TED2015
Pamela Ronald: The case for engineering our food
Pamela Ronald: Zastupanje genetički modificirane hrane
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Pamela Ronald proučava gene odgovorne za otpornost biljaka na bolesti i stres. U ovom zapanjujućem govoru opisuje svoje desetogodišnje napore u stvaranju sorte riže otporne na dugotrajno plavljenje. Pokazuje kako su genetičkim unaprijeđenjem sjemena spašeni usjevi papaje na Havajima 1950-ih - te tvrdi da bi genetički inženjering mogao biti najučinkovitija mjera za osiguravanje hrane rastućoj populaciji.
Pamela Ronald - Plant geneticist
Embracing both genetically improved seed and ecologically based farming methods, Pamela Ronald aims to enhance sustainable agriculture. Full bio
Embracing both genetically improved seed and ecologically based farming methods, Pamela Ronald aims to enhance sustainable agriculture. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
Bavim se biljnom genetikom.
00:12
I am a plant geneticist.
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Proučavam gene odgovorne za otpornost
biljaka na bolesti
biljaka na bolesti
00:15
I study genes that make plants
resistant to disease
resistant to disease
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00:18
and tolerant of stress.
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i toleranciju na stres.
00:21
In recent years,
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Posljednjih godina,
milijuni ljudi diljem svijeta
vjeruju
vjeruju
00:23
millions of people around the world
have come to believe
have come to believe
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da ima nešto zlokobno
u pogledu genetičke modifikacije.
u pogledu genetičke modifikacije.
00:26
that there's something sinister
about genetic modification.
about genetic modification.
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00:30
Today, I am going to provide
a different perspective.
a different perspective.
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Danas želim predstaviti drugačiju
perspektivu.
perspektivu.
Najprije vam želim predstaviti
svoga muža, Roula.
svoga muža, Roula.
00:36
First, let me introduce my husband, Raoul.
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00:38
He's an organic farmer.
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On se bavi organskom poljoprivredom.
00:41
On his farm, he plants
a variety of different crops.
a variety of different crops.
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Na svojoj farmi uzgaja
mnoštvo različitih biljnih vrsta.
mnoštvo različitih biljnih vrsta.
Ovo je jedna od brojnih ekoloških
uzgojnih praksi
uzgojnih praksi
00:45
This is one of the many
ecological farming practices
ecological farming practices
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00:48
he uses to keep his farm healthy.
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koje koristi kako bi očuvao farmu u
dobrom stanju.
dobrom stanju.
00:51
Imagine some of the reactions we get:
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Zamislite reakcije ljudi:
"Doista? Organska poljoprivreda i
biljna genetika?
biljna genetika?
00:54
"Really? An organic farmer
and a plant geneticist?
and a plant geneticist?
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Slažete li se u ičemu?"
00:58
Can you agree on anything?"
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01:01
Well, we can, and it's not difficult,
because we have the same goal.
because we have the same goal.
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Pa, slažemo se, i nije teško jer
imamo isti cilj.
imamo isti cilj.
Želimo pomoći u ishrani rastuće
svjetske populacije
svjetske populacije
01:06
We want to help nourish
the growing population
the growing population
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bez daljnjeg uništavanja okoliša.
01:09
without further destroying
the environment.
the environment.
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Vjerujem da je to najveći izazov
našeg vremena.
našeg vremena.
01:12
I believe this is the greatest
challenge of our time.
challenge of our time.
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01:17
Now, genetic modification is not new;
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Danas genetička modifikacija nije novost;
praktično sve što jedemo,
genetički je modificirano
genetički je modificirano
01:21
virtually everything we eat
has been genetically modified
has been genetically modified
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01:25
in some manner.
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na neki način.
Evo nekoliko primjera.
01:27
Let me give you a few examples.
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S lijeve strane nalazi se slika
01:30
On the left is an image
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01:32
of the ancient ancestor of modern corn.
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drevnog pretka modernog kukuruza.
Vidite svitak zrna
prekriven tvrdom opnom.
prekriven tvrdom opnom.
01:37
You see a single roll of grain
that's covered in a hard case.
that's covered in a hard case.
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01:41
Unless you have a hammer,
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Osim ako nemate čekić,
01:43
teosinte isn't good for making tortillas.
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od teosinte nećete moći napraviti
tortilje.
tortilje.
A sada pogledajmo drevnog pretka banane.
01:48
Now, take a look at
the ancient ancestor of banana.
the ancient ancestor of banana.
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01:53
You can see the large seeds.
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Možete vidjeti velike sjemenke.
01:55
And unappetizing brussel sprouts,
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Te neukusne klice prokulica.
01:58
and eggplant, so beautiful.
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Te patlidžan. Kako lijepo.
U stvaranju tih sorti,
02:02
Now, to create these varieties,
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02:04
breeders have used many different
genetic techniques over the years.
genetic techniques over the years.
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uzgajivači su godinama koristili
različite genetičke tehnike.
različite genetičke tehnike.
Neke su
prilično kreativne,
prilično kreativne,
02:07
Some of them are quite creative,
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02:09
like mixing two different species together
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poput križanja dviju različitih vrsta
02:11
using a process called grafting
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korištenjem procesa zvanog kalemljenje
02:13
to create this variety
that's half tomato and half potato.
that's half tomato and half potato.
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kako bi stvorili sortu koja je
pola rajčica a pola krumpir.
pola rajčica a pola krumpir.
02:19
Breeders have also used
other types of genetic techniques,
other types of genetic techniques,
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Uzgajivači su, također, koristili i druge
vrste genetičkih tehnika
vrste genetičkih tehnika
02:24
such as random mutagenesis,
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poput slučajne mutageneze,
02:26
which induces uncharacterized mutations
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koja inducira nekarakteristične mutacije
02:29
into the plants.
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u biljkama.
02:31
The rice in the cereal
that many of us fed our babies
that many of us fed our babies
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Riža u žitaricama kojima mnogi od nas
hrane svoju djecu
hrane svoju djecu
02:36
was developed using this approach.
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razvijena je korištenjem ovog pristupa.
Danas uzgajivači imaju puno više
mogućnosti.
mogućnosti.
02:39
Now, today, breeders have
even more options to choose from.
even more options to choose from.
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02:43
Some of them are extraordinarily precise.
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Neke od njih su izvanredno precizne.
02:47
I want to give you a couple examples
from my own work.
from my own work.
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Želim vam dati nekoliko primjera iz
vlastitog rada.
vlastitog rada.
02:51
I work on rice, which is a staple food
for more than half the world's people.
for more than half the world's people.
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Radim na riži, koja je osnovna hrana
za više od polovice svjetske populacije.
za više od polovice svjetske populacije.
02:57
Each year, 40 percent
of the potential harvest
of the potential harvest
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Svake godine, 40 posto
potencijalnog uroda
potencijalnog uroda
03:00
is lost to pest and disease.
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biva izgubljeno usljed štetnika i bolesti.
03:03
For this reason,
farmers plant rice varieties
farmers plant rice varieties
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Iz tog razloga,
poljoprivrednici sade sorte riže
poljoprivrednici sade sorte riže
koje nose gene za otpornost.
03:06
that carry genes for resistance.
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Ovakav pristup primjenjivan
je gotovo 100 godina.
je gotovo 100 godina.
03:09
This approach has been used
for nearly 100 years.
for nearly 100 years.
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03:12
Yet, when I started graduate school,
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Međutim, u vrijeme početka
mojeg postdiplomskog studija,
mojeg postdiplomskog studija,
uloga ovih gena bila je nepoznata.
03:15
no one knew what these genes were.
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03:18
It wasn't until the 1990s
that scientists finally uncovered
that scientists finally uncovered
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Tek 1990-ih znanstvenici su
konačno otkrili
konačno otkrili
03:23
the genetic basis of resistance.
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genetsku osnovu otpornosti.
U mojem laboratoriju izoliran je gen
odgovoran za imunost prema vrlo ozbiljnoj
odgovoran za imunost prema vrlo ozbiljnoj
03:26
In my laboratory, we isolated a gene
for immunity to a very serious
for immunity to a very serious
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03:31
bacterial disease in Asia and Africa.
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bakterijskoj bolesti u Aziji i Africi.
03:33
We found we could engineer the gene
into a conventional rice variety
into a conventional rice variety
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Otkrili smo mogućnost inženjeringa
toga gena u konvencionalnu sortu riže
toga gena u konvencionalnu sortu riže
inače osjetljivu,
03:39
that's normally susceptible,
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03:41
and you can see the two leaves
on the bottom here
on the bottom here
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te možete uočiti da su dva lista pri dnu
03:43
are highly resistant to infection.
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visoko-otporna na infekciju.
03:46
Now, the same month
that my laboratory published
that my laboratory published
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Nadalje, istog mjeseca kada je
moj laboratorij objavio
moj laboratorij objavio
03:49
our discovery on the rice immunity gene,
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naše otkriće na genu odgovornom za
imunost kod riže,
imunost kod riže,
03:52
my friend and colleague Dave Mackill
stopped by my office.
stopped by my office.
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posjetio me moj prijatelj
i kolega Dave Mackill.
i kolega Dave Mackill.
03:56
He said, "Seventy million rice farmers
are having trouble growing rice."
are having trouble growing rice."
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Rekao je, "Sedamdeset milijuna
uzgajivača riže ima problem pri uzgoju."
uzgajivača riže ima problem pri uzgoju."
Razlog tomu su poplavljena polja,
04:04
That's because their fields are flooded,
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04:07
and these rice farmers are living
on less than two dollars a day.
on less than two dollars a day.
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te uzgajivači žive na manje
od dva dolara po danu.
od dva dolara po danu.
04:12
Although rice grows well
in standing water,
in standing water,
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Iako riža dobro uspijeva
u stajaćim vodama,
u stajaćim vodama,
04:15
most rice varieties will die
if they're submerged
if they're submerged
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većina sorti ne može preživjeti
u submerznim uvjetima
u submerznim uvjetima
04:18
for more than three days.
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više od tri dana.
Očekuje se da će plavljenje postati
izrazito problematično
izrazito problematično
04:20
Flooding is expected
to be increasingly problematic
to be increasingly problematic
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04:24
as the climate changes.
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s klimatskim promjenama.
04:27
He told me that his graduate student
Kenong Xu and himself
Kenong Xu and himself
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Rekao mi je da je zajedno sa
svojim studentom Kenong Xu-om
svojim studentom Kenong Xu-om
04:31
were studying an ancient variety of rice
that had an amazing property.
that had an amazing property.
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proučavao drevnu sortu riže
nevjerojatnog svojstva.
nevjerojatnog svojstva.
04:36
It could withstand two weeks
of complete submergence.
of complete submergence.
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Može izdržati dva tjedna
u potpuno submerznim uvjetima.
u potpuno submerznim uvjetima.
Upitao me da li im želim pomoći
u izolaciji toga gena.
u izolaciji toga gena.
04:42
He asked if I would be willing
to help them isolate this gene.
to help them isolate this gene.
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Rekla sam da -- Bila sam vrlo uzbuđena,
jer sam znala da ako budemo uspješni,
jer sam znala da ako budemo uspješni,
04:47
I said yes -- I was very excited,
because I knew if we were successful,
because I knew if we were successful,
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04:51
we could potentially help
millions of farmers grow rice
millions of farmers grow rice
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potencijalno možemo pomoći
milijunima poljoprivrednika u uzgoju riže,
milijunima poljoprivrednika u uzgoju riže,
04:55
even when their fields were flooded.
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čak i kada su njihova polja poplavljena.
Kenong je proveo 10 godina
tražeći ovaj gen.
tražeći ovaj gen.
04:59
Kenong spent 10 years
looking for this gene.
looking for this gene.
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05:03
Then one day, he said,
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Onda je jednog dana rekao,
05:05
"Come look at this experiment.
You've got to see it."
You've got to see it."
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"Dođi pogledaj ovaj eksperiment.
Moraš to vidjeti."
Moraš to vidjeti."
Otišla sam u staklenik i vidjela
05:09
I went to the greenhouse and I saw
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05:10
that the conventional variety
that was flooded for 18 days had died,
that was flooded for 18 days had died,
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da konvencionalna sorta,
poplavljena 18 dana, nije preživjela,
poplavljena 18 dana, nije preživjela,
05:16
but the rice variety that we
had genetically engineered
had genetically engineered
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dok je genetički modificirana sorta
05:19
with a new gene we had discovered,
called Sub1, was alive.
called Sub1, was alive.
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s novootkrivenim genom nazvanim Sub1,
preživjela.
preživjela.
05:24
Kenong and I were amazed and excited
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Kenong i ja smo bili
oduševljeni i uzbuđeni
oduševljeni i uzbuđeni
05:26
that a single gene could have
this dramatic effect.
this dramatic effect.
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činjenicom da jedan gen može
imati tako dramatičan učinak.
imati tako dramatičan učinak.
05:30
But this is just a greenhouse experiment.
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No ovo je samo eksperiment u stakleniku.
Bi li ovo funkcioniralo u polju?
05:34
Would this work in the field?
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Sada ću vam pokazati
ubrzanu snimku četiri mjeseca
ubrzanu snimku četiri mjeseca
05:37
Now, I'm going to show you
a four-month time lapse video
a four-month time lapse video
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snimljenu na Međunarodnom institutu
za istraživanje riže.
za istraživanje riže.
05:40
taken at the International
Rice Research Institute.
Rice Research Institute.
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05:43
Breeders there developed
a rice variety carrying the Sub1 gene
a rice variety carrying the Sub1 gene
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Tamošnji uzgajivači razvili su
sortu koja nosi Sub1 gen
sortu koja nosi Sub1 gen
primjenom genetičke tehnike
zvane precizna oplodnja.
zvane precizna oplodnja.
05:48
using another genetic technique
called precision breeding.
called precision breeding.
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S lijeva možete vidjeti Sub1 sortu,
05:52
On the left, you can see the Sub1 variety,
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dok je s desna konvencionalna sorta.
05:54
and on the right
is the conventional variety.
is the conventional variety.
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Obje sorte u početku dobro uspijevaju,
05:58
Both varieties do very well at first,
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no nakon toga polje 17 dana
biva poplavljeno.
biva poplavljeno.
06:00
but then the field is flooded for 17 days.
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Možete vidjeti da Sub1 sorta
odlično uspijeva.
odlično uspijeva.
06:04
You can see the Sub1 variety does great.
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Zapravo, ova sorta donosi
trostruko veći urod
trostruko veći urod
06:07
In fact, it produces
three and a half times more grain
three and a half times more grain
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u odnosu na konvencionalnu sortu.
06:12
than the conventional variety.
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Volim ovaj video
06:15
I love this video
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06:17
because it shows the power
of plant genetics to help farmers.
of plant genetics to help farmers.
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jer prikazuje koliko biljna genetika
može pomoći poljoprivrednicima.
može pomoći poljoprivrednicima.
Prošle godine, uz pomoć
zaklade Bill i Melinda Gates,
zaklade Bill i Melinda Gates,
06:21
Last year, with the help
of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation,
of the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation,
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06:25
three and a half million farmers
grew Sub1 rice.
grew Sub1 rice.
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tri i pol milijuna poljoprivredinka
uzgajalo je Sub1 rižu.
uzgajalo je Sub1 rižu.
06:29
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
Hvala.
06:33
Thank you.
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06:37
Now, many people don't mind
genetic modification
genetic modification
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Nadalje, mnogim ljudima ne smeta
genetička modifikacija
genetička modifikacija
06:41
when it comes to moving rice genes around,
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kada je u pitanju prijenos gena riže,
geni riže u biljke riže,
06:44
rice genes in rice plants,
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06:45
or even when it comes
to mixing species together
to mixing species together
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ili kada je u pitanju križanje vrsta
06:48
through grafting or random mutagenesis.
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kalemljenjem ili slučajnom mutagenezom.
Ali, kada se radi o uzimanju gena
iz virusa i bakterija
iz virusa i bakterija
06:53
But when it comes to taking genes
from viruses and bacteria
from viruses and bacteria
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i njihovoj ugradnji u biljke,
06:58
and putting them into plants,
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07:00
a lot of people say, "Yuck."
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puno ljudi će reći: "Fuj."
Zašto biste to uradili?
07:03
Why would you do that?
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Zbog toga što je to nekad
najjeftinija, najsigurnija
najjeftinija, najsigurnija
07:05
The reason is that sometimes
it's the cheapest, safest,
it's the cheapest, safest,
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i najučinkovitija tehnologija
07:08
and most effective technology
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07:11
for enhancing food security
and advancing sustainable agriculture.
and advancing sustainable agriculture.
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za povećanje sigurnosti ishrane i
unaprijeđivanje agrikulturalne održivosti.
unaprijeđivanje agrikulturalne održivosti.
Dati ću vam tri primjera.
07:16
I'm going to give you three examples.
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07:19
First, take a look at papaya.
It's delicious, right?
It's delicious, right?
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Prvo, pogledajmo papaju.
Ukusna je, zar ne?
Ukusna je, zar ne?
07:22
But now, look at this papaya.
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No, sada pogledajte ovu papaju.
07:25
This papaya is infected
with papaya ringspot virus.
with papaya ringspot virus.
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Zaražena je "Papaya ringspot" virusom.
1950-ih ovaj virus je gotovo uništio
cijelu proizvodnju
cijelu proizvodnju
07:29
In the 1950s, this virus
nearly wiped out the entire production
nearly wiped out the entire production
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07:35
of papaya on the island of Oahu in Hawaii.
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papaje na otoku Oahu na Havajima.
Ljudi su mislili da je
havajanska papaja ukleta,
havajanska papaja ukleta,
07:41
Many people thought
that the Hawaiian papaya was doomed,
that the Hawaiian papaya was doomed,
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07:45
but then, a local Hawaiian,
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no tada se, lokalni stanovnik Havaja,
biljni patolog Dennis Gonslaves,
07:48
a plant pathologist
named Dennis Gonsalves,
named Dennis Gonsalves,
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odlučio primjenom genetičkog inženjeringa
boriti protiv ove bolesti.
boriti protiv ove bolesti.
07:51
decided to try to fight this disease
using genetic engineering.
using genetic engineering.
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07:55
He took a snippet of viral DNA
and he inserted it
and he inserted it
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Uzeo je odsječak viralne DNA
i umetnuo ga
i umetnuo ga
07:59
into the papaya genome.
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u genom papaje.
Nešto poput cijepljenja kod ljudi.
08:01
This is kind of like a human
getting a vaccination.
getting a vaccination.
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08:04
Now, take a look at his field trial.
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Pogledajte sada poljski pokus.
Možete vidjeti genetički modificiranu
papaju u sredini.
papaju u sredini.
08:07
You can see the genetically
engineered papaya in the center.
engineered papaya in the center.
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Imuna je na infekciju.
08:10
It's immune to infection.
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Konvencionalna papaja koja je okružuje
teško je inficirana virusom.
teško je inficirana virusom.
08:13
The conventional papaya around the outside
is severely infected with the virus.
is severely infected with the virus.
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Dennisovom pionirskom radu pripisano je
spašavanje industrije papaje.
spašavanje industrije papaje.
08:18
Dennis' pioneering work is credited
with rescuing the papaya industry.
with rescuing the papaya industry.
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Danas, 20 godina kasnije, ne postoji
druga metoda za kontrolu ove bolesti.
druga metoda za kontrolu ove bolesti.
08:25
Today, 20 years later, there's still no
other method to control this disease.
other method to control this disease.
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Ne postoji organska kao ni
konvencionalna metoda.
konvencionalna metoda.
08:30
There's no organic method.
There's no conventional method.
There's no conventional method.
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Osamdeset posto havajanske papaje
genetički je modificirano.
genetički je modificirano.
08:33
Eighty percent of Hawaiian papaya
is genetically engineered.
is genetically engineered.
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Neki od vas su još uvijek osjetljivi
na viralne gene u hrani,
na viralne gene u hrani,
08:37
Now, some of you may still feel a little
queasy about viral genes in your food,
queasy about viral genes in your food,
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no razmislite:
08:42
but consider this:
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08:44
The genetically engineered papaya
carries just a trace amount of the virus.
carries just a trace amount of the virus.
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genetički modificirana papaja nosi
samo tračak virusa.
samo tračak virusa.
Ako zagrizete u organsku ili
konvencionalnu papaju
konvencionalnu papaju
08:51
If you bite into an organic
or conventional papaya
or conventional papaya
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08:54
that is infected with the virus,
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zaraženu virusom,
žvakati ćete deseterostruko više
viralnog proteina.
viralnog proteina.
08:57
you will be chewing on tenfold
more viral protein.
more viral protein.
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Pogledajte sada ovu gozbu štetnika
na patlidžanu.
na patlidžanu.
09:02
Now, take a look at this pest
feasting on an eggplant.
feasting on an eggplant.
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Smeđe mrlje su izmet,
09:06
The brown you see is frass,
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09:08
what comes out
the back end of the insect.
the back end of the insect.
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koji se izlučuje iz
stražnjeg dijela kukca.
stražnjeg dijela kukca.
09:12
To control this serious pest,
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Kako bi kontrolirali ovog štetnika,
09:15
which can devastate the entire
eggplant crop in Bangladesh,
eggplant crop in Bangladesh,
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koji može uništiti cijeli
usjev patlidžana u Bangladešu,
usjev patlidžana u Bangladešu,
09:20
Bangladeshi farmers spray insecticides
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tamošnju poljoprivrednici
prskaju insekticidima,
prskaju insekticidima,
09:24
two to three times a week,
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dva do tri puta tjedno,
a ponekad i dva puta dnevno,
kada je zahvaćenost štetnicima visoka.
kada je zahvaćenost štetnicima visoka.
09:27
sometimes twice a day,
when pest pressure is high.
when pest pressure is high.
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No znamo da su neki insekticidi
vrlo štetni za ljudsko zdravlje,
vrlo štetni za ljudsko zdravlje,
09:32
But we know that some insecticides
are very harmful to human health,
are very harmful to human health,
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osobito kada si poljoprivrednici
i njihove obitelji
i njihove obitelji
09:36
especially when farmers and their families
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09:40
cannot afford proper protection,
like these children.
like these children.
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ne mogu priuštiti odgovarajuću zaštitu,
poput ove djece.
poput ove djece.
09:44
In less developed countries,
it's estimated that 300,000 people
it's estimated that 300,000 people
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Procijenjeno je da, u manje
razvijenim zemljama, 300 000 ljudi
razvijenim zemljama, 300 000 ljudi
09:49
die every year because of
insecticide misuse and exposure.
insecticide misuse and exposure.
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umire svake godine uslijed lošeg
postupanja i izloženosti insekticidima.
postupanja i izloženosti insekticidima.
Sveučilište Cornell i znantvenici iz
Bangladeša odlučili su suzbiti ovu bolest
Bangladeša odlučili su suzbiti ovu bolest
09:55
Cornell and Bangladeshi scientists
decided to fight this disease
decided to fight this disease
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09:59
using a genetic technique that builds
on an organic farming approach.
on an organic farming approach.
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primjenom genetičkih tehnika
temeljenih na organskoj poljoprivredi.
temeljenih na organskoj poljoprivredi.
10:04
Organic farmers like my husband Raoul
spray an insecticide called B.T.,
spray an insecticide called B.T.,
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Poljoprivrednici poput mog muža Roula,
koriste insekticid B.T.
koriste insekticid B.T.
10:09
which is based on a bacteria.
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temeljen na bakterijama.
10:12
This pesticide is very specific
to caterpillar pests,
to caterpillar pests,
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Ovaj pesticid je vrlo specifičan
za nametničke gusjenice
za nametničke gusjenice
10:18
and in fact, it's nontoxic
to humans, fish and birds.
to humans, fish and birds.
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i zapravo, nije toksičan za ljude,
ribe i ptice.
ribe i ptice.
10:21
It's less toxic than table salt.
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Manje je toksičan od kuhinjske soli.
10:24
But this approach
does not work well in Bangladesh.
does not work well in Bangladesh.
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No ovaj pristup ne funkcionira
u Bangladešu.
u Bangladešu.
10:27
That's because these insecticide sprays
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Ovakvi insekticidni sprejevi
10:29
are difficult to find, they're expensive,
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teško su dostupni i skupi,
10:31
and they don't prevent the insect
from getting inside the plants.
from getting inside the plants.
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te ne djeluju na spriječavanje
ulaska insekta u biljku.
ulaska insekta u biljku.
10:36
In the genetic approach, scientists
cut the gene out of the bacteria
cut the gene out of the bacteria
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Kod genetičkog pristupa, znanstvenici
izrežu gen iz bakterije
izrežu gen iz bakterije
10:39
and insert it directly into
the eggplant genome.
the eggplant genome.
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i umetnu ga izravo u
genom patlidžana.
genom patlidžana.
10:42
Will this work to reduce
insecticide sprays in Bangladesh?
insecticide sprays in Bangladesh?
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Da li bi ovo smanjilo upotrebu
insekticida u Bangladešu?
insekticida u Bangladešu?
10:46
Definitely.
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Svakako.
10:47
Last season, farmers reported they were
able to reduce their insecticide use
able to reduce their insecticide use
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Poljoprivrednici su izvjestili da su
prošle sezone značajno smanjili
prošle sezone značajno smanjili
10:52
by a huge amount, almost down to zero.
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upotrebu insekticida,
gotovo u potpunosti.
gotovo u potpunosti.
10:56
They're able to harvest
and replant for the next season.
and replant for the next season.
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Bili su u mogućnosti žeti i
ponovno sijati za slijedeću sezonu.
ponovno sijati za slijedeću sezonu.
11:00
Now, I've given you a couple examples
of how genetic engineering can be used
of how genetic engineering can be used
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Pokazala sam vam nekoliko primjera
kako se genetički inženjering koristi
kako se genetički inženjering koristi
11:04
to fight pests and disease
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u borbi protiv nametnika i bolesti
11:06
and to reduce the amount of insecticides.
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te da bi se smanjila učestalost
korištenja insekticida.
korištenja insekticida.
11:09
My final example is an example
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Kao zadnji primjer navesti ću
11:12
where genetic engineering
can be used to reduce malnutrition.
can be used to reduce malnutrition.
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primjenu genetičkog inženjeringa
u smanjenju pothranjenosti.
u smanjenju pothranjenosti.
11:18
In less developed countries,
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U slabije razvijenim zemljama
11:20
500,000 children go blind every year
because of lack of Vitamin A.
because of lack of Vitamin A.
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500,000 djece godišnje oslijepi
uslijed nedostatka vitamina A.
uslijed nedostatka vitamina A.
11:25
More than half will die.
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Više od polovice će umrijeti.
11:28
For this reason, scientists supported
by the Rockefeller Foundation
by the Rockefeller Foundation
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Iz tog razloga, znanstvenici podržani
od strane Rockefeller zaklade
od strane Rockefeller zaklade
11:31
genetically engineered a golden rice
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genetički su modificirali zlatnu rižu
11:34
to produce beta-carotene,
which is the precursor of Vitamin A.
which is the precursor of Vitamin A.
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kako bi proizveli beta-karoten,
prekursor vitamina A.
prekursor vitamina A.
11:39
This is the same pigment
that we find in carrots.
that we find in carrots.
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Beta-karoten je pigment
koji nalazimo i u mrkvi.
koji nalazimo i u mrkvi.
11:42
Researchers estimate that just one cup
of golden rice per day
of golden rice per day
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Istraživači procjenjuju da samo
jedna šalica zlatne riže dnevno
jedna šalica zlatne riže dnevno
11:47
will save the lives
of thousands of children.
of thousands of children.
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može spasiti na tisuće djece.
11:51
But golden rice is virulently opposed
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No zlatna riža se virulentno negira
11:53
by activists who are
against genetic modification.
against genetic modification.
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od strane aktivista koji se protive
genetičkom inženjeringu.
genetičkom inženjeringu.
Samo prošle godine
11:56
Just last year,
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11:58
activists invaded and destroyed
a field trial in the Philippines.
a field trial in the Philippines.
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aktivisti su provalili i uništili
poljski pokus na Filipinima.
poljski pokus na Filipinima.
12:02
When I heard about the destruction,
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Kada sam saznala za uništavanje,
12:05
I wondered if they knew that they
were destroying much more
were destroying much more
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zapitala sam se znaju li da
uništavaju mnogo više
uništavaju mnogo više
12:09
than a scientific research project,
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od znanstveno-istraživačkog projekta,
12:11
that they were destroying medicines
that children desperately needed
that children desperately needed
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da uništavaju lijekove
koje djeca očajno trebaju
koje djeca očajno trebaju
12:14
to save their sight and their lives.
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kako bi sačuvali svoj vid i živote.
12:17
Some of my friends and family still worry:
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Moji prijatelji i obitelj
su zabrinuti
su zabrinuti
12:20
How do you know genes
in the food are safe to eat?
in the food are safe to eat?
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"Kako znaš da su geni
u hrani sigurni za jesti?
u hrani sigurni za jesti?
12:23
I explained the genetic engineering,
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1718
Genetički inženjering,
12:25
the process of moving
genes between species,
genes between species,
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proces premještanja
gena među vrstama,
gena među vrstama,
12:28
has been used for more than 40 years
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koristi se više od 40 godina
12:30
in wines, in medicine,
in plants, in cheeses.
in plants, in cheeses.
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4315
u proizvodnji vina, medicini,
botanici i proizvodnji sireva.
botanici i proizvodnji sireva.
12:35
In all that time, there hasn't been
a single case of harm
a single case of harm
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Za sve to vrijeme ne postoji
niti jedan slučaj povrede
niti jedan slučaj povrede
12:38
to human health or the environment.
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ljudskog zdravlja ili okoliša.
12:42
But I say, look, I'm not
asking you to believe me.
asking you to believe me.
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Ali ja ne tražim da mi vjerujete.
12:44
Science is not a belief system.
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Znanost se ne temelji na vjerovanju.
12:48
My opinion doesn't matter.
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Ni moje mišljenje nije važno.
Samo pogledajmo dokaze.
12:50
Let's look at the evidence.
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Nakon 20 godina pomnih studija
i strogih stručnih recenzija
i strogih stručnih recenzija
12:53
After 20 years of careful study
and rigorous peer review
and rigorous peer review
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12:57
by thousands of independent scientists,
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3042
od strane tisuće neovisnih znanstvenika,
13:00
every major scientific organization
in the world has concluded
in the world has concluded
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svaka velika znanstvena organizacija
u svijetu donijela je zaključak
u svijetu donijela je zaključak
13:04
that the crops currently
on the market are safe to eat
on the market are safe to eat
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da su trenutni usjevi na tržištu
sigurni za konzumaciju
sigurni za konzumaciju
13:07
and that the process
of genetic engineering
of genetic engineering
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2252
te da proces genetičkog inženjeringa
13:10
is no more risky than older methods
of genetic modification.
of genetic modification.
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4853
nije riskantniji od drugih starijih
metoda genetičke modifikacije.
metoda genetičke modifikacije.
13:14
These are precisely the same
organizations that most of us trust
organizations that most of us trust
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Točnije, ovo su iste one organizacije
kojima većina nas vjeruje
kojima većina nas vjeruje
13:18
when it comes to other
important scientific issues
important scientific issues
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kada su u pitanju važni
znanstveni problemi
znanstveni problemi
13:21
such as global climate change
or the safety of vaccines.
or the safety of vaccines.
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poput globalnih klimatskih promjena
ili sigurnosti cjepiva.
ili sigurnosti cjepiva.
13:27
Raoul and I believe that, instead of
worrying about the genes in our food,
worrying about the genes in our food,
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Roul i ja vjerujemo da, umjesto
zabrinutosti o genima u našoj hrani,
zabrinutosti o genima u našoj hrani,
13:31
we must focus on how we can help
children grow up healthy.
children grow up healthy.
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moramo biti usredotočeni na
zdraviji rast i razvoj djece.
zdraviji rast i razvoj djece.
13:35
We must ask if farmers
in rural communities can thrive,
in rural communities can thrive,
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Trebamo se zapitati mogu li
ruralni poljoprivrednici napredovati
ruralni poljoprivrednici napredovati
13:38
and if everyone can afford the food.
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i može li si svatko priuštiti hranu.
Moramo nastojati umanjiti
propadanje okoliša.
propadanje okoliša.
13:40
We must try to minimize
environmental degradation.
environmental degradation.
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13:44
What scares me most about
the loud arguments and misinformation
the loud arguments and misinformation
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Ono što me najviše plaši po pitanju
glasnih argumenata i dezinformacija
glasnih argumenata i dezinformacija
13:48
about plant genetics
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o biljnoj genetici,
je da oni najsiromašniji,
kojima najviše treba ova tehnologija,
kojima najviše treba ova tehnologija,
13:49
is that the poorest people
who most need the technology
who most need the technology
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3042
13:52
may be denied access because of
the vague fears and prejudices
the vague fears and prejudices
231
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3738
nemaju pristup zbog
nejasnih strahova i predrasuda
nejasnih strahova i predrasuda
13:56
of those who have enough to eat.
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onih koji imaju dovoljno hrane.
13:59
We have a huge challenge in front of us.
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Ogroman je izazov pred nama.
14:02
Let's celebrate scientific
innovation and use it.
innovation and use it.
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Slavimo znanstvenu inovaciju
i primjenimo je.
i primjenimo je.
Naša je odgovornost
14:06
It's our responsibility
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14:08
to do everything we can to help
alleviate human suffering
alleviate human suffering
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učiniti sve što možemo
da ublažimo ljudsku patnju
da ublažimo ljudsku patnju
14:11
and safeguard the environment.
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i zaštitimo okoliš.
14:13
Thank you.
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2252
Hvala.
(Pljesak)
14:15
(Applause)
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1927
Hvala.
14:17
Thank you.
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2578
Chris Anderson: Zaista uvjerljivo.
14:20
Chris Anderson: Powerfully argued.
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Onima koji se protive GMO,
14:22
The people who argue against GMOs,
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14:24
as I understand it, the core piece
comes from two things.
comes from two things.
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koliko sam shvatio,
ključni problem su dvije stvari.
ključni problem su dvije stvari.
Prvo, kompleksnost i
neželjene posljedice.
neželjene posljedice.
14:28
One, complexity and
unintended consequence.
unintended consequence.
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14:31
Nature is this incredibly complex machine.
245
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Priroda je nevjerojatno
kompleksan stroj.
kompleksan stroj.
14:33
If we put out these brand new genes
that we've created,
that we've created,
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Ako unesemo potpuno nove
te novo stvorene gene,
te novo stvorene gene,
14:35
that haven't been challenged
by years of evolution,
by years of evolution,
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2424
koji nisu oblikovani
kroz godine evolucije,
kroz godine evolucije,
14:38
and they started mixing up
with the rest of what's going on,
with the rest of what's going on,
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te se počnu miješati
s postojećom prirodom,
s postojećom prirodom,
14:41
couldn't that trigger some kind
of cataclysm or problem,
of cataclysm or problem,
249
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3437
ne bi li to izazvalo neku vrstu
kataklizme ili problema,
kataklizme ili problema,
14:44
especially when you add in
the commercial incentive
the commercial incentive
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osobito kada uzmemo u obzir
komercijalni interes
komercijalni interes
14:47
that some companies have
to put them out there?
to put them out there?
251
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3553
pojedinih tvrtki
za njihovim unosom?
za njihovim unosom?
14:50
The fear is that those incentives
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1718
Strah od takvih inicijativa
14:52
mean that the decision is not made
on purely scientific grounds,
on purely scientific grounds,
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znači da odluka nije izgrađena
na znanstvenima temeljima,
na znanstvenima temeljima,
14:56
and even if it was, that there would be
unintended consequences.
unintended consequences.
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a sve i da je, bilo bi
neželjenih posljedica.
neželjenih posljedica.
14:59
How do we know that there isn't
a big risk of some unintended consequence?
a big risk of some unintended consequence?
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Kako možemo znati da ne postoji
velika opasnost od neželjenih posljedica?
velika opasnost od neželjenih posljedica?
15:03
Often our tinkerings with nature
do lead to big, unintended consequences
do lead to big, unintended consequences
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Naše intervencije u prirodi
često vode do neželjenih posljedica
često vode do neželjenih posljedica
15:07
and chain reactions.
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i lančanih reakcija.
15:08
Pamela Ronald: Okay,
so on the commercial aspects,
so on the commercial aspects,
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Pamela Ronald: Dobro,
kod komercijalnih aspekata,
kod komercijalnih aspekata,
15:11
one thing that's really important
to understand is that,
to understand is that,
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ono što je vrlo važno
za razumjeti je da
za razumjeti je da
15:14
in the developed world,
farmers in the United States,
farmers in the United States,
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u razvijenom svijetu,
poljoprivrednici u SAD-u,
poljoprivrednici u SAD-u,
15:16
almost all farmers, whether
they're organic or conventional,
they're organic or conventional,
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gotovo svi, bilo organska ili
konvencionalna poljoprivreda,
konvencionalna poljoprivreda,
15:19
they buy seed produced by seed companies.
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kupuju sjeme od proizvođača.
15:21
So there's definitely a commercial
interest to sell a lot of seed,
interest to sell a lot of seed,
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Dakle, svakako postoji
komercijalni interes za prodaju sjemena,
komercijalni interes za prodaju sjemena,
15:24
but hopefully they're selling seed
that the farmers want to buy.
that the farmers want to buy.
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no nadam se da prodaju sjeme
koje poljoprivrednici žele kupiti.
koje poljoprivrednici žele kupiti.
Priča je drugačija u slabije
razvijenim zemljama.
razvijenim zemljama.
15:27
It's different in the
less developed world.
less developed world.
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15:30
Farmers there cannot afford the seed.
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Poljoprivrednici si ne mogu
priuštiti sjeme.
priuštiti sjeme.
15:32
These seeds are not being sold.
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To sjeme nije na prodaju.
15:33
These seeds are being distributed freely
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To sjeme je slobodno distribuirano
15:36
through traditional kinds
of certification groups,
of certification groups,
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na tradicionalne načine
certificiranih grupa.
certificiranih grupa.
15:41
so it is very important
in less developed countries
in less developed countries
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Stoga je vrlo važno da
u slabije razvijenim zemljama
u slabije razvijenim zemljama
15:43
that the seed be freely available.
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sjeme bude besplatno.
15:45
CA: Wouldn't some activists say that this
is actually part of the conspiracy?
is actually part of the conspiracy?
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CA: Ne bi li neki aktivisti mogli reći
da je ovo zapravo dio zavjere?
da je ovo zapravo dio zavjere?
15:49
This is the heroin strategy.
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Ovo je herojska strategija.
15:50
You seed the stuff,
and people have no choice
and people have no choice
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Posijete nešto,
a ljudi nemaju izbora
a ljudi nemaju izbora
15:52
but to be hooked on these seeds forever?
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nego ostati na tome sjemenu zauvijek?
PR: Zasigurno je mnogo teorija zavjere,
no ovo ne funkcionira tako.
no ovo ne funkcionira tako.
15:54
PR: There are a lot of conspiracy theories
for sure, but it doesn't work that way.
for sure, but it doesn't work that way.
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16:00
For example, the seed that's being
distributed, the flood-tolerant rice,
distributed, the flood-tolerant rice,
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Primjerice, sjeme koje je distribuirano,
riža otporna na plavljenje,
riža otporna na plavljenje,
16:04
this is distributed freely
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distribuirano je slobodno
putem certificiranih agencija
u Indiji i Bangladešu.
u Indiji i Bangladešu.
16:05
through Indian and Bangladeshi
seed certification agencies,
seed certification agencies,
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16:10
so there's no commercial interest at all.
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Dakle, tu uopće nema
komercijalnih interesa.
komercijalnih interesa.
16:12
The golden rice was developed through
support of the Rockefeller Foundation.
support of the Rockefeller Foundation.
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Zlatna riža razvijena je kroz
potporu Rockefeller zaklade.
potporu Rockefeller zaklade.
16:16
Again, it's being freely distributed.
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Opet, slobodno je distribuirana.
16:18
There are no commercial profits
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Nema komercijalnih dobiti
16:20
in this situation.
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u ovoj situaciji.
16:22
And now to address your other question
about, well, mixing genes,
about, well, mixing genes,
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A sada da odgovorim na
vaše drugo pitanje o miješanju gena
vaše drugo pitanje o miješanju gena
16:25
aren't there some unintended consequences?
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i postoje li neželjene posljedice?
16:28
Absolutely -- every time
we do something different,
we do something different,
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U potpunosti -- uvijek kada
napravimo nešto drugačije,
napravimo nešto drugačije,
16:31
there's an unintended consequence,
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imamo neželjenu posljedicu,
16:32
but one of the points I was trying to make
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no htjela sam naglasiti
jednu stvar,
jednu stvar,
16:34
is that we've been doing
kind of crazy things to our plants,
kind of crazy things to our plants,
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a to je da je prilično ludo
ono što radimo našim biljkama,
ono što radimo našim biljkama,
16:38
mutagenesis using radiation
or chemical mutagenesis.
or chemical mutagenesis.
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mutageneza izazvana zračenjem
ili kemijskim agensima.
ili kemijskim agensima.
16:42
This induces thousands
of uncharacterized mutations,
of uncharacterized mutations,
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To uzrokuje na tisuće
nekarakterističnih mutacija,
nekarakterističnih mutacija,
16:46
and this is even a higher risk
of unintended consequence
of unintended consequence
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a tu je opasnost od
neželjenih posljedica još veći
neželjenih posljedica još veći
16:50
than many of the modern methods.
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nego od mnogih modernih metoda.
16:51
And so it's really important
not to use the term GMO
not to use the term GMO
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Stoga je vrlo važno
ne koristiti termin GMO
ne koristiti termin GMO
16:55
because it's scientifically meaningless.
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jer je znanstveno beznačajan.
16:57
I feel it's very important to talk
about a specific crop
about a specific crop
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Smatram da je važno usredotočiti se
na pojedine usjeve
na pojedine usjeve
17:02
and a specific product, and think about
the needs of the consumer.
the needs of the consumer.
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i specifične proizvode, te misliti
na potrebe potrošača.
na potrebe potrošača.
17:05
CA: So part of what's happening here
is that there's a mental model
is that there's a mental model
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CA: Ono što se ovdje djelomično događa
je mentalni model
je mentalni model
17:08
in a lot of people that nature is nature,
and it's pure and pristine,
and it's pure and pristine,
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u ljudima da je priroda - priroda,
čista i netaknuta,
čista i netaknuta,
17:12
and to tinker with it is Frankensteinian.
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te je interveniranje u nju - vandalizam.
17:14
It's making something that's pure
dangerous in some way,
dangerous in some way,
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Stvaranje nečega što je čisto,
opasnim na određeni način,
opasnim na određeni način,
17:18
and I think you're saying
that that whole model
that that whole model
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i mislim da želite reći
da cijeli taj model
da cijeli taj model
17:20
just misunderstands how nature is.
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zapravo pogrešno shvaća prirodu.
Priroda je rezultat puno kaotičnijeg
međudjelovanja genetičkih promjena
međudjelovanja genetičkih promjena
17:22
Nature is a much more chaotic
interplay of genetic changes
interplay of genetic changes
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17:26
that have been happening
all the time anyway.
all the time anyway.
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koje su održavane od početka vremena.
PR: To je u potpunosti točno, i
ne postoji čista hrana.
ne postoji čista hrana.
17:28
PR: That's absolutely true, and there's
no such thing as pure food.
no such thing as pure food.
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17:32
I mean, you could not spray
eggplant with insecticides
eggplant with insecticides
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Mislim, ne možete prskati
patlidžane insekticidima
patlidžane insekticidima
17:35
or not genetically engineer it,
but then you'd be stuck eating frass.
but then you'd be stuck eating frass.
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ili ih ne modificirati,
jer ćete onda imati izmet.
jer ćete onda imati izmet.
17:39
So there's no purity there.
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Stoga, nema čistoće u tome.
17:41
CA: Pam Ronald, thank you.
That was powerfully argued.
That was powerfully argued.
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CA: Pam Ronald, hvala.
To je bilo doista uvjerljivo.
To je bilo doista uvjerljivo.
PR: Puno hvala. Cijenim to.
17:43
PR: Thank you very much. I appreciate it.
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(Pljesak)
17:45
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Pamela Ronald - Plant geneticistEmbracing both genetically improved seed and ecologically based farming methods, Pamela Ronald aims to enhance sustainable agriculture.
Why you should listen
As a proponent of sustainable agriculture using the most appropriate technologies, UC Davis researcher Pamela Ronald’s holistic vision startles some. But the success of her genetic tinkering is uncontroversial: it shows that genetic improvement is a critical component of feeding the world without further destroying the environment.
Her book Tomorrow’s Table (co-authored with organic farmer Raoul Adamchak) argues that to advance sustainable agriculture, we must not focus on how a seed variety was developed. Instead we must ask what technology most enhances local food security and can provide safe, abundant and nutritious food to consumers.
Pamela Ronald | Speaker | TED.com