ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Wade Davis - Anthropologist, ethnobotanist
A National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, Wade Davis has been described as “a rare combination of scientist, scholar, poet and passionate defender of all of life’s diversity.”

Why you should listen

Wade Davis is perhaps the most articulate and influential western advocate for the world's indigenous cultures. A National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, he has been described as “a rare combination of scientist, scholar, poet and passionate defender of all of life’s diversity.” Trained in anthropology and botany at Harvard, he travels the globe to live alongside indigenous people, and document their cultural practices in books, photographs, and film. His stunning photographs and evocative stories capture the viewer's imagination. As a speaker, he parlays that sense of wonder into passionate concern over the rate at which cultures and languages are disappearing -- 50 percent of the world's 7,000 languages, he says, are no longer taught to children. He argues, in the most beautiful terms, that language is much more than vocabulary and grammatical rules. Every language is an old-growth forest of the mind.  

Indigenous cultures are not failed attempts at modernity, let alone failed attempts to be us. They are unique expressions of the human imagination and heart, unique answers to a fundamental question: What does it mean to be human and alive? When asked this question, the peoples of the world respond in 7,000 different voices, and these collectively comprise our human repertoire for dealing with all the challenges that will confront us as a species over the coming centuries.

Davis is the author of 15 books including The Serpent and the RainbowOne River, and The Wayfinders. His many film credits include Light at the Edge of the World, an eight-hour documentary series produced for the National Geographic. In 2009 he received the Gold Medal from the Royal Canadian Geographical Society for his contributions to anthropology and conservation, and he is the 2011 recipient of the Explorers Medal, the highest award of the Explorers’ Club, and the 2012 recipient of the Fairchild Medal for Plant Exploration. His latest books are Into the Silence: The Great War, Mallory and the Conquest of Everest and The Sacred Headwaters: the Fight to Save the Stikine, Skeena and the Nass.

More profile about the speaker
Wade Davis | Speaker | TED.com
TED2003

Wade Davis: Dreams from endangered cultures

韦德戴维斯讨论濒危文化

Filmed:
4,012,783 views

透过眩目的照片和故事,国家地理探索者的韦德戴维斯庆祝世界土著文化非凡的多样性,这些文化正在以惊人的速度从地球上消失。
- Anthropologist, ethnobotanist
A National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, Wade Davis has been described as “a rare combination of scientist, scholar, poet and passionate defender of all of life’s diversity.” Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:25
You know, one of the intense激烈 pleasures乐趣 of travel旅行
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对我来说 在世界各地旅行
00:28
and one of the delights美食 of ethnographic人种学 research研究
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和从事人类学研究的生涯中
00:30
is the opportunity机会 to live生活 amongst其中包括 those
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最大的乐趣之一莫过于
00:32
who have not forgotten忘记了 the old ways方法,
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体验那些没有忘记传统的族群的生活
00:34
who still feel their past过去 in the wind,
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沐浴在微风中
00:37
touch触摸 it in stones石头 polished by rain,
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触摸被雨水冲洗得晶莹光亮的石头
00:40
taste味道 it in the bitter leaves树叶 of plants植物.
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尝着苦叶的味道 你能感受到他们的历史
00:42
Just to know that Jaguar捷豹 shamans巫师 still journey旅程 beyond the Milky乳白色 Way,
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在萨满教的传说中 老虎要跨越银河
00:46
or the myths神话 of the Inuit因纽特人 elders长老 still resonate谐振 with meaning含义,
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因纽特老人的神话仍然引起后人的共鸣
00:50
or that in the Himalaya喜马拉雅,
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或者在喜马拉雅山
00:53
the Buddhists佛教徒 still pursue追求 the breath呼吸 of the Dharma,
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佛教徒还在追随法门
00:57
is to really remember记得 the central中央 revelation启示 of anthropology人类学,
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这让我们想起人类学的核心揭示
01:00
and that is the idea理念 that the world世界 in which哪一个 we live生活
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它的思想要义是 我们生活的世界
01:03
does not exist存在 in some absolute绝对 sense,
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不是存在于一个绝对的意识之中
01:05
but is just one model模型 of reality现实,
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而只是一个现实模型
01:06
the consequence后果 of one particular特定 set of adaptive自适应 choices选择
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只是一种适应性选择的结果
01:10
that our lineage血统 made制作, albeit尽管 successfully顺利, many许多 generations ago.
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我们的祖先在很多世代以前就成功地做出了这种选择
01:15
And of course课程, we all share分享 the same相同 adaptive自适应 imperatives当务之急.
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当然 我们所有都遵守同一种适应性规则
01:19
We're all born天生. We all bring带来 our children孩子 into the world世界.
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我们都出生于母腹 并且在这个世上生儿育女
01:21
We go through通过 initiation引发 rites仪式.
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我们要经历成年礼的洗礼
01:23
We have to deal合同 with the inexorable残酷 separation分割 of death死亡,
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必须面对残酷的生离死别
01:25
so it shouldn't不能 surprise us that we all sing, we all dance舞蹈,
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因此 我们要歌唱和舞蹈 以排遣生活中的苦楚
01:29
we all have art艺术.
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我们创造了艺术
01:31
But what's interesting有趣 is the unique独特 cadence韵律 of the song歌曲,
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但是 你会发现 每种文化的歌曲韵律
01:34
the rhythm韵律 of the dance舞蹈 in every一切 culture文化.
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和舞蹈节奏有着独一无二的特色
01:36
And whether是否 it is the Penan南人 in the forests森林 of Borneo婆罗洲,
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无论是生活在婆罗(Borneo) 丛林的伯南(Penan)人
01:39
or the Voodoo巫毒 acolytes助手 in Haiti海地,
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还是海地的巫毒教(Voodoo)侍僧
01:43
or the warriors勇士 in the KaisutKaisut desert沙漠 of Northern北方 Kenya肯尼亚,
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抑或是北肯尼亚凯苏特(Kaisut)沙漠的武士
01:49
the CuranderoCurandero in the mountains of the Andes安第斯山脉,
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安迪斯山区的巫医(Curandero)
01:52
or a caravanserai队商旅馆 in the middle中间 of the Sahara撒哈拉 --
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或撒哈拉沙漠中部的围帐客栈
01:57
this is incidentally顺便 the fellow同伴 that I traveled旅行 into the desert沙漠 with
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一个月 我曾经与这个人一起结伴
01:59
a month ago --
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前往沙漠
02:00
or indeed确实 a yak herder牧人 in the slopes连续下坡 of Qomolangma珠穆朗玛,
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他是一位牦牛牧养人 生活在世界之巅
02:03
Everest珠峰, the goddess女神 mother母亲 of the world世界.
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珠穆朗玛峰的山坡上
02:05
All of these peoples人们 teach us that there are other ways方法 of being存在,
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所有这些族群向我们展现了不同的生存方式和
02:08
other ways方法 of thinking思维,
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不同的思维方式
02:09
other ways方法 of orienting定向 yourself你自己 in the Earth地球.
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以及不同的人生观
02:11
And this is an idea理念, if you think about it,
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如果你认真思考 你发会现
02:13
can only fill you with hope希望.
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这种不同的思维会让你看到希望
02:15
Now, together一起 the myriad无数的 cultures文化 of the world世界
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这个世界五彩缤纷的文化
02:18
make up a web卷筒纸 of spiritual精神 life and cultural文化 life
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犹如一张由精神生活和文化生活交织而成的网
02:22
that envelops信封 the planet行星,
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覆盖整个地球
02:24
and is as important重要 to the well-being福利 of the planet行星
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它对于地球的芸芸众生有着十分重要的意义
02:26
as indeed确实 is the biological生物 web卷筒纸 of life that you know as a biosphere生物圈.
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如同我们称为生物圈的生态之网一样重要
02:29
And you might威力 think of this cultural文化 web卷筒纸 of life
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你可以把这种生命的文化之网
02:32
as being存在 an ethnosphereethnosphere,
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看作是一个种族圈
02:33
and you might威力 define确定 the ethnosphereethnosphere
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这个种族圈可以被定义为
02:35
as being存在 the sum total of all thoughts思念 and dreams, myths神话,
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一个人类自从有自我意识以来通过想像力
02:38
ideas思路, inspirations灵感, intuitions直觉 brought into being存在
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创造的所有思想和梦想、神话、直觉
02:41
by the human人的 imagination想像力 since以来 the dawn黎明 of consciousness意识.
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的全部之和
02:45
The ethnosphereethnosphere is humanity's人类的 great legacy遗产.
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这个种族圈是人类的伟大遗产
02:48
It's the symbol符号 of all that we are
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它是我们的身份标志
02:50
and all that we can be as an astonishingly令人惊讶 inquisitive好奇 species种类.
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也是我们作为具有很强的探究能力的物种的标志
02:55
And just as the biosphere生物圈 has been severely严重 eroded侵蚀,
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如同生物圈受到严重的侵蚀一样
02:58
so too is the ethnosphereethnosphere
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种族圈也面临着同样的厄运
03:00
-- and, if anything, at a far greater更大 rate.
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而且 它的毁灭速度更快
03:02
No biologists生物学家, for example, would dare suggest建议
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没有任何一位生物学家敢断言
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that 50 percent百分 of all species种类 or more have been or are
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50% 或更多的物种已经灭绝
03:07
on the brink边缘 of extinction灭绝 because it simply只是 is not true真正,
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或者正处在灭绝的边缘 因为真相并非如此
03:09
and yet然而 that -- the most apocalyptic世界末日 scenario脚本
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生物多样性的
03:11
in the realm领域 of biological生物 diversity多样 --
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最悲观的状况
03:14
scarcely几乎没有 approaches方法 what we know to be the most optimistic乐观 scenario脚本
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也要远胜于
03:17
in the realm领域 of cultural文化 diversity多样.
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文化多样性的最乐观的状况
03:19
And the great indicator指示符 of that, of course课程, is language语言 loss失利.
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这其中的一个最重要的标志 就是语言的
03:22
When each of you in this room房间 were born天生,
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在我们生活的这个星球上
03:25
there were 6,000 languages语言 spoken on the planet行星.
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原本有 6:00 种语言
03:28
Now, a language语言 is not just a body身体 of vocabulary词汇
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语言不仅仅是发音
03:31
or a set of grammatical语法的 rules规则.
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和语法规则
03:33
A language语言 is a flash of the human人的 spirit精神.
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语言是人类精神的闪光
03:35
It's a vehicle车辆 through通过 which哪一个 the soul灵魂 of each particular特定 culture文化
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它是各个独特文化的精神实质
03:38
comes into the material材料 world世界.
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在这个物质世界上的承载体
03:39
Every一切 language语言 is an old-growth古老的 forest森林 of the mind心神,
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每一种语言都是一种思想
03:42
a watershed分水岭, a thought, an ecosystem生态系统 of spiritual精神 possibilities可能性.
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一种意识和一种精神生态系统的长期沉淀和积累
03:46
And of those 6,000 languages语言, as we sit here today今天 in Monterey蒙特雷,
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我们知道地球上有 6:00 种语言 这和我们在座的观众数量一样多
03:50
fully充分 half are no longer being存在 whispered低声道 into the ears耳朵 of children孩子.
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在这些语言中 有一半已经不再向孩子们传授
03:54
They're no longer being存在 taught to babies婴儿,
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这些语言已经没有传人
03:57
which哪一个 means手段, effectively有效, unless除非 something changes变化,
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也就是说 除非采取有效的措施
03:59
they're already已经 dead.
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它们将会彻底消失
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What could be more lonely孤独 than to be enveloped笼罩 in silence安静,
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想象一下 当你有口难言
04:04
to be the last of your people to speak说话 your language语言,
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或者,你是最后一个会说本族语言的人
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to have no way to pass通过 on the wisdom智慧 of the ancestors祖先
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没有办法传承祖先的智慧
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or anticipate预料 the promise诺言 of the children孩子?
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也无许预言孩子们的未来 这会是多么的孤独和可怕
04:12
And yet然而, that dreadful可怕 fate命运 is indeed确实 the plight困境 of somebody
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另外 一个可怕的事实是
04:15
somewhere某处 on Earth地球 roughly大致 every一切 two weeks,
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在地球上 大约每两个星期
04:17
because every一切 two weeks, some elder长老 dies
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就会有一位年长者仙逝
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and carries携带 with him into the grave the last syllables音节
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与之伴随的是
04:21
of an ancient tongue.
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一种古老语言的消失
04:23
And I know there's some of you who say, "Well, wouldn't不会 it be better,
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我知道你们有人会说 那样岂不是更好吗
04:25
wouldn't不会 the world世界 be a better place地点
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如果世界上只有一种语言
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if we all just spoke one language语言?" And I say, "Great,
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那不是更好吗 那么我要说
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let's make that language语言 Yoruba约鲁巴. Let's make it Cantonese广东话.
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假设这种唯一的语言是约鲁巴语(Yoruba) 或者是粤语(Cantonese)
04:32
Let's make it Kogi科吉."
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或者是科基语(Kogi)
04:33
And you'll你会 suddenly突然 discover发现 what it would be like
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你就会发现
04:35
to be unable无法 to speak说话 your own拥有 language语言.
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你不会说自己的母语了
04:38
And so, what I'd like to do with you today今天
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因此 今天我要做的事情
04:41
is sort分类 of take you on a journey旅程 through通过 the ethnosphereethnosphere,
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就是带领你们去探索这个种族圈
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a brief简要 journey旅程 through通过 the ethnosphereethnosphere,
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让你们对种族圈有大致的了解
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to try to begin开始 to give you a sense of what in fact事实 is being存在 lost丢失.
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并且让你们切身感受到正在灭亡的文明
04:52
Now, there are many许多 of us who sort分类 of forget忘记
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可能有很多人已经忘了
04:59
that when I say "different不同 ways方法 of being存在,"
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前面我说过的“不同的生存方式”
05:01
I really do mean different不同 ways方法 of being存在.
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前面我说过的“不同的生存方式”
05:04
Take, for example, this child儿童 of a BarasanaBarasana in the Northwest西北 Amazon亚马逊,
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举个例子 这个小孩生活在亚玛逊西北部的巴拉撒拉地区
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the people of the anaconda森蚺
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他们被称为森蚺之族
05:10
who believe that mythologicallymythologically they came来了 up the milk牛奶 river
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因为他们相信一个传说 即他们来自米尔克河东岸
05:12
from the east in the belly肚皮 of sacred神圣 snakes.
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诞生于神圣的蛇腹
05:15
Now, this is a people who cognitively认知
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这个族群的人不能区分
05:18
do not distinguish区分 the color颜色 blue蓝色 from the color颜色 green绿色
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蓝色和绿色
05:20
because the canopy华盖 of the heavens
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因为丛林是他们的栖身之地
05:22
is equated划等号 to the canopy华盖 of the forest森林
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所以在他们看来
05:23
upon which哪一个 the people depend依靠.
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天穹与森林的树冠并没有区别
05:25
They have a curious好奇 language语言 and marriage婚姻 rule规则
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他们说着一种奇怪的语言 并且遵守一种独特的通婚规则
05:28
which哪一个 is called "linguistic语言 exogamy外婚:"
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这称为语言学异族通婚
05:30
you must必须 marry结婚 someone有人 who speaks说话 a different不同 language语言.
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一位族人必须与操一种不同语言的人结婚
05:33
And this is all rooted in the mythological神话 past过去,
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这都是根据神话传说的历史传承下来的
05:35
yet然而 the curious好奇 thing is in these long houses房屋,
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你可以看到一个奇怪的现象
05:37
where there are six or seven languages语言 spoken
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由于异族同婚的缘故
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because of intermarriage近亲结婚,
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一个大家族往往有六七种语言
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you never hear anyone任何人 practicing a language语言.
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你从不会看到有人操练一种语言
05:44
They simply只是 listen and then begin开始 to speak说话.
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他们只要会听 就会说一种语言了
05:47
Or, one of the most fascinating迷人 tribes部落 I ever lived生活 with,
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在我曾经接触过的众多种族
05:49
the WaoraniWaorani of northeastern东北方 Ecuador厄瓜多尔,
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厄瓜多尔东北部的华拉尼(Waorani)族人是最奇妙的种族之一
05:53
an astonishing惊人 people first contacted联系 peacefully安然 in 1958.
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早在 1958 年,我曾经与他们有过和平友好的接触
05:56
In 1957, five missionaries传教士 attempted尝试 contact联系
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1957 年 五名传教士试图接近他们
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and made制作 a critical危急 mistake错误.
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但是这些人犯了一个致命的错误
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They dropped下降 from the air空气
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他们从空中丢下
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8 x 10 glossy光滑 photographs照片 of themselves他们自己
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八到十张他们本人的照片
06:04
in what we would say to be friendly友善 gestures手势,
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在我们看来 这是友好的表示
06:06
forgetting遗忘 that these people of the rainforest雨林
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但是他们却没有想到 这些生活在雨林中的人
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had never seen看到 anything two-dimensional二维 in their lives生活.
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从来没有见过二维的照片
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They picked采摘的 up these photographs照片 from the forest森林 floor地板,
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他们从林地上捡起这些照片
06:13
tried试着 to look behind背后 the face面对 to find the form形成 or the figure数字,
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然后把照片翻过来 试图找到这些人的身影
06:16
found发现 nothing, and concluded总结 that these were calling调用 cards
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但是他们发现什么也没有 于是他们认为
06:18
from the devil魔鬼, so they speared被刺 the five missionaries传教士 to death死亡.
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这是恶魔发出的召唤卡片 于是他们用长矛戮死了这五名传教士
06:22
But the WaoraniWaorani didn't just spear outsiders外人.
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更恐怖的是 华拉尼不仅戮死外来人士
06:24
They speared被刺 each other.
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他们还自相残杀
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54 percent百分 of their mortality死亡 was due应有 to them spearing斯皮林 each other.
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54% 的死亡人口是被他们自己的族人戮死的
06:28
We traced追踪 genealogies家谱 back eight generations,
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我们对一个八代宗谱进行调查
06:31
and we found发现 two instances实例 of natural自然 death死亡
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发现只有两例自然死亡
06:33
and when we pressured高压 the people a little bit about it,
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我们刨根问底
06:35
they admitted承认 that one of the fellows研究员 had gotten得到 so old
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他们终于道出真相 同族人年迈不堪行就将木的时候
06:37
that he died死亡 getting得到 old, so we speared被刺 him anyway无论如何. (Laughter笑声)
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他们就会戮死他 为他送终(笑声)
06:41
But at the same相同 time they had a perspicacious明察秋毫 knowledge知识
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另一方面 他们对丛林
06:44
of the forest森林 that was astonishing惊人.
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有着令人惊诧的洞察力
06:45
Their hunters猎人 could smell animal动物 urine尿 at 40 paces步伐
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他们的猎手能够闻到 40 步开外的动物尿液味道
06:48
and tell you what species种类 left it behind背后.
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而且知道那是什么动物的尿液
06:51
In the early '80s, I had a really astonishing惊人 assignment分配
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在 80 年代早期 我曾经承担了一项奇妙的任务
06:53
when I was asked by my professor教授 at Harvard哈佛
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我在哈佛大学的教授问我
06:55
if I was interested有兴趣 in going down to Haiti海地,
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是否有兴趣去海地
06:58
infiltrating浸润 the secret秘密 societies社会
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去潜入一个秘密社团
07:00
which哪一个 were the foundation基础 of Duvalier's杜瓦利埃的 strength强度
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那是海地总统杜华利和他的政权
07:02
and Tonton冬冬 MacoutesMacoutes,
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支持者的基地
07:03
and securing确保 the poison used to make zombies僵尸.
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教授让我去那里获取一种用于制造僵尸的毒药
07:06
In order订购 to make sense out of sensation感觉, of course课程,
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为了理解其中的奥秘
07:09
I had to understand理解 something about this remarkable卓越 faith信仰
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我必须弄明白这种神奇的宗教信仰巫毒教是怎么一回事
07:12
of VodounVodoun. And Voodoo巫毒 is not a black黑色 magic魔法 cult礼拜.
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巫毒教不是一种黑暗的魔纪教派
07:15
On the contrary相反, it's a complex复杂 metaphysical抽象的 worldview世界观.
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相反 这是一种复杂的形而上学的世界观
07:18
It's interesting有趣.
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这很有意思
07:19
If I asked you to name名称 the great religions宗教 of the world世界,
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如果我要你列举出世界上一些重要的宗教
07:20
what would you say?
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你会举出哪些例子
07:21
Christianity基督教, Islam伊斯兰教, Buddhism佛教, Judaism犹太教, whatever随你.
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基督教 伊斯兰教 佛教 还有其他一些宗教
07:24
There's always one continent大陆 left out,
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有一个大陆始终被遗忘
07:26
the assumption假设 being存在 that sub-Saharan撒哈拉以南 Africa非洲
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很多人认为 撒哈拉以南的非洲地区
07:28
had no religious宗教 beliefs信仰. Well, of course课程, they did
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没有宗教信仰 这是不正确的
07:30
and Voodoo巫毒 is simply只是 the distillation蒸馏
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在大饥荒时代 这些地区的人流浪到世界各地
07:33
of these very profound深刻 religious宗教 ideas思路
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把他们的宗教信仰也带到那里
07:34
that came来了 over during the tragic悲惨 Diaspora散居 of the slavery奴隶制度 era时代.
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而巫毒教融汇这些宗教的精华
07:37
But, what makes品牌 Voodoo巫毒 so interesting有趣
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巫毒的独特之处在于
07:39
is that it's this living活的 relationship关系
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它是生者与死者
07:41
between之间 the living活的 and the dead.
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之间的一种联系
07:42
So, the living活的 give birth分娩 to the spirits.
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生者孕育了灵魂
07:43
The spirits can be invoked调用 from beneath下面 the Great Water,
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应着舞蹈的节奏翩翩起舞
07:46
responding响应 to the rhythm韵律 of the dance舞蹈
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可以唤醒大水之下的灵魂
07:48
to momentarily瞬间 displace顶替 the soul灵魂 of the living活的,
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暂时地代替生者的灵魂
07:50
so that for that brief简要 shining闪亮的 moment时刻, the acolyte助手 becomes the god.
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在那个短暂的闪光时刻 侍僧成为神
07:54
That's why the VoodooistsVoodooists like to say
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因此 巫毒教徒喜欢说
07:56
that "You white白色 people go to church教会 and speak说话 about God.
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你们去教堂做礼拜 言必称上帝
07:59
We dance舞蹈 in the temple寺庙 and become成为 God."
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我们在圣殿起舞 成为神
08:01
And because you are possessed拥有, you are taken采取 by the spirit精神 --
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你已经被神灵附体
08:04
how can you be harmed伤害?
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怎么还会受到伤害呢
08:05
So you see these astonishing惊人 demonstrations示威:
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于是 你会看一些令人惊奇的现象
08:08
Voodoo巫毒 acolytes助手 in a state of trance发呆
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巫毒教侍僧进入一种神志恍惚的状态
08:10
handling处理 burning燃烧 embers余烬 with impunity有罪不罚,
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手持燃烧的枝条 但是毫发无损
08:13
a rather astonishing惊人 demonstration示范 of the ability能力 of the mind心神
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当他们进入一种极端亢奋的状态时候
08:16
to affect影响 the body身体 that bears it
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你还会看到更加令人吃惊的现象
08:17
when catalyzed催化 in the state of extreme极端 excitation励磁.
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让你感受意志力的强大
08:21
Now, of all the peoples人们 that I've ever been with,
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在我接触过的所有族群中
08:23
the most extraordinary非凡 are the Kogi科吉
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生活在哥伦比亚北部的圣玛尔塔山区的科基人
08:25
of the Sierra内华达 Nevada内华达 de Santa圣诞老人 Marta玛塔 in northern北方 Colombia哥伦比亚.
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是最不同寻常的
08:28
Descendants后人 of the ancient TaironaTairona civilization文明
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这个种族是古代暴政文明的后裔
08:31
which哪一个 once一旦 carpeted铺地毯 the Caribbean加勒比 coastal沿海 plain of Colombia哥伦比亚,
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他们曾经一度征服和占领了哥伦比亚的
08:34
in the wake唤醒 of the conquest征服,
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加勒比海岸平原地区
08:35
these people retreated撤退 into an isolated孤立 volcanic火山 massif断层块
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此后 他们退回到加勒比海岸平原的
08:38
that soars腾飞 above以上 the Caribbean加勒比 coastal沿海 plain.
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一个与世隔绝的山区
08:40
In a bloodstained血污 continent大陆,
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在这个血腥肆虐的大陆
08:42
these people alone单独 were never conquered征服 by the Spanish西班牙语.
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这个种族从来没有被西班牙人征服过
08:45
To this day, they remain ruled统治 by a ritual仪式 priesthood圣职
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至到今天 他们沿续着僧侣会统治制度
08:48
but the training训练 for the priesthood圣职 is rather extraordinary非凡.
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但是 他们的僧侣训诫非常的独特
08:51
The young年轻 acolytes助手 are taken采取 away from their families家庭
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还只有三四岁的时候
08:53
at the age年龄 of three and four,
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年幼的侍僧就被带离他们的家庭
08:55
sequestered隔离 in a shadowy神出鬼没 world世界 of darkness黑暗
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隐居在黑暗世界
08:57
in stone huts木屋 at the base基础 of glaciers冰川 for 18 years年份:
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的冰川上用石头彻成的小屋里待到十八岁
09:01
two nine-year九年 periods
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十八年是两个九年之和
09:02
deliberately故意 chosen选择 to mimic模仿者 the nine months个月 of gestation妊娠
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它象征在母腹的
09:05
they spend in their natural自然 mother's母亲 womb子宫;
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九月怀胎
09:07
now they are metaphorically比喻 in the womb子宫 of the great mother母亲.
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在此期间
09:10
And for this entire整个 time,
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他们如同重新回到母腹
09:12
they are inculturatedinculturated into the values of their society社会,
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被灌输族群的价值观
09:15
values that maintain保持 the proposition主张 that their prayers祈祷
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这些价值观是维系着
09:17
and their prayers祈祷 alone单独 maintain保持 the cosmic宇宙的 --
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信徒与宇宙之间的关系
09:20
or we might威力 say the ecological生态 -- balance平衡.
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我们可称之为生态平衡
09:23
And at the end结束 of this amazing惊人 initiation引发,
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直到他们十八岁的时候
09:24
one day they're suddenly突然 taken采取 out
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这种神奇的洗礼结束
09:26
and for the first time in their lives生活, at the age年龄 of 18,
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他们生平第一次走出小屋看到阳光
09:29
they see a sunrise日出. And in that crystal水晶 moment时刻 of awareness意识
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在阳光的照耀下
09:33
of first light as the Sun太阳 begins开始 to bathe洗澡 the slopes连续下坡
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大地呈现出令人震撼的壮观美景
09:36
of the stunningly令人震惊 beautiful美丽 landscape景观,
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那一刻 意识突然苏醒
09:38
suddenly突然 everything they have learned学到了 in the abstract抽象
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他们以前学到的所有抽象知识
09:40
is affirmed肯定 in stunning令人惊叹 glory荣耀. And the priest牧师 steps脚步 back
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都是在令人惊叹的荣耀中得到印证 这时 祭司走过来说
09:43
and says, "You see? It's really as I've told you.
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看到了吧 我以前教你的都是真的
09:45
It is that beautiful美丽. It is yours你的 to protect保护."
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这里是多么的美丽 你要保护它
09:48
They call themselves他们自己 the "elder长老 brothers兄弟"
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他们称自己为兄长
09:50
and they say we, who are the younger更年轻 brothers兄弟,
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称我们为弟兄
09:53
are the ones那些 responsible主管 for destroying销毁 the world世界.
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说我们是破坏世界的人
09:57
Now, this level水平 of intuition直觉 becomes very important重要.
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这种直觉的领会能力非常重要
09:59
Whenever每当 we think of indigenous土著 people and landscape景观,
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说到土族居民和原始的风土人情
10:01
we either invoke调用 Rousseau卢梭
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我们会想到罗素
10:03
and the old canard of the "noble高贵 savage野蛮人,"
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关于那个高贵的野人的古老传说
10:06
which哪一个 is an idea理念 racist种族主义者 in its simplicity简单,
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那一个理想的种族主义者
10:08
or alternatively或者, we invoke调用 Thoreau梭罗
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我们会想到梭罗
10:11
and say these people are closer接近 to the Earth地球 than we are.
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这些人比我们更亲近大地
10:13
Well, indigenous土著 people are neither也不 sentimental感伤
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土著人并不会多愁善感
10:15
nor也不 weakened减弱 by nostalgia怀旧之情.
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也不会承受思乡之苦
10:17
There's not a lot of room房间 for either
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在疟疾盛行的阿斯玛特(Asmant)湿地
10:19
in the malarial疟疾 swamps沼泽 of the Asmat的Asmat
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在寒风刺骨的西藏
10:21
or in the chilling令人心寒 winds of Tibet西藏, but they have, nevertheless虽然,
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并没有多少平整的土地 但是他们依靠众人的力量 经年累月
10:24
through通过 time and ritual仪式, forged伪造的 a traditional传统 mystique神秘 of the Earth地球
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在世上创造了流传百世的神迹
10:28
that is based基于 not on the idea理念 of being存在 self-consciously自觉 close to it,
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这并不是因为他们自觉地认识到这一点
10:31
but on a far subtler微妙 intuition直觉:
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而且凭借非常敏感的直觉
10:33
the idea理念 that the Earth地球 itself本身 can only exist存在
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他们认为这个世界本身的存在
10:37
because it is breathed无声 into being存在 by human人的 consciousness意识.
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是因为人类的意识吸收了自然的精华
10:39
Now, what does that mean?
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那么 这是什么意思呢
10:41
It means手段 that a young年轻 kid孩子 from the Andes安第斯山脉
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我们可以打个比方 一位生活在安第斯山脉的小孩
10:43
who's谁是 raised上调 to believe that that mountain is an Apu阿普 spirit精神
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大人们从小就教导他说 那里的大山是阿普神的化身
10:45
that will direct直接 his or her destiny命运
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它将会指引他们的命运
10:47
will be a profoundly深深 different不同 human人的 being存在
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他们是一类完全不同的人
10:50
and have a different不同 relationship关系 to that resource资源
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他们与那里的自然环境和生养之地有着一种不同的关系
10:53
or that place地点 than a young年轻 kid孩子 from Montana蒙大拿
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而在蒙大拿州的年轻人看来
10:55
raised上调 to believe that a mountain is a pile of rock
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一座大山只不过是
10:58
ready准备 to be mined开采.
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一堆石头 可以用来开采石矿
10:59
Whether是否 it's the abode住所 of a spirit精神 or a pile of ore矿石 is irrelevant不相干.
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无论那座大山是神的住所 或者仅仅是一堆矿石 这都不重要
11:03
What's interesting有趣 is the metaphor隐喻 that defines定义 the relationship关系
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重要的是 这种象征意义
11:06
between之间 the individual个人 and the natural自然 world世界.
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阐述了人与自然之间的关系
11:08
I was raised上调 in the forests森林 of British英国的 Columbia哥伦比亚
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我在英属哥伦比亚的丛林长大
11:10
to believe those forests森林 existed存在 to be cut.
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受当地人思想的影响 我认为丛林是要被砍伐的
11:12
That made制作 me a different不同 human人的 being存在
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这种想法让我与
11:14
than my friends朋友 amongst其中包括 the KwagiulthKwagiulth
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夸基特尔(Kwakiutl)部落的朋友们成为两类截然不同的人
11:16
who believe that those forests森林 were the abode住所 of HuxwhukwHuxwhukw
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因为他们相信 这些树木是胡克神(Hukuk)
11:18
and the Crooked Beak of Heaven天堂
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和天堂之眼的化身
11:19
and the cannibal食人族 spirits that dwelled at the north end结束 of the world世界,
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吃人的精灵在世界的最北边
11:22
spirits they would have to engage从事 during their HamatsaHamatsa initiation引发.
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在哈马撒(Hamatsa)成人礼上 他们会与这些精灵开战
11:26
Now, if you begin开始 to look at the idea理念
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如果你从这个角度来看
11:28
that these cultures文化 could create创建 different不同 realities现实,
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你就会发现 这些文化创造了不同的生活方式
11:30
you could begin开始 to understand理解
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你就会明白
11:31
some of their extraordinary非凡 discoveries发现. Take this plant here.
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他们与众不同的生活方式
11:36
It's a photograph照片 I took in the Northwest西北 Amazon亚马逊 just last April四月.
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这张照片是我去年八月份在亚马逊西北地区拍摄的
11:38
This is ayahuasca死藤水, which哪一个 many许多 of you have heard听说 about,
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这是阿亚胡斯卡(ayahuasca)藤 俗称死藤
11:41
the most powerful强大 psychoactive精神 preparation制备
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你们很多人都听说过 它是一种非常强效的精神麻醉植物
11:44
of the shaman's萨满的 repertoire剧目.
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萨满教徒常用它制作迷幻药- 死藤水
11:46
What makes品牌 ayahuasca死藤水 fascinating迷人
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死藤水的奇妙之处
11:48
is not the sheer绝对 pharmacological药理 potential潜在 of this preparation制备,
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不在于它神奇的药用性
11:52
but the elaboration阐述 of it. It's made制作 really of two different不同 sources来源:
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而在于它的加工方法 实际上它由两种物质组成
11:56
on the one hand, this woody木本 liana利亚纳
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一方面 它是一种藤本植物
11:58
which哪一个 has in it a series系列 of beta-carbolines的β-咔啉,
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含有 β-咔啉 蓬硷
12:00
harmine去氢, harmaline骆驼蓬碱, mildly温和 hallucinogenic致幻 --
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和微量的致幻成份
12:03
to take the vine藤蔓 alone单独
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就拿它的藤来说
12:05
is rather to have sort分类 of blue蓝色 hazy朦胧 smoke抽烟
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你似乎可以看到
12:07
drift漂移 across横过 your consciousness意识 --
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一层蓝色的烟雾
12:09
but it's mixed with the leaves树叶 of a shrub灌木 in the coffee咖啡 family家庭
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它与一种名为九节木的咖啡属灌木的枝叶
12:12
called Psychotria九节属 viridis贻贝.
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混杂在一起
12:14
This plant had in it some very powerful强大 tryptamines色胺,
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这种植物具有一种强效的色胺
12:17
very close to brain serotonin血清素, dimethyltryptamine二甲基色胺,
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它的成分与脑内的5-羟色胺的成份
12:21
5-methoxydimethyltryptamine-methoxydimethyltryptamine.
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非常接近
12:22
If you've ever seen看到 the Yanomami亚努玛米
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亚诺马米(Yanomami)部落的人
12:24
blowing that snuff鼻烟 up their noses鼻子,
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也会从含有5-羟色胺的植物中
12:26
that substance物质 they make from a different不同 set of species种类
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提取这种物质
12:29
also contains包含 methoxydimethyltryptaminemethoxydimethyltryptamine.
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并且用鼻子吸食
12:33
To have that powder粉末 blown up your nose鼻子
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如果你用鼻吸入这些粉末
12:35
is rather like being存在 shot射击 out of a rifle步枪 barrel
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你会看到光怪陆离的幻觉
12:39
lined with baroque巴洛克 paintings绘画 and landing降落 on a sea of electricity电力. (Laughter笑声)
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处于一种非常亢奋的状态
12:46
It doesn't create创建 the distortion失真 of reality现实;
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现实在你面前不是扭曲
12:48
it creates创建 the dissolution解散 of reality现实.
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而是荡然无存
12:49
In fact事实, I used to argue争论 with my professor教授, Richard理查德 Evan埃文 ShultesShultes --
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事实上 我曾经与我的导师 Richard Evan Shultes 争论过
12:52
who is a man who sparked引发 the psychedelic迷幻 era时代
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上世纪 30 年代 我的导师曾经在墨西哥
12:54
with his discovery发现 of the magic魔法 mushrooms蘑菇
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发现一种神奇的蘑菇
12:56
in Mexico墨西哥 in the 1930s --
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具有很强的迷幻效果
12:58
I used to argue争论 that you couldn't不能 classify分类 these tryptamines色胺
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我曾经和他争论说 你不能把这些色胺归入
13:00
as hallucinogenic致幻 because by the time you're under the effects效果
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迷幻成份类别 因为当它们在你身上发挥效力的时候
13:03
there's no one home anymore to experience经验 a hallucination幻觉. (Laughter笑声)
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你已经无法体验到迷幻的感觉(笑声)
13:07
But the thing about tryptamines色胺 is they cannot不能 be taken采取 orally口头
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但是 这些色胺物质并不能口服
13:10
because they're denatured变性 by an enzyme
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因为它们会被
13:12
found发现 naturally自然 in the human人的 gut肠道 called monoamine单胺 oxidase氧化酶.
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人体器官中的一种名为单胺氧化酶(MAO)的酶改变活性
13:15
They can only be taken采取 orally口头 if taken采取 in conjunction连词
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要口服这些色胺物质
13:18
with some other chemical化学 that denatures变性 the MAOMAO.
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还有必须同时口服改变单胺氧化酶(MAO)的活性的其他化学物质
13:21
Now, the fascinating迷人 things
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有意思的是
13:22
are that the beta-carbolines的β-咔啉 found发现 within that liana利亚纳
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这种藤本植物中存在的 β-咔啉
13:26
are MAOMAO inhibitors抑制剂 of the precise精确 sort分类 necessary必要
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正好能够抑制单胺氧化酶(MAO)
13:30
to potentiate使可能 the tryptamine色胺. So you ask yourself你自己 a question.
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而发挥色胺的效力 因此 你不由得要问自己
13:33
How, in a flora植物群 of 80,000 species种类 of vascular血管 plants植物,
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在这片丛林中 有 80:00 种植物
13:37
do these people find these two morphologically形态 unrelated无关 plants植物
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那里的人们是如何发现这两种在形态上毫无关联的植物
13:41
that when combined结合 in this way,
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组合在一起 会发挥这种神奇的效力
13:42
created创建 a kind of biochemical生化 version
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这如同一种生化实验
13:44
of the whole整个 being存在 greater更大 than the sum of the parts部分?
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多种成分产生的化学效应大于各成分的效力之和
13:46
Well, we use that great euphemism婉辞, "trial审讯 and error错误,"
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我们普通人会做各种各样的实验 不断地犯错误
13:49
which哪一个 is exposed裸露 to be meaningless无意义的.
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结果却一无所获
13:51
But you ask the Indians印度人, and they say, "The plants植物 talk to us."
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但是 如果你问印第安人 他们会说 植物会说话
13:54
Well, what does that mean?
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那是什么意思呢
13:55
This tribe部落, the CofanCOFAN, has 17 varieties品种 of ayahuasca死藤水,
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科凡(Cofan)部落的人发现了 17 种死藤
13:59
all of which哪一个 they distinguish区分 a great distance距离 in the forest森林,
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全部是他们在丛林深处发现的
14:03
all of which哪一个 are referable可借鉴 to our eye as one species种类.
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在我们看来 它们是不同的物种
14:07
And then you ask them how they establish建立 their taxonomy分类
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如果你问他们是如何给这些植物分门别类的
14:09
and they say, "I thought you knew知道 something about plants植物.
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他们说 我想你对植物有一些研究
14:12
I mean, don't you know anything?" And I said, "No."
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你是不是对植物有一定的了解 我说 不是
14:14
Well, it turns out you take each of the 17 varieties品种
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那我告诉你 他们说道 如果在月圆之夜
14:17
in the night of a full充分 moon月亮, and it sings to you in a different不同 key.
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这 17 种植物的每一种植物 会用不同的密语向你歌唱
14:20
Now, that's not going to get you a Ph博士.D. at Harvard哈佛,
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这个发现不会让你得到哈佛大学的博士学位
14:22
but it's a lot more interesting有趣 than counting数数 stamens雄蕊. (Laughter笑声)
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但是它远比会计报表更有乐趣
14:26
Now --
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现在
14:27
(Applause掌声) --
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(鼓掌)
14:30
the problem问题 -- the problem问题 is that even those of us
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我们面临这样一个问题
14:32
sympathetic有同情心 with the plight困境 of indigenous土著 people
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虽然我们中的一些人同情土著人的遭遇
14:34
view视图 them as quaint精巧 and colorful华美
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认为他们离群索居 生活丰富多彩
14:35
but somehow不知何故 reduced减少 to the margins利润率 of history历史
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但是随着我们的世界向前发展
14:37
as the real真实 world世界, meaning含义 our world世界, moves移动 on.
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这些人退居到历史的边缘地位
14:40
Well, the truth真相 is the 20th century世纪, 300 years年份 from now,
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对于 20 世纪 以及今后的 300 年
14:42
is not going to be remembered记得 for its wars战争
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后人所记住的 不会这期间发生的战争
14:45
or its technological技术性 innovations创新,
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或者它的科技创新
14:46
but rather as the era时代 in which哪一个 we stood站在 by
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而会记住 在我们这个时代
14:49
and either actively积极地 endorsed赞同 or passively被动 accepted公认
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积极地对地球上的生态和文化多样性
14:51
the massive大规模的 destruction毁坏 of both biological生物 and cultural文化 diversity多样
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进行大规模的破坏 或者被动地接受这个局面
14:54
on the planet行星. Now, the problem问题 isn't change更改.
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现在 局面依然没有改变
14:57
All cultures文化 through通过 all time
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所有的文化
14:59
have constantly经常 been engaged订婚 in a dance舞蹈
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一直受到新的生活方式
15:02
with new possibilities可能性 of life.
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的强烈冲击
15:04
And the problem问题 is not technology技术 itself本身.
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这个问题并不在于技术本身
15:07
The Sioux Indians印度人 did not stop being存在 Sioux
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苏族印第安人即使放下弓箭
15:09
when they gave up the bow and arrow箭头
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仍然还是苏族印第安人
15:10
any more than an American美国 stopped停止 being存在 an American美国
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而美国人告别骑马和坐马车的生活
15:12
when he gave up the horse and buggy越野车.
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依然还是美国人
15:14
It's not change更改 or technology技术
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威胁种族圈完整性的
15:15
that threatens威胁 the integrity廉正 of the ethnosphereethnosphere. It is power功率,
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不是变革或技术创新本身 而是权力
15:19
the crude原油 face面对 of domination统治.
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是野蛮的排他主义
15:21
Wherever哪里 you look around the world世界,
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观察我们周围的世界
15:23
you discover发现 that these are not cultures文化 destined注定 to fade褪色 away;
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你就会发现 没有一种文化是注定要消亡的
15:26
these are dynamic动态 living活的 peoples人们
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这些原本富有生机活力的人群
15:28
being存在 driven驱动 out of existence存在 by identifiable识别 forces军队
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被强暴的力量驱逐出他们的生养之地
15:31
that are beyond their capacity容量 to adapt适应 to:
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让他们感到无所适从
15:33
whether是否 it's the egregious过分的 deforestation森林砍伐
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无论是伯南(Penan)腹地
15:36
in the homeland家园 of the Penan南人 --
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肆无忌惮的森林砍伐
15:38
a nomadic游牧 people from Southeast东南 Asia亚洲, from Sarawak砂拉越 --
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还是东南亚的撒拉瓦克游民部落
15:41
a people who lived生活 free自由 in the forest森林 until直到 a generation ago,
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他们上代人还自由自在地生活在丛林中
15:45
and now have all been reduced减少 to servitude奴役 and prostitution卖淫
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而现在全部已经沦落为仆役和妓女
15:48
on the banks银行 of the rivers河流,
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在河岸边
15:50
where you can see the river itself本身 is soiled with the silt淤泥
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你可以看到河水泥沙很重
15:54
that seems似乎 to be carrying携带 half of Borneo婆罗洲 away
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似乎要把婆罗族的一半居住地冲走到
15:56
to the South China中国 Sea,
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南中国海
15:57
where the Japanese日本 freighters货机 hang light in the horizon地平线
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在那里 日本的人货船已经整装待发
15:59
ready准备 to fill their holds持有 with raw生的 logs日志 ripped撕开 from the forest森林 --
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准备运走从森林砍伐的圆木
16:03
or, in the case案件 of the Yanomami亚努玛米,
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我们再来看亚诺马米部落
16:04
it's the disease疾病 entities实体 that have come in,
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在那里
16:06
in the wake唤醒 of the discovery发现 of gold.
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由于发现了金矿 人们蜂拥而至
16:08
Or if we go into the mountains of Tibet西藏,
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我们再来看看西藏山区
16:10
where I'm doing a lot of research研究 recently最近,
371
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最近我在那里做了大量的研究
16:13
you'll你会 see it's a crude原油 face面对 of political政治 domination统治.
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在那里 你会看到政治独裁的残酷压迫
16:16
You know, genocide种族灭绝, the physical物理 extinction灭绝 of a people
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虽然种族灭绝
16:18
is universally举世 condemned谴责, but ethnocide种族灭绝,
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在全世界受到一致的谴责
16:21
the destruction毁坏 of people's人们 way of life, is not only not condemned谴责,
375
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但是种族文化灭绝 也就是破坏人们的生活方式的行径 却没有受到谴责
16:24
it's universally举世, in many许多 quarters住处, celebrated著名
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在很多地方 它甚至被视为发展战略的一部分
16:27
as part部分 of a development发展 strategy战略.
377
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受到赞扬
16:29
And you cannot不能 understand理解 the pain疼痛 of Tibet西藏
378
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3000
只要你亲自去那里
16:32
until直到 you move移动 through通过 it at the ground地面 level水平.
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你才能体会到西藏承受的痛楚
16:34
I once一旦 travelled旅行 6,000 miles英里 from Chengdu成都 in Western西 China中国
380
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我和一位年轻的同事 从中国西北部的成都市出发
16:38
overland经陆路 through通过 southeastern东南 Tibet西藏 to Lhasa拉萨
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经过 6:00 英里的旅程 穿过西藏的东南地区 到达拉萨
16:41
with a young年轻 colleague同事, and it was only when I got to Lhasa拉萨
382
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当我到达拉萨的时候
16:45
that I understood了解 the face面对 behind背后 the statistics统计
383
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3000
才真正明白 你们所听说过的那些统计数字
16:48
you hear about:
384
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背后隐藏的真相
16:49
6,000 sacred神圣 monuments纪念碑 torn撕裂 apart距离 to dust灰尘 and ashes灰烬,
385
984000
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在文化大革命期间
16:53
1.2 million百万 people killed杀害 by the cadres干部
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6:00 座神殿庙宇被拆毁
16:56
during the Cultural文化 Revolution革命.
387
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120 万人被共产党骨干分子杀害
16:58
This young年轻 man's男人的 father父亲 had been ascribed冲高 to the Panchen班禅 Lama喇嘛.
388
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这位年轻人的父亲皈依班禅喇嘛
17:00
That meant意味着 he was instantly即刻 killed杀害
389
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中国人入侵后
17:02
at the time of the Chinese中文 invasion侵入.
390
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他立即被杀害了
17:04
His uncle叔叔 fled逃离 with His Holiness圣洁 in the Diaspora散居
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他的叔叔和其他信徒
17:06
that took the people to Nepal尼泊尔.
392
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一起逃亡到尼泊尔
17:09
His mother母亲 was incarcerated嵌顿
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他的母亲因为富农家庭成份
17:11
for the crime犯罪 of being存在 wealthy富裕.
394
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2000
而被关押起来
17:14
He was smuggled走私 into the jail监狱 at the age年龄 of two
395
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那时他还只有两岁 他的母亲悄悄地把他藏在裙子下面
17:16
to hide隐藏 beneath下面 her skirt短裙 tails尾巴
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把他带进牢房
17:18
because she couldn't不能 bear to be without him.
397
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因为她不能离开她的儿子
17:20
The sister妹妹 who had doneDONE that brave勇敢 deed契据
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他的姐姐因为冒犯行为
17:22
was put into an education教育 camp.
399
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1000
而被送入学习班
17:23
One day she inadvertently不经意间 stepped加强 on an armband臂章
400
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有一天 她不小心踩到
17:26
of Mao, and for that transgression,
401
1021000
2000
印有毛主席头像的臂章 而被处以判国罪
17:28
she was given特定 seven years年份 of hard labor劳动.
402
1023000
3000
接受七年劳教
17:31
The pain疼痛 of Tibet西藏 can be impossible不可能 to bear,
403
1026000
3000
西藏的痛楚让人难以承受
17:34
but the redemptive救赎 spirit精神 of the people is something to behold不料.
404
1029000
3000
人类的救赎精神需要得到见证
17:38
And in the end结束, then, it really comes down to a choice选择:
405
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到最后 我们将面临这样一个选择
17:41
do we want to live生活 in a monochromatic单色 world世界 of monotony单调
406
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我们是想要生活在单一的世界中
17:44
or do we want to embrace拥抱 a polychromatic多色 world世界 of diversity多样?
407
1039000
3000
还是需要一个五彩缤纷、多样化的世界
17:47
Margaret玛格丽特 Mead蜂蜜酒, the great anthropologist人类学家, said, before she died死亡,
408
1042000
3000
伟大的人类学家 Margaret Mead 在生前曾经说过
17:50
that her greatest最大 fear恐惧 was that as we drifted漂流 towards
409
1045000
3000
她最担心的事情是 由于我们已经走进
17:53
this blandly和蔼地 amorphous非晶 generic通用 world世界 view视图
410
1048000
2000
这种无形的原生世界观
17:55
not only would we see the entire整个 range范围 of the human人的 imagination想像力
411
1050000
5000
我们不仅会看到 人类的想像力
18:00
reduced减少 to a more narrow狭窄 modality形态 of thought,
412
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4000
陷入更陕隘的思维圈子
18:04
but that we would wake唤醒 from a dream梦想 one day
413
1059000
1000
而且某一天 我们一觉醒来
18:05
having forgotten忘记了 there were even other possibilities可能性.
414
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3000
会忘记这个世界还有其他的可能性
18:09
And it's humbling震撼人心 to remember记得 that our species种类 has, perhaps也许,
415
1064000
3000
回想起我们人类已经在世界上存在了 15 万年
18:12
been around for [150,000] years年份.
416
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2000
这会让我们感到羞愧
18:14
The Neolithic新石器时代 Revolution革命 -- which哪一个 gave us agriculture农业,
417
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3000
新石器时代革命让人类进入农业时代
18:17
at which哪一个 time we succumbed屈服于 to the cult礼拜 of the seed种子;
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我们对种子顶礼腊拜
18:19
the poetry诗歌 of the shaman was displaced流离失所
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萨满的诗篇
18:21
by the prose散文 of the priesthood圣职;
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被祭司的箴言抽取代
18:22
we created创建 hierarchy等级制度 specialization专业化 surplus剩余 --
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我们创造了层次化的社会分工
18:25
is only 10,000 years年份 ago.
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这只 10:00 年前的事情
18:27
The modern现代 industrial产业 world世界 as we know it
423
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现代化的工业社会
18:29
is barely仅仅 300 years年份 old.
424
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只有将近三百年的历史
18:31
Now, that shallow history历史 doesn't suggest建议 to me
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在我看来 这个短暂的历史
18:33
that we have all the answers答案 for all of the challenges挑战
426
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还足以让我们有能力
18:36
that will confront面对 us in the ensuing随后 millennia千年.
427
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解决未来千年将面临的各种挑战
18:38
When these myriad无数的 cultures文化 of the world世界
428
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当我们向这个世界的不同文化
18:40
are asked the meaning含义 of being存在 human人的,
429
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询问生命的意义
18:43
they respond响应 with 10,000 different不同 voices声音.
430
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你会听到 10:00 种不同的答案
18:45
And it's within that song歌曲 that we will all rediscover重新发现 the possibility可能性
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在歌声中, 我们将会重新发现
18:51
of being存在 what we are: a fully充分 conscious意识 species种类,
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作为人类我们有另外一种可能性:一个有完全意识的物种
18:54
fully充分 aware知道的 of ensuring确保 that all peoples人们 and all gardens花园
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充分认识到 我们必须保证所有种族和所有生物
18:57
find a way to flourish繁荣. And there are great moments瞬间 of optimism乐观.
434
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昌盛繁荣 对生活充满乐观
19:03
This is a photograph照片 I took at the northern北方 tip小费 of Baffin巴芬 Island
435
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这张照片是我在巴芬(Baffin)岛的北部山顶上拍摄的
19:06
when I went narwhal独角鲸 hunting狩猎 with some Inuit因纽特人 people,
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那时 我和一些因纽特人去捕独角鲸
19:09
and this man, OlayukOlayuk, told me a marvelous奇妙 story故事 of his grandfather祖父.
437
1124000
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这个叫奥拉雅的人向我讲述了一个关于他的祖父的传奇故事
19:13
The Canadian加拿大 government政府 has not always been kind
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在上世纪 50 年代 加拿大政府并不是
19:15
to the Inuit因纽特人 people, and during the 1950s,
439
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一直善待因纽特人
19:17
to establish建立 our sovereignty主权, we forced被迫 them into settlements定居点.
440
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为了建立我们的主权国家 我们将他们驱赶到指定的定居点
19:20
This old man's男人的 grandfather祖父 refused拒绝 to go.
441
1135000
4000
这位老人的祖父拒绝迁移
19:24
The family家庭, fearful可怕 for his life, took away all of his weapons武器,
442
1139000
4000
他的家人担心他的安全 把他的所有武器和工具
19:28
all of his tools工具.
443
1143000
1000
都拿走了
19:30
Now, you must必须 understand理解 that the Inuit因纽特人 did not fear恐惧 the cold;
444
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你们都知道 因纽特人不怕冷
19:32
they took advantage优点 of it.
445
1147000
1000
这是他们特天独厚的优势
19:33
The runners亚军 of their sleds雪橇 were originally本来 made制作 of fish
446
1148000
3000
他们的雪橇的滑条最初是用
19:36
wrapped包裹 in caribou驯鹿 hide隐藏.
447
1151000
1000
北美驯鹿皮包裹的冻鱼干做成的
19:37
So, this man's男人的 grandfather祖父 was not intimidated吓倒 by the Arctic北极 night
448
1152000
5000
这位男子的祖父并不惧怕北极的夜晚
19:42
or the blizzard暴风雪 that was blowing.
449
1157000
2000
和凛冽的暴风雪
19:44
He simply只是 slipped下滑 outside, pulled down his sealskin海豹皮 trousers长裤
450
1159000
3000
他睡在外面 穿着他的海豹皮长裤
19:48
and defecated大便 into his hand. And as the feces began开始 to freeze冻结,
451
1163000
3000
他把大便拉到手上 等到大便快变得僵硬的时候
19:51
he shaped成形 it into the form形成 of a blade.
452
1166000
3000
他把它做成刀片的形状
19:54
He put a spray喷雾 of saliva唾液 on the edge边缘 of the shit拉屎 knife
453
1169000
2000
然后在这把屎做成的刀片边缘吐上口水
19:56
and as it finally最后 froze冻结 solid固体, he butchered屠杀 a dog with it.
454
1171000
3000
等它结冰之后变得非常坚固之后 他用这把刀子宰杀了一条狗
19:59
He skinned面皮 the dog and improvised即兴 a harness马具,
455
1174000
3000
剥下狗皮 做成一副挽具
20:02
took the ribcage肋骨 of the dog and improvised即兴 a sled雪橇,
456
1177000
3000
他又取出狗的胸腔 做成雪橇
20:06
harnessed驾驭 up an adjacent dog,
457
1181000
1000
套到另一只狗身上
20:07
and disappeared消失 over the ice floes浮冰, shit拉屎 knife in belt.
458
1182000
4000
腰间别着那把屎做成的刀 消失在冰原上
20:11
Talk about getting得到 by with nothing. (Laughter笑声)
459
1186000
4000
这真是空手造万物
20:15
And this, in many许多 ways方法 --
460
1190000
1000
从很多方面来说
20:16
(Applause掌声) --
461
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2000
(鼓掌)
20:18
is a symbol符号 of the resilience弹性 of the Inuit因纽特人 people
462
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2000
这是因纽特人
20:20
and of all indigenous土著 people around the world世界.
463
1195000
3000
世界上的所有土著人的顽强生命力的真实写照
20:23
The Canadian加拿大 government政府 in April四月 of 1999
464
1198000
2000
1999 年 4 月 加拿大政府
20:25
gave back to total control控制 of the Inuit因纽特人
465
1200000
3000
将一块面积比加利福尼亚和德克萨斯的面积之和还要大的土地
20:28
an area of land土地 larger than California加州 and Texas德州 put together一起.
466
1203000
3000
重新归还给因纽特人
20:31
It's our new homeland家园. It's called Nunavut努纳武特.
467
1206000
2000
我是我们的新家园 它的名字叫纽勒维特(Nunavut)
20:34
It's an independent独立 territory领土. They control控制 all mineral矿物 resources资源.
468
1209000
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这是一块独立的领土 他们控制那里所有的海洋资源
20:37
An amazing惊人 example of how a nation-state民族国家
469
1212000
2000
这个例子很好地说明了
20:39
can seek寻求 restitution归还 with its people.
470
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4000
一个国家可以有所作为 想办法修复与它的人民之间的关系
20:44
And finally最后, in the end结束, I think it's pretty漂亮 obvious明显
471
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3000
最后 我认为
20:47
at least最小 to all of all us who've谁一直 traveled旅行
472
1222000
1000
对于曾经去过这个世界上
20:48
in these remote远程 reaches到达 of the planet行星,
473
1223000
2000
一些偏远地区的人来说
20:52
to realize实现 that they're not remote远程 at all.
474
1227000
1000
其实那里并不偏远
20:53
They're homelands家园 of somebody.
475
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2000
因为那里是某个族类的家园
20:55
They represent代表 branches分支机构 of the human人的 imagination想像力
476
1230000
2000
他们代表着人类想象力的分支
20:57
that go back to the dawn黎明 of time. And for all of us,
477
1232000
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可以追溯到最远古的起源时期
21:01
the dreams of these children孩子, like the dreams of our own拥有 children孩子,
478
1236000
3000
对于我们所有的人来说 这些孩子们的梦想 与我们自己的孩子们的梦想一样
21:04
become成为 part部分 of the naked geography地理 of hope希望.
479
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3000
是整个世界未来希望的一部分
21:07
So, what we're trying to do at the National国民 Geographic地理, finally最后,
480
1242000
4000
因此 我们要通过国家地理杂志和电视台所做的事情就是
21:11
is, we believe that politicians政治家 will never accomplish完成 anything.
481
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4000
我们相信政治家不会做出成绩
21:15
We think that polemics论战 --
482
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1000
我们认为
21:16
(Applause掌声) --
483
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2000
(鼓掌)
21:18
we think that polemics论战 are not persuasive说服力,
484
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2000
辩论不是为了说服别人
21:20
but we think that storytelling评书 can change更改 the world世界,
485
1255000
3000
但是我们认为 通过讲述事实 可以让世界得到改观
21:23
and so we are probably大概 the best最好 storytelling评书 institution机构
486
1258000
3000
因此 我们可能是世界上最擅长讲述事实的机构
21:26
in the world世界. We get 35 million百万 hits点击 on our website网站 every一切 month.
487
1261000
3000
我们的网站每月点击量达到 3 千 5 百万次
21:29
156 nations国家 carry携带 our television电视 channel渠道.
488
1264000
3000
我们的电视频道在 156 个国家播放
21:33
Our magazines杂志 are read by millions百万.
489
1268000
2000
我们的杂志有上百万的读者
21:35
And what we're doing is a series系列 of journeys旅程
490
1270000
3000
我们要做的是 通过一系列的种族圈旅程
21:38
to the ethnosphereethnosphere where we're going to take our audience听众
491
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2000
带领我们的观众去领略
21:40
to places地方 of such这样 cultural文化 wonder奇迹
492
1275000
2000
文化奇迹之地
21:43
that they cannot不能 help but come away dazzled眼花缭乱
493
1278000
2000
他们所看到的一切
21:45
by what they have seen看到, and hopefully希望, therefore因此,
494
1280000
2000
会让他们情不自禁地感到震撼 而且我们希望
21:47
embrace拥抱 gradually逐渐, one by one,
495
1282000
3000
他偿逐渐地包容和接纳这些文化
21:50
the central中央 revelation启示 of anthropology人类学:
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人类学的核心揭示是
21:52
that this world世界 deserves值得 to exist存在 in a diverse多种 way,
497
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这个世界需要多样化的生存方式
21:56
that we can find a way to live生活
498
1291000
1000
让我们能够真正地生活在
21:57
in a truly multicultural多元文化, pluralistic多元化 world世界
499
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3000
一个多元文化的世界之中
22:00
where all of the wisdom智慧 of all peoples人们
500
1295000
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让所有种族的智慧
22:02
can contribute有助于 to our collective集体 well-being福利.
501
1297000
3000
能够为全人类的福址做出贡献
22:05
Thank you very much.
502
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谢谢
22:06
(Applause掌声)
503
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(鼓掌)

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Wade Davis - Anthropologist, ethnobotanist
A National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, Wade Davis has been described as “a rare combination of scientist, scholar, poet and passionate defender of all of life’s diversity.”

Why you should listen

Wade Davis is perhaps the most articulate and influential western advocate for the world's indigenous cultures. A National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, he has been described as “a rare combination of scientist, scholar, poet and passionate defender of all of life’s diversity.” Trained in anthropology and botany at Harvard, he travels the globe to live alongside indigenous people, and document their cultural practices in books, photographs, and film. His stunning photographs and evocative stories capture the viewer's imagination. As a speaker, he parlays that sense of wonder into passionate concern over the rate at which cultures and languages are disappearing -- 50 percent of the world's 7,000 languages, he says, are no longer taught to children. He argues, in the most beautiful terms, that language is much more than vocabulary and grammatical rules. Every language is an old-growth forest of the mind.  

Indigenous cultures are not failed attempts at modernity, let alone failed attempts to be us. They are unique expressions of the human imagination and heart, unique answers to a fundamental question: What does it mean to be human and alive? When asked this question, the peoples of the world respond in 7,000 different voices, and these collectively comprise our human repertoire for dealing with all the challenges that will confront us as a species over the coming centuries.

Davis is the author of 15 books including The Serpent and the RainbowOne River, and The Wayfinders. His many film credits include Light at the Edge of the World, an eight-hour documentary series produced for the National Geographic. In 2009 he received the Gold Medal from the Royal Canadian Geographical Society for his contributions to anthropology and conservation, and he is the 2011 recipient of the Explorers Medal, the highest award of the Explorers’ Club, and the 2012 recipient of the Fairchild Medal for Plant Exploration. His latest books are Into the Silence: The Great War, Mallory and the Conquest of Everest and The Sacred Headwaters: the Fight to Save the Stikine, Skeena and the Nass.

More profile about the speaker
Wade Davis | Speaker | TED.com

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