:06
that carry genes for resistance.
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koje su genetski otporne na bolesti.
03:09
This approach has been used
for nearly 100 years.
for nearly 100 years.
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Ovaj se metod koristi
skoro 100 godina.
skoro 100 godina.
03:12
Yet, when I started graduate school,
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Ipak, kada sam počela
postdiplomske studije,
postdiplomske studije,
03:15
no one knew what these genes were.
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niko nije znao koji su to geni.
03:18
It wasn't until the 1990s
that scientists finally uncovered
that scientists finally uncovered
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Tako je bilo do devedesetih
kada su naučnici konačno otkrili
kada su naučnici konačno otkrili
03:23
the genetic basis of resistance.
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genetsku osnovu otpornosti.
03:26
In my laboratory, we isolated a gene
for immunity to a very serious
for immunity to a very serious
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U mojoj smo laboratoriji izolovali gen
imun na jako ozbiljne
imun na jako ozbiljne
03:31
bacterial disease in Asia and Africa.
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bakterijske bolesti u Aziji i Africi.
03:33
We found we could engineer the gene
into a conventional rice variety
into a conventional rice variety
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Otkrili smo da bismo mogli unaprediti gen
u konvencijalnu vrstu pirinča
u konvencijalnu vrstu pirinča
03:39
that's normally susceptible,
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koja je normalno podložna
03:41
and you can see the two leaves
on the bottom here
on the bottom here
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i možete videti da su ova dva lista
na dnu ovde
na dnu ovde
03:43
are highly resistant to infection.
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jako otporna na zarazu.
03:46
Now, the same month
that my laboratory published
that my laboratory published
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Sad, istog meseca kada je
moja laboratorija objavila
moja laboratorija objavila
03:49
our discovery on the rice immunity gene,
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naše otkriće o imunom genu pirinča,
03:52
my friend and colleague Dave Mackill
stopped by my office.
stopped by my office.
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moj prijatelj i kolega Dejv Mekil
je svratio do moje kancelarije.
je svratio do moje kancelarije.
03:56
He said, "Seventy million rice farmers
are having trouble growing rice."
are having trouble growing rice."
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Rekao je: "70 miliona uzgajivača pirinča
ima problem sa njegovim uzgajanjem."
ima problem sa njegovim uzgajanjem."
04:04
That's because their fields are flooded,
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To je tako zato što su
njihova polja potopljena,
njihova polja potopljena,
04:07
and these rice farmers are living
on less than two dollars a day.
on less than two dollars a day.
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a ti uzgajivači žive
sa manje od 2 dolara na dan.
sa manje od 2 dolara na dan.
04:12
Although rice grows well
in standing water,
in standing water,
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Iako pirinač dobro raste u stajaćoj vodi,
04:15
most rice varieties will die
if they're submerged
if they're submerged
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većina vrsta pirinča će izumreti
ako bude potopljeno
ako bude potopljeno
04:18
for more than three days.
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više od 3 dana.
04:20
Flooding is expected
to be increasingly problematic
to be increasingly problematic
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Očekuje se da poplave
budu sve veći problem,
budu sve veći problem,
04:24
as the climate changes.
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kako se klima menja.
04:27
He told me that his graduate student
Kenong Xu and himself
Kenong Xu and himself
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On mi je rekao da su njegov student
Kenong Šu i on lično
Kenong Šu i on lično
04:31
were studying an ancient variety of rice
that had an amazing property.
that had an amazing property.
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proučavali staru vrstu pirinča
koji ima neverovatnu osobinu.
koji ima neverovatnu osobinu.
04:36
It could withstand two weeks
of complete submergence.
of complete submergence.
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Može da izdrži više od 2
nedelje pod vodom.
nedelje pod vodom.
04:42
He asked if I would be willing
to help them isolate this gene.
to help them isolate this gene.
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Pitao me je da li bih pristala
da im pomognem i izdvojim gen.
da im pomognem i izdvojim gen.
04:47
I said yes -- I was very excited,
because I knew if we were successful,
because I knew if we were successful,
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Rekla sam "da" - bila sam jako uzbuđena
jer sam znala da ako budemo uspešni,
jer sam znala da ako budemo uspešni,
04:51
we could potentially help
millions of farmers grow rice
millions of farmers grow rice
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mogli bismo da pomognemo
milionima uzgajivača u uzgajanju pirinča
milionima uzgajivača u uzgajanju pirinča
04:55
even when their fields were flooded.
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čak i kada su njihova polja potopljena.
04:59
Kenong spent 10 years
looking for this gene.
looking for this gene.
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Kenong je proveo 10 godina
tražeći ovaj gen.
tražeći ovaj gen.
05:03
Then one day, he said,
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A onda je jednog dana rekao:
05:05
"Come look at this experiment.
You've got to see it."
You've got to see it."
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"Dođi da pogledaš ovaj eksperiment.
Moraš da ga vidiš."
Moraš da ga vidiš."
05:09
I went to the greenhouse and I saw
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Otišla sam do staklenika i videla sam
05:10
that the conventional variety
that was flooded for 18 days had died,
that was flooded for 18 days had died,
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da je obična vrsta koja je bila
potopljena više od 18 dana umrla,
potopljena više od 18 dana umrla,
05:16
but the rice variety that we
had genetically engineered
had genetically engineered
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ali da je ona vrsta
koju smo mi genetski modifikovali
koju smo mi genetski modifikovali
05:19
with a new gene we had discovered,
called Sub1, was alive.
called Sub1, was alive.
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sa novim genima koje smo otkrili,
pod nazivom Sub1, bila živa.
pod nazivom Sub1, bila živa.
05:24
Kenong and I were amazed and excited
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Kenong i ja smo bili očarani i uzbuđeni
05:26
that a single gene could have
this dramatic effect.
this dramatic effect.
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da bi jedan gen mogao da ima
ovako dramatičan efekat.
ovako dramatičan efekat.
05:30
But this is just a greenhouse experiment.
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Ali to je bio samo eksperiment
u stakleniku.
u stakleniku.
05:34
Would this work in the field?
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Da li će biti tako i na polju?
05:37
Now, I'm going to show you
a four-month time lapse video
a four-month time lapse video
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Pokazaću vam sada
video sniman 4 meseca
video sniman 4 meseca
05:40
taken at the International
Rice Research Institute.
Rice Research Institute.
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u Međunarodnom institutu
za istraživanje pirinča.
za istraživanje pirinča.
05:43
Breeders there developed
a rice variety carrying the Sub1 gene
a rice variety carrying the Sub1 gene
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Uzgajivači su razvili pirinač
koji nosi u sebi Sub1 gen
koji nosi u sebi Sub1 gen
05:48
using another genetic technique
called precision breeding.
called precision breeding.
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koristeći genetsku tehniku
zvanu precizno uzgajanje.
zvanu precizno uzgajanje.
05:52
On the left, you can see the Sub1 variety,
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Sa leve strane, možete da vidite vrstu
koja nosi Sub1,
koja nosi Sub1,
05:54
and on the right
is the conventional variety.
is the conventional variety.
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a sa desne, konvencionalnu vrstu.
05:58
Both varieties do very well at first,
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Obema vrstama u početku ide vrlo dobro,
06:00
but then the field is flooded for 17 days.
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ali onda je polje potopljeno na 17 dana.
06:04
You can see the Sub1 variety does great.
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Možete videti da vrsta sa Sub1 genom
i dalje raste.
i dalje raste.
06:07
In fact, it produces
three and a half times more grain
three and a half times more grain
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Zapravo, proizvodi
tri i po puta više pirinča
tri i po puta više pirinča
06:12
than the conventional variety.
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nego konvencionalna vrsta.
06:15
I love this video
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Obožavam ovaj video,
06:17
because it shows the power
of plant genetics to help farmers.
of plant genetics to help farmers.
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jer pokazuje moć nauke o genetici biljaka
kako pomaže farmerima.
kako pomaže farmerima.
06:21
Last year, with the help
of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation,
of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation,
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Poslednje godine, uz pomoć
fondacije Bila i Melinde Gejts,
fondacije Bila i Melinde Gejts,
06:25
three and a half million farmers
grew Sub1 rice.
grew Sub1 rice.
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3,5 miliona farmera uzgaja Sub1 pirinač.
06:29
(Applause)
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(aplauz)
06:33
Thank you.
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Hvala.
06:37
Now, many people don't mind
genetic modification
genetic modification
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Sada, mnogi ljudi ne obraćaju pažnju
na genetsku modifikaciju
na genetsku modifikaciju
06:41
when it comes to moving rice genes around,
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kada se radi o modifikaciji gena pirinča,
gena pirinča u stabljikama pirinča,
06:44
rice genes in rice plants,
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06:45
or even when it comes
to mixing species together
to mixing species together
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ili čak kada se govori o ukrštanju vrsta
06:48
through grafting or random mutagenesis.
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kroz kalemljenje ili nasumičnu mutagenezu.
06:53
But when it comes to taking genes
from viruses and bacteria
from viruses and bacteria
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Ali, što se tiče uzimanje gena
od virusa i bakterija
od virusa i bakterija
06:58
and putting them into plants,
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i njihovog ugrađivanja u biljke,
07:00
a lot of people say, "Yuck."
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mnogi kažu: "Bljak."
07:03
Why would you do that?
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Zašto bi to učinili?
07:05
The reason is that sometimes
it's the cheapest, safest,
it's the cheapest, safest,
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Razlog je taj
što je to ponekad najjeftinija,
što je to ponekad najjeftinija,
07:08
and most effective technology
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najbezbednija i najefikasnija metoda
07:11
for enhancing food security
and advancing sustainable agriculture.
and advancing sustainable agriculture.
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za poboljšanje bezbednosti hrane
i unapređenje održive poljoprivrede.
i unapređenje održive poljoprivrede.
07:16
I'm going to give you three examples.
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Daću vam tri primera.
07:19
First, take a look at papaya.
It's delicious, right?
It's delicious, right?
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Pogledajte prvo papaju.
Izgleda ukusno, zar ne?
Izgleda ukusno, zar ne?
07:22
But now, look at this papaya.
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A pogledajte sada ovu.
07:25
This papaya is infected
with papaya ringspot virus.
with papaya ringspot virus.
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Ovaj plod je inficiran
prstenastim virusom papaje.
prstenastim virusom papaje.
07:29
In the 1950s, this virus
nearly wiped out the entire production
nearly wiped out the entire production
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Pedesetih godina, ovaj je virus zamalo
izbrisao celu proizvodnju
izbrisao celu proizvodnju
07:35
of papaya on the island of Oahu in Hawaii.
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papaje na ostrvu Oahu na Havajima.
07:41
Many people thought
that the Hawaiian papaya was doomed,
that the Hawaiian papaya was doomed,
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Mnogi su mislili
da je havajska papaja propala,
da je havajska papaja propala,
07:45
but then, a local Hawaiian,
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ali onda je lokalni Havajčanin,
07:48
a plant pathologist
named Dennis Gonsalves,
named Dennis Gonsalves,
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patolog biljaka, Denis Gonsalves,
07:51
decided to try to fight this disease
using genetic engineering.
using genetic engineering.
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odlučio da proba da se izbori sa ovom
bolešću koristeći genetski inženjering.
bolešću koristeći genetski inženjering.
07:55
He took a snippet of viral DNA
and he inserted it
and he inserted it
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Uzeo je komad zaražene DNK i ubacio ga
07:59
into the papaya genome.
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u genom papaje.
08:01
This is kind of like a human
getting a vaccination.
getting a vaccination.
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Ovo je slično kao kada čovek
primi vakcinu.
primi vakcinu.
08:04
Now, take a look at his field trial.
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Sada, pogledajte video njegovog polja.
08:07
You can see the genetically
engineered papaya in the center.
engineered papaya in the center.
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Možete videti genetski modifikovanu
papaju u centru.
papaju u centru.
08:10
It's immune to infection.
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Imuna je na infekciju.
08:13
The conventional papaya around the outside
is severely infected with the virus.
is severely infected with the virus.
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Konvencionalna papaja oko centra
je teško inficirana virusom.
je teško inficirana virusom.
08:18
Dennis' pioneering work is credited
with rescuing the papaya industry.
with rescuing the papaya industry.
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Denisov pionirski rad je zaslužan
za spašavanje industrije papaje.
za spašavanje industrije papaje.
08:25
Today, 20 years later, there's still no
other method to control this disease.
other method to control this disease.
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Danas, 20 godina kasnije,
i dalje ne postoji
i dalje ne postoji
drugi metod za kontrolu ove bolesti.
08:30
There's no organic method.
There's no conventional method.
There's no conventional method.
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Ne postoji organski metod.
Ne postoji konvencionalni metod.
Ne postoji konvencionalni metod.
08:33
Eighty percent of Hawaiian papaya
is genetically engineered.
is genetically engineered.
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Osamdeset posto havajske papaje
je genetski modifikovano.
je genetski modifikovano.
08:37
Now, some of you may still feel a little
queasy about viral genes in your food,
queasy about viral genes in your food,
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Sada, neki su i dalje pomalo uznemireni
zbog zaraznog gena u svojoj hrani,
zbog zaraznog gena u svojoj hrani,
08:42
but consider this:
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ali uzmite u obzir ovo:
08:44
The genetically engineered papaya
carries just a trace amount of the virus.
carries just a trace amount of the virus.
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genetski modifikovana papaja
nosi samo trag virusa.
nosi samo trag virusa.
08:51
If you bite into an organic
or conventional papaya
or conventional papaya
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Ako načnete organsku ili običnu papaju
08:54
that is infected with the virus,
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koja je inficirana virusom,
08:57
you will be chewing on tenfold
more viral protein.
more viral protein.
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žvakali biste desetostruko više
zaraznog proteina.
zaraznog proteina.
09:02
Now, take a look at this pest
feasting on an eggplant.
feasting on an eggplant.
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Pogledajte sada ovu štetočinu kako
se hrani plavim patlidžanom.
se hrani plavim patlidžanom.
09:06
The brown you see is frass,
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Ovo braon što vidite je izmet,
09:08
what comes out
the back end of the insect.
the back end of the insect.
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koji izlazi sa zadnjeg kraja insekta.
09:12
To control this serious pest,
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Da bi se kontrolisala
ova opasna štetočina,
ova opasna štetočina,
09:15
which can devastate the entire
eggplant crop in Bangladesh,
eggplant crop in Bangladesh,
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koja može da uništi kompletne
useve patlidžana na Bangladešu,
useve patlidžana na Bangladešu,
09:20
Bangladeshi farmers spray insecticides
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farmeri na Bangladešu prskaju insekticide
09:24
two to three times a week,
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dva do tri puta nedeljno,
09:27
sometimes twice a day,
when pest pressure is high.
when pest pressure is high.
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nekad dva puta dnevno,
kada štetočina ima mnogo.
kada štetočina ima mnogo.
09:32
But we know that some insecticides
are very harmful to human health,
are very harmful to human health,
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Ali mi znamo da su neki insekticidi
jako štetni po ljudsko zdravlje,
jako štetni po ljudsko zdravlje,
09:36
especially when farmers and their families
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posebno kada farmeri i njihove porodice
09:40
cannot afford proper protection,
like these children.
like these children.
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ne mogu da priušte adekvatnu zaštitu,
kao ova deca.
kao ova deca.
09:44
In less developed countries,
it's estimated that 300,000 people
it's estimated that 300,000 people
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U manje razvijenim zemljama,
ustanovljeno je da 300.000 ljudi
ustanovljeno je da 300.000 ljudi
09:49
die every year because of
insecticide misuse and exposure.
insecticide misuse and exposure.
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umre svake godine od zloupotrebe
insekticida i izlaganju sredstvu.
insekticida i izlaganju sredstvu.
09:55
Cornell and Bangladeshi scientists
decided to fight this disease
decided to fight this disease
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Kornel i bangladeški naučnici
su odlučili da se bore sa ovom bolešću
su odlučili da se bore sa ovom bolešću
09:59
using a genetic technique that builds
on an organic farming approach.
on an organic farming approach.
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koristeći genetsku tehniku koja je
zasnovana na organskom pristupu uzgajanja.
zasnovana na organskom pristupu uzgajanja.
10:04
Organic farmers like my husband Raoul
spray an insecticide called B.T.,
spray an insecticide called B.T.,
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Organski farmeri poput mog muža Raula
koriste insekticid pod nazivom B.T.,
koriste insekticid pod nazivom B.T.,
10:09
which is based on a bacteria.
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koji se zasniva na jednoj bakteriji.
10:12
This pesticide is very specific
to caterpillar pests,
to caterpillar pests,
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Posebno se koristi za gusenice,
10:18
and in fact, it's nontoxic
to humans, fish and birds.
to humans, fish and birds.
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i zapravo, nije otrovan za ljude,
ribe i ptice.
ribe i ptice.
10:21
It's less toxic than table salt.
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Manje je toksičan od kuhinjske soli.
10:24
But this approach
does not work well in Bangladesh.
does not work well in Bangladesh.
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Ali ovaj pristup nije pogodan
za Bangladeš.
za Bangladeš.
10:27
That's because these insecticide sprays
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Tako je zato što su ovi sprejevi
10:29
are difficult to find, they're expensive,
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teški za nalaženje, skupi,
10:31
and they don't prevent the insect
from getting inside the plants.
from getting inside the plants.
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i ne sprečavaju insekte da uđu u biljake.
10:36
In the genetic approach, scientists
cut the gene out of the bacteria
cut the gene out of the bacteria
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Ovim genetskim pristupom,
naučnici uzimaju gen iz bakterije
naučnici uzimaju gen iz bakterije
10:39
and insert it directly into
the eggplant genome.
the eggplant genome.
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i ugrađuju ga direktno
u genom plavog patlidžana.
u genom plavog patlidžana.
10:42
Will this work to reduce
insecticide sprays in Bangladesh?
insecticide sprays in Bangladesh?
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Da li će ovaj način smanjiti
prskanje insekticidama u Bangladešu?
prskanje insekticidama u Bangladešu?
10:46
Definitely.
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Definitivno.
10:47
Last season, farmers reported they were
able to reduce their insecticide use
able to reduce their insecticide use
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Prošle sezone, farmeri su uspeli
da smanje upotrebu insekticida
da smanje upotrebu insekticida
10:52
by a huge amount, almost down to zero.
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u velikoj količini, skoro na nulu.
10:56
They're able to harvest
and replant for the next season.
and replant for the next season.
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Mogu da žanju i sade za narednu sezonu.
11:00
Now, I've given you a couple examples
of how genetic engineering can be used
of how genetic engineering can be used
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Sada, dala sam vam par primera kako se
genetski inženjering da upotrebiti
genetski inženjering da upotrebiti
11:04
to fight pests and disease
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u borbi protiv štetočina i bolesti
11:06
and to reduce the amount of insecticides.
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i kako njime smanjiti
količinu insekticida.
količinu insekticida.
11:09
My final example is an example
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Moj poslednji primer je primer
11:12
where genetic engineering
can be used to reduce malnutrition.
can be used to reduce malnutrition.
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gde se genetski inženjering
može upotrebiti
može upotrebiti
za smanjenje neuhranjenosti.
11:18
In less developed countries,
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U manje razvijenim zemljama,
11:20
500,000 children go blind every year
because of lack of Vitamin A.
because of lack of Vitamin A.
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500 000 dece oslepi svake godine
zbog nedostatka vitamina A.
zbog nedostatka vitamina A.
11:25
More than half will die.
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Više od polovine će umreti.
11:28
For this reason, scientists supported
by the Rockefeller Foundation
by the Rockefeller Foundation
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Zbog toga, naučnici su,
podržani Fondacijom Rokfeler,
podržani Fondacijom Rokfeler,
11:31
genetically engineered a golden rice
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genetski modifikovali zlatni pirinač
11:34
to produce beta-carotene,
which is the precursor of Vitamin A.
which is the precursor of Vitamin A.
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koji proizvodi beta-karotin,
koji je prethodnik vitamina A.
koji je prethodnik vitamina A.
11:39
This is the same pigment
that we find in carrots.
that we find in carrots.
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To je isti pigment
koji se nalazi u šargarepi.
koji se nalazi u šargarepi.
11:42
Researchers estimate that just one cup
of golden rice per day
of golden rice per day
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Istraživači su ustanovili da će samo jedna
šolja zlatnog pirinča na dan
šolja zlatnog pirinča na dan
11:47
will save the lives
of thousands of children.
of thousands of children.
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spasiti živote hiljade dece.
11:51
But golden rice is virulently opposed
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Ali, zlatnom pirinču
su se snažno suprotstavili
su se snažno suprotstavili
11:53
by activists who are
against genetic modification.
against genetic modification.
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aktivisti koji su
protiv genetske modifikacije.
protiv genetske modifikacije.
11:56
Just last year,
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Prošle godine,
11:58
activists invaded and destroyed
a field trial in the Philippines.
a field trial in the Philippines.
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aktivisti su napali i uništili
polje za testiranje na Filipinima.
polje za testiranje na Filipinima.
12:02
When I heard about the destruction,
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Kada sam čula o razaranju,
12:05
I wondered if they knew that they
were destroying much more
were destroying much more
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pitala sam se da li oni znaju da su
uništavali mnogo više
uništavali mnogo više
12:09
than a scientific research project,
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od naučno-istraživačkog projekta,
12:11
that they were destroying medicines
that children desperately needed
that children desperately needed
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da su uništavali lekove
koji su očajno neophodni deci
koji su očajno neophodni deci
12:14
to save their sight and their lives.
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da spase svoj vid i svoje živote.
12:17
Some of my friends and family still worry:
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Neki od mojih prijatelja i rodbine
i dalje brinu:
i dalje brinu:
12:20
How do you know genes
in the food are safe to eat?
in the food are safe to eat?
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kako znaš da su geni u
hrani bezbedni za jelo?
hrani bezbedni za jelo?
12:23
I explained the genetic engineering,
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Objasnila sam da se genetski inženjering,
12:25
the process of moving
genes between species,
genes between species,
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proces prenošenja gena
među vrstama,
među vrstama,
12:28
has been used for more than 40 years
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koristi više od 40 godina
12:30
in wines, in medicine,
in plants, in cheeses.
in plants, in cheeses.
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u vinima, medicini, biljkama, sirevima.
12:35
In all that time, there hasn't been
a single case of harm
a single case of harm
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Za sve to vreme, nije bilo ni
jednog slučaja štete
jednog slučaja štete
12:38
to human health or the environment.
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po ljudsko zdravlje ili sredinu.
12:42
But I say, look, I'm not
asking you to believe me.
asking you to believe me.
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Ali rekla sam, pazite, ne tražim
od vas da mi verujete.
od vas da mi verujete.
12:44
Science is not a belief system.
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Nauka nije sistem verovanja.
12:48
My opinion doesn't matter.
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Moje mišljenje nije bitno.
12:50
Let's look at the evidence.
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Pogledajmo dokaze.
12:53
After 20 years of careful study
and rigorous peer review
and rigorous peer review
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Posle 20 godina pažljivog izučavanja
i rigorozne provere
i rigorozne provere
12:57
by thousands of independent scientists,
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od strane hiljade nezavisnih naučnika,
13:00
every major scientific organization
in the world has concluded
in the world has concluded
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svaka veća naučna organizacija u svetu
je zaključila
je zaključila
13:04
that the crops currently
on the market are safe to eat
on the market are safe to eat
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da su trenutno usevi na tržištu
bezbedni za ishranu
bezbedni za ishranu
13:07
and that the process
of genetic engineering
of genetic engineering
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i da je proces genetskog inženjeringa
13:10
is no more risky than older methods
of genetic modification.
of genetic modification.
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4853
ništa više riskantniji od starih
metoda genetske modifikacije.
metoda genetske modifikacije.
13:14
These are precisely the same
organizations that most of us trust
organizations that most of us trust
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To su tačno iste organizacije kojima
većina nas veruje
većina nas veruje
13:18
when it comes to other
important scientific issues
important scientific issues
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kada se govori o drugim bitnim
naučnim problemima
naučnim problemima
13:21
such as global climate change
or the safety of vaccines.
or the safety of vaccines.
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kao što su globalne klimatske promene
ili bezbednost vakcina.
ili bezbednost vakcina.
13:27
Raoul and I believe that, instead of
worrying about the genes in our food,
worrying about the genes in our food,
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Raul i ja verujemo da, umesto da brinemo
o bezbednosti gena u našoj hrani,
o bezbednosti gena u našoj hrani,
13:31
we must focus on how we can help
children grow up healthy.
children grow up healthy.
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moramo se fokusirati kako
možemo pomoći deci da rastu zdravo.
možemo pomoći deci da rastu zdravo.
Moramo da se pitamo da li farmeri
u ruralnim zajednicama mogu da napreduju
u ruralnim zajednicama mogu da napreduju
13:35
We must ask if farmers
in rural communities can thrive,
in rural communities can thrive,
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13:38
and if everyone can afford the food.
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i da li svi mogu da priušte hranu.
13:40
We must try to minimize
environmental degradation.
environmental degradation.
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Moramo probati da smanjimo
degradaciju sredine.
degradaciju sredine.
13:44
What scares me most about
the loud arguments and misinformation
the loud arguments and misinformation
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Ono što me najviše plaši
o glasnim argumentima i dezinformacijama
o glasnim argumentima i dezinformacijama
13:48
about plant genetics
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o genetici biljaka
13:49
is that the poorest people
who most need the technology
who most need the technology
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je to što je najsiromašnijim ljudima,
kojima je najviše potrebna tehnologija,
kojima je najviše potrebna tehnologija,
13:52
may be denied access because of
the vague fears and prejudices
the vague fears and prejudices
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možda zabranjen pristup
zbog nejasnih strahova i predrasuda
zbog nejasnih strahova i predrasuda
13:56
of those who have enough to eat.
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onih koji imaju dovoljno da jedu.
13:59
We have a huge challenge in front of us.
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Imamo veliku izazov pred nama.
14:02
Let's celebrate scientific
innovation and use it.
innovation and use it.
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Hajde da slavimo naučne
inovacije i iskoristimo ih.
inovacije i iskoristimo ih.
14:06
It's our responsibility
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Naša je odgovornost
14:08
to do everything we can to help
alleviate human suffering
alleviate human suffering
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da učinimo sve što možemo
da pomognemo u ublažavanju ljudske patnje
da pomognemo u ublažavanju ljudske patnje
14:11
and safeguard the environment.
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i zaštitimo sredinu.
14:13
Thank you.
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2252
Hvala vam.
14:15
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
14:17
Thank you.
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2578
Hvala.
14:20
Chris Anderson: Powerfully argued.
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1904
Kris Anderson: Zaista uverljivo.
14:22
The people who argue against GMOs,
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Ljudima koji se protive GMO,
14:24
as I understand it, the core piece
comes from two things.
comes from two things.
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kako sam razumeo, ključni
problem su dve stvari.
problem su dve stvari.
14:28
One, complexity and
unintended consequence.
unintended consequence.
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Prvo, kompleksnost i neželjene posledice.
Priroda je ova neverovatno
kompleksna mašina.
kompleksna mašina.
14:31
Nature is this incredibly complex machine.
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14:33
If we put out these brand new genes
that we've created,
that we've created,
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Ako izbacimo ove
sasvim nove stvorene gene,
sasvim nove stvorene gene,
14:35
that haven't been challenged
by years of evolution,
by years of evolution,
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2424
koje nisu oblikovani kroz
godine evolucije,
godine evolucije,
14:38
and they started mixing up
with the rest of what's going on,
with the rest of what's going on,
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i počnu se mešati sa
postojećom prirodom,
postojećom prirodom,
14:41
couldn't that trigger some kind
of cataclysm or problem,
of cataclysm or problem,
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ne bili to izazavalo neku vrstu
kataklizme ili problema,
kataklizme ili problema,
14:44
especially when you add in
the commercial incentive
the commercial incentive
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posebno kada uzmemo u obzir
finansijski interes
finansijski interes
14:47
that some companies have
to put them out there?
to put them out there?
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pojedinih kompanija za njihovim unosom?
14:50
The fear is that those incentives
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Strah je da taj interes
14:52
mean that the decision is not made
on purely scientific grounds,
on purely scientific grounds,
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znači da odluka nije donešena
na čistoj naučnoj bazi,
na čistoj naučnoj bazi,
14:56
and even if it was, that there would be
unintended consequences.
unintended consequences.
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i da čak to bilo tako, imali
bismo neželjene posledice.
bismo neželjene posledice.
14:59
How do we know that there isn't
a big risk of some unintended consequence?
a big risk of some unintended consequence?
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Kako znamo da nema velikog
rizika od nekih neželjenih posledica?
rizika od nekih neželjenih posledica?
15:03
Often our tinkerings with nature
do lead to big, unintended consequences
do lead to big, unintended consequences
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Često naša intervencija sa prirodom
vodi velikim neželjenim posledicama
vodi velikim neželjenim posledicama
15:07
and chain reactions.
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i lančanim reakcijama.
15:08
Pamela Ronald: Okay,
so on the commercial aspects,
so on the commercial aspects,
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Pamela Ronald: Okej,
kod komercijalnih aspekata,
kod komercijalnih aspekata,
15:11
one thing that's really important
to understand is that,
to understand is that,
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jedna star koju je jako važno razumeti je,
15:14
in the developed world,
farmers in the United States,
farmers in the United States,
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u razvijenom svetu, farmeri u SAD,
15:16
almost all farmers, whether
they're organic or conventional,
they're organic or conventional,
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skoro svi farmeri, bili oni
organski ili konvencionalni,
organski ili konvencionalni,
15:19
they buy seed produced by seed companies.
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kupuju seme od kompanija.
15:21
So there's definitely a commercial
interest to sell a lot of seed,
interest to sell a lot of seed,
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Dakle, svakako postoji komercijalni
interes za prodaju semena,
interes za prodaju semena,
15:24
but hopefully they're selling seed
that the farmers want to buy.
that the farmers want to buy.
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ali nadajmo se da prodaju semenje
koje farmeri žele kupiti.
koje farmeri žele kupiti.
15:27
It's different in the
less developed world.
less developed world.
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Drugačije je u manje razvijenom svetu.
15:30
Farmers there cannot afford the seed.
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Farmeri ne mogu priuštiti semenje.
15:32
These seeds are not being sold.
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Semenje se i ne prodaje.
15:33
These seeds are being distributed freely
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To semenje se besplatno deli
15:36
through traditional kinds
of certification groups,
of certification groups,
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kroz tradicionalne načine
sertifikovanih grupa,
sertifikovanih grupa,
15:41
so it is very important
in less developed countries
in less developed countries
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tako da je to jako važno
da za manje razvijene zemlje
da za manje razvijene zemlje
15:43
that the seed be freely available.
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semenje bude slobodno dostupno.
15:45
CA: Wouldn't some activists say that this
is actually part of the conspiracy?
is actually part of the conspiracy?
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KA: Neće li neki aktivisti reći
da je to zapravo deo zavere?
da je to zapravo deo zavere?
Da je to poput strategije s heroinom.
15:49
This is the heroin strategy.
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15:50
You seed the stuff,
and people have no choice
and people have no choice
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Zasadiš stvar i ljudi nemaju izbora
15:52
but to be hooked on these seeds forever?
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osim da se navuku na to semenje zauvek?
15:54
PR: There are a lot of conspiracy theories
for sure, but it doesn't work that way.
for sure, but it doesn't work that way.
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PR: Ima mnogo teorija zavere
sigurno, ali to ne funkcioniše tako.
sigurno, ali to ne funkcioniše tako.
16:00
For example, the seed that's being
distributed, the flood-tolerant rice,
distributed, the flood-tolerant rice,
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Na primer, semenje koje se deli,
pirinač tolerantan na poplave,
pirinač tolerantan na poplave,
16:04
this is distributed freely
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deli se besplatno
16:05
through Indian and Bangladeshi
seed certification agencies,
seed certification agencies,
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kroz indijske i bangladeške
sertifikovane agencije za semenje,
sertifikovane agencije za semenje,
16:10
so there's no commercial interest at all.
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tako da, uopšte nema
komercijalnog interesa.
komercijalnog interesa.
16:12
The golden rice was developed through
support of the Rockefeller Foundation.
support of the Rockefeller Foundation.
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Zlatni pirinač je razvijen kroz
podršku Fondacije Rokfeler.
podršku Fondacije Rokfeler.
16:16
Again, it's being freely distributed.
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Ponovo, deli se besplatno.
16:18
There are no commercial profits
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Nema komercijalnih profita
16:20
in this situation.
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u ovom slučaju.
16:22
And now to address your other question
about, well, mixing genes,
about, well, mixing genes,
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A sada da odgovorim na tvoje
drugo pitanje o mešanju gena,
drugo pitanje o mešanju gena,
16:25
aren't there some unintended consequences?
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nema li nekih neželjenih posledica.
16:28
Absolutely -- every time
we do something different,
we do something different,
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Svakako, svakog puta
kada radimo nešto drugačije
kada radimo nešto drugačije
16:31
there's an unintended consequence,
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postoje neželjene posledice,
16:32
but one of the points I was trying to make
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ali ono što sam želela da
objasnim je da
objasnim je da
16:34
is that we've been doing
kind of crazy things to our plants,
kind of crazy things to our plants,
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ono što radimo biljkama je prilično ludo,
16:38
mutagenesis using radiation
or chemical mutagenesis.
or chemical mutagenesis.
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mutageneza izazvana
zračenjem ili hemijska mutageneza.
zračenjem ili hemijska mutageneza.
16:42
This induces thousands
of uncharacterized mutations,
of uncharacterized mutations,
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To izaziva hiljade
nekarakterističnih mutacija,
nekarakterističnih mutacija,
16:46
and this is even a higher risk
of unintended consequence
of unintended consequence
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a imamo čak i veći rizik
od neželjenih posledica
od neželjenih posledica
16:50
than many of the modern methods.
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nego li mnogih modernih metoda.
16:51
And so it's really important
not to use the term GMO
not to use the term GMO
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Stoga, jako je bitno ne
koristiti termin GMO,
koristiti termin GMO,
16:55
because it's scientifically meaningless.
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zato što to nema značenja u nauci.
16:57
I feel it's very important to talk
about a specific crop
about a specific crop
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Osećam da je jako bitno pričati
o specifičnim usevima
o specifičnim usevima
17:02
and a specific product, and think about
the needs of the consumer.
the needs of the consumer.
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i posebnim proizvodima i misliti
o potrebama korisnika.
o potrebama korisnika.
17:05
CA: So part of what's happening here
is that there's a mental model
is that there's a mental model
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KA: Dakle, ono što se ovde delom
dešava je mentalni model
dešava je mentalni model
17:08
in a lot of people that nature is nature,
and it's pure and pristine,
and it's pure and pristine,
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u ljudima da je priroda - priroda,
čista i netaknuta,
čista i netaknuta,
17:12
and to tinker with it is Frankensteinian.
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te je intervenisanje s njom - vandalizam.
17:14
It's making something that's pure
dangerous in some way,
dangerous in some way,
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To je predstavljanje nečeg što je
čisto opasnim na neki način
čisto opasnim na neki način
17:18
and I think you're saying
that that whole model
that that whole model
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i mislim da ono što ti govoriš
je da celi model
je da celi model
17:20
just misunderstands how nature is.
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samo ne razume kakva je priroda.
17:22
Nature is a much more chaotic
interplay of genetic changes
interplay of genetic changes
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Priroda je rezultat mnogih haotičnih
međudelovanja genetičkih promena
međudelovanja genetičkih promena
17:26
that have been happening
all the time anyway.
all the time anyway.
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koje se odvijaju od početka vremena.
17:28
PR: That's absolutely true, and there's
no such thing as pure food.
no such thing as pure food.
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PR: To je u potpunosti tačno
i ne postoji ništa poput čiste hrane.
i ne postoji ništa poput čiste hrane.
17:32
I mean, you could not spray
eggplant with insecticides
eggplant with insecticides
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Mislim, možete da ne prskate
plavi patlidžan insekticidima
plavi patlidžan insekticidima
17:35
or not genetically engineer it,
but then you'd be stuck eating frass.
but then you'd be stuck eating frass.
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ili ne modifikovati ga genetski,
ali onda bi završili jedući izmet.
ali onda bi završili jedući izmet.
17:39
So there's no purity there.
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Tako da, nema čistote u tome.
17:41
CA: Pam Ronald, thank you.
That was powerfully argued.
That was powerfully argued.
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KA: Pam Ronald, hvala ti.
To je bilo jako uverljivo.
To je bilo jako uverljivo.
17:43
PR: Thank you very much. I appreciate it.
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PR: Mnogo hvala. Cenim to.
17:45
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Pamela Ronald - Plant geneticistEmbracing both genetically improved seed and ecologically based farming methods, Pamela Ronald aims to enhance sustainable agriculture.
Why you should listen
As a proponent of sustainable agriculture using the most appropriate technologies, UC Davis researcher Pamela Ronald’s holistic vision startles some. But the success of her genetic tinkering is uncontroversial: it shows that genetic improvement is a critical component of feeding the world without further destroying the environment.
Her book Tomorrow’s Table (co-authored with organic farmer Raoul Adamchak) argues that to advance sustainable agriculture, we must not focus on how a seed variety was developed. Instead we must ask what technology most enhances local food security and can provide safe, abundant and nutritious food to consumers.
Pamela Ronald | Speaker | TED.com