ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Wade Davis - Anthropologist, ethnobotanist
A National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, Wade Davis has been described as “a rare combination of scientist, scholar, poet and passionate defender of all of life’s diversity.”

Why you should listen

Wade Davis is perhaps the most articulate and influential western advocate for the world's indigenous cultures. A National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, he has been described as “a rare combination of scientist, scholar, poet and passionate defender of all of life’s diversity.” Trained in anthropology and botany at Harvard, he travels the globe to live alongside indigenous people, and document their cultural practices in books, photographs, and film. His stunning photographs and evocative stories capture the viewer's imagination. As a speaker, he parlays that sense of wonder into passionate concern over the rate at which cultures and languages are disappearing -- 50 percent of the world's 7,000 languages, he says, are no longer taught to children. He argues, in the most beautiful terms, that language is much more than vocabulary and grammatical rules. Every language is an old-growth forest of the mind.  

Indigenous cultures are not failed attempts at modernity, let alone failed attempts to be us. They are unique expressions of the human imagination and heart, unique answers to a fundamental question: What does it mean to be human and alive? When asked this question, the peoples of the world respond in 7,000 different voices, and these collectively comprise our human repertoire for dealing with all the challenges that will confront us as a species over the coming centuries.

Davis is the author of 15 books including The Serpent and the RainbowOne River, and The Wayfinders. His many film credits include Light at the Edge of the World, an eight-hour documentary series produced for the National Geographic. In 2009 he received the Gold Medal from the Royal Canadian Geographical Society for his contributions to anthropology and conservation, and he is the 2011 recipient of the Explorers Medal, the highest award of the Explorers’ Club, and the 2012 recipient of the Fairchild Medal for Plant Exploration. His latest books are Into the Silence: The Great War, Mallory and the Conquest of Everest and The Sacred Headwaters: the Fight to Save the Stikine, Skeena and the Nass.

More profile about the speaker
Wade Davis | Speaker | TED.com
TED2003

Wade Davis: Dreams from endangered cultures

韋德大衛斯討論瀕危文化

Filmed:
4,012,783 views

透過奇特的影像和故事, 國家地理頻道研究員(Natiional Geographic Explorer) 韋德大衛斯禮讚世界在地文化的豐富多樣性, 但同時宣告它們正以令人警覺的速度從地球上快速消失.
- Anthropologist, ethnobotanist
A National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, Wade Davis has been described as “a rare combination of scientist, scholar, poet and passionate defender of all of life’s diversity.” Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:25
You know, one of the intense激烈 pleasures樂趣 of travel旅行
0
0
3000
對我來說 在世界各地旅行
00:28
and one of the delights美食 of ethnographic人種學 research研究
1
3000
2000
和從事人類學研究的生涯中
00:30
is the opportunity機會 to live生活 amongst其中包括 those
2
5000
2000
最大的樂趣莫過於去體驗
00:32
who have not forgotten忘記了 the old ways方法,
3
7000
2000
那些沒有忘記傳統的族群的生活
00:34
who still feel their past過去 in the wind,
4
9000
3000
不管是沐浴在微風中
00:37
touch觸摸 it in stones石頭 polished by rain,
5
12000
3000
還是觸摸被雨水刷亮的石頭
00:40
taste味道 it in the bitter leaves樹葉 of plants植物.
6
15000
2000
或是嘗著苦葉的味道 你都能感受到他們的歷史
00:42
Just to know that Jaguar捷豹 shamans巫師 still journey旅程 beyond the Milky乳白色 Way,
7
17000
4000
聽著黑豹巫師(Jaguar shamans)依然在銀河外旅行的故事
00:46
or the myths神話 of the Inuit因紐特人 elders長老 still resonate諧振 with meaning含義,
8
21000
4000
紐特(Inuit)老人的神話仍然引起後人的共鳴
00:50
or that in the Himalaya喜馬拉雅,
9
25000
2000
而在喜馬拉雅山
00:53
the Buddhists佛教徒 still pursue追求 the breath呼吸 of the Dharma,
10
28000
4000
佛教徒還在追隨法門
00:57
is to really remember記得 the central中央 revelation啟示 of anthropology人類學,
11
32000
3000
這讓我們想起人類學的核心揭示
01:00
and that is the idea理念 that the world世界 in which哪一個 we live生活
12
35000
2000
它的意思是 我們生活的世界
01:03
does not exist存在 in some absolute絕對 sense,
13
38000
2000
不是存在於絕對的主張之中
01:05
but is just one model模型 of reality現實,
14
40000
1000
而是客觀的現實
01:06
the consequence後果 of one particular特定 set of adaptive自適應 choices選擇
15
41000
4000
它是一連串適應性的選擇的結果
01:10
that our lineage血統 made製作, albeit儘管 successfully順利, many許多 generations ago.
16
45000
4000
許多世代前 人類祖先成功地做了選擇
01:15
And of course課程, we all share分享 the same相同 adaptive自適應 imperatives當務之急.
17
50000
4000
當然 我們都遵守著相同的適應性規則
01:19
We're all born天生. We all bring帶來 our children孩子 into the world世界.
18
54000
2000
我們都生於母腹 也這樣生兒育女
01:21
We go through通過 initiation引發 rites儀式.
19
56000
2000
我們要經歷成年禮的洗禮
01:23
We have to deal合同 with the inexorable殘酷 separation分割 of death死亡,
20
58000
2000
必須面對殘酷的生離死別
01:25
so it shouldn't不能 surprise us that we all sing, we all dance舞蹈,
21
60000
4000
所以我們會唱歌和跳舞
01:29
we all have art藝術.
22
64000
2000
還創造了藝術 來排遣生命苦楚
01:31
But what's interesting有趣 is the unique獨特 cadence韻律 of the song歌曲,
23
66000
3000
但有趣的是 每種文化的歌曲韻律
01:34
the rhythm韻律 of the dance舞蹈 in every一切 culture文化.
24
69000
2000
和舞蹈節奏都有獨一無二的特色
01:36
And whether是否 it is the Penan南人 in the forests森林 of Borneo婆羅洲,
25
71000
3000
無論是生活在婆羅(Borneo)叢林的伯南(Penan)人
01:39
or the Voodoo巫毒 acolytes助手 in Haiti海地,
26
74000
3000
還是海地的巫毒教(Voodoo)侍僧
01:43
or the warriors勇士 in the KaisutKaisut desert沙漠 of Northern北方 Kenya肯尼亞,
27
78000
4000
抑或是北肯亞(Kenya)凱蘇特(Kaisut)沙漠的武士
01:49
the CuranderoCurandero in the mountains of the Andes安第斯山脈,
28
84000
2000
安迪斯(Andes)山區的巫醫(Curandero)
01:52
or a caravanserai隊商旅館 in the middle中間 of the Sahara撒哈拉 --
29
87000
5000
或撒哈拉沙漠中的圍帳客棧
01:57
this is incidentally順便 the fellow同伴 that I traveled旅行 into the desert沙漠 with
30
92000
2000
我碰巧與一位犛牛牧養人結伴進沙漠
01:59
a month ago --
31
94000
1000
一個月前
02:00
or indeed確實 a yak herder牧人 in the slopes連續下坡 of Qomolangma珠穆朗瑪,
32
95000
3000
他在珠穆朗瑪峰的山坡上牧牛
02:03
Everest珠峰, the goddess女神 mother母親 of the world世界.
33
98000
2000
埃佛勒斯峰 世界的母親
02:05
All of these peoples人們 teach us that there are other ways方法 of being存在,
34
100000
3000
這些族群展示了不同的生存方式和
02:08
other ways方法 of thinking思維,
35
103000
1000
不同的思維方式
02:09
other ways方法 of orienting定向 yourself你自己 in the Earth地球.
36
104000
2000
以及不同的人生觀
02:11
And this is an idea理念, if you think about it,
37
106000
2000
如果你認真想想 你就會發現
02:13
can only fill you with hope希望.
38
108000
2000
它們能讓你滿懷希望
02:15
Now, together一起 the myriad無數的 cultures文化 of the world世界
39
110000
3000
這個世界五彩繽紛的文化
02:18
make up a web捲筒紙 of spiritual精神 life and cultural文化 life
40
113000
4000
猶如一張由精神生活和文化生活交織而成的網
02:22
that envelops信封 the planet行星,
41
117000
2000
覆蓋住整個地球
02:24
and is as important重要 to the well-being福利 of the planet行星
42
119000
2000
就如同地球上生態圈的網絡
02:26
as indeed確實 is the biological生物 web捲筒紙 of life that you know as a biosphere生物圈.
43
121000
3000
對芸芸眾生是一樣重要
02:29
And you might威力 think of this cultural文化 web捲筒紙 of life
44
124000
3000
你可以把這種生命文化之網
02:32
as being存在 an ethnosphereethnosphere,
45
127000
1000
看作是一個種族文化圈
02:33
and you might威力 define確定 the ethnosphereethnosphere
46
128000
2000
這個種族文化圈可以被定義為
02:35
as being存在 the sum total of all thoughts思念 and dreams, myths神話,
47
130000
3000
從人類有意識以來 通過想像力
02:38
ideas思路, inspirations靈感, intuitions直覺 brought into being存在
48
133000
3000
所有的思想和夢想、神話、
02:41
by the human人的 imagination想像力 since以來 the dawn黎明 of consciousness意識.
49
136000
4000
想法、感動與直覺的總集合
02:45
The ethnosphereethnosphere is humanity's人類的 great legacy遺產.
50
140000
3000
種族文化圈是人類的偉大遺產
02:48
It's the symbol符號 of all that we are
51
143000
2000
它是我們的身份標誌
02:50
and all that we can be as an astonishingly令人驚訝 inquisitive好奇 species種類.
52
145000
4000
也是我們人類天性格物致知的證明
02:55
And just as the biosphere生物圈 has been severely嚴重 eroded侵蝕,
53
150000
3000
如同生物圈受到嚴重的侵蝕一樣
02:58
so too is the ethnosphereethnosphere
54
153000
2000
種族文化圈也面臨著同樣的厄運
03:00
-- and, if anything, at a far greater更大 rate.
55
155000
2000
而且 它的毀滅速度更快
03:02
No biologists生物學家, for example, would dare suggest建議
56
157000
2000
沒有任何一位生物學家敢斷言
03:04
that 50 percent百分 of all species種類 or more have been or are
57
159000
3000
50% 或更多的物種已經滅絕
03:07
on the brink邊緣 of extinction滅絕 because it simply只是 is not true真正,
58
162000
2000
或者頻臨絕種 這本來就不是真的
03:09
and yet然而 that -- the most apocalyptic世界末日 scenario腳本
59
164000
2000
然而對 生物多樣性 的
03:11
in the realm領域 of biological生物 diversity多樣 --
60
166000
3000
最悲觀的預測
03:14
scarcely幾乎沒有 approaches方法 what we know to be the most optimistic樂觀 scenario腳本
61
169000
3000
還遠優於我們對 文化多樣性 的
03:17
in the realm領域 of cultural文化 diversity多樣.
62
172000
2000
最樂觀的預測
03:19
And the great indicator指示符 of that, of course課程, is language語言 loss失利.
63
174000
3000
而其中最明顯的 就是語言的失傳
03:22
When each of you in this room房間 were born天生,
64
177000
3000
數十年前 當我們才出生時
03:25
there were 6,000 languages語言 spoken on the planet行星.
65
180000
3000
地球上原本有 6000 種語言
03:28
Now, a language語言 is not just a body身體 of vocabulary詞彙
66
183000
3000
語言不僅僅是字彙集合
03:31
or a set of grammatical語法的 rules規則.
67
186000
2000
或者文法而已
03:33
A language語言 is a flash of the human人的 spirit精神.
68
188000
2000
語言是人類靈魂的神來一筆
03:35
It's a vehicle車輛 through通過 which哪一個 the soul靈魂 of each particular特定 culture文化
69
190000
3000
是透過它 每個獨特文化的精神
03:38
comes into the material材料 world世界.
70
193000
1000
才得以在物質世界體現
03:39
Every一切 language語言 is an old-growth古老的 forest森林 of the mind心神,
71
194000
3000
每種語言都是一座古老的思想森林
03:42
a watershed分水嶺, a thought, an ecosystem生態系統 of spiritual精神 possibilities可能性.
72
197000
4000
也是一種意識和生命可能性的生態系
03:46
And of those 6,000 languages語言, as we sit here today今天 in Monterey蒙特雷,
73
201000
4000
6000 種語言 這和今天的觀眾一樣多
03:50
fully充分 half are no longer being存在 whispered低聲道 into the ears耳朵 of children孩子.
74
205000
4000
其中一半已經不再向孩子們傳授
03:54
They're no longer being存在 taught to babies嬰兒,
75
209000
3000
這些語言已經沒有傳人
03:57
which哪一個 means手段, effectively有效, unless除非 something changes變化,
76
212000
2000
也就是說 除非採取有效的措施
03:59
they're already已經 dead.
77
214000
1000
否則它們會徹底地消失
04:00
What could be more lonely孤獨 than to be enveloped籠罩 in silence安靜,
78
215000
4000
試想有口難言 這樣地孤單寂寞
04:04
to be the last of your people to speak說話 your language語言,
79
219000
2000
或者 你成了最後一個會說這語言的人
04:06
to have no way to pass通過 on the wisdom智慧 of the ancestors祖先
80
221000
3000
祖先的智慧再也不能傳承下去
04:09
or anticipate預料 the promise諾言 of the children孩子?
81
224000
3000
再也無法期待孩子們的承諾
04:12
And yet然而, that dreadful可怕 fate命運 is indeed確實 the plight困境 of somebody
82
227000
3000
另一個可怕的事實是
04:15
somewhere某處 on Earth地球 roughly大致 every一切 two weeks,
83
230000
2000
現在每兩個星期
04:17
because every一切 two weeks, some elder長老 dies
84
232000
2000
就會有一位長者去世
04:19
and carries攜帶 with him into the grave the last syllables音節
85
234000
2000
跟著一起埋葬入土的是
04:21
of an ancient tongue.
86
236000
2000
一種古老語言的消逝
04:23
And I know there's some of you who say, "Well, wouldn't不會 it be better,
87
238000
2000
我知道你們有人會說
04:25
wouldn't不會 the world世界 be a better place地點
88
240000
1000
「如果世界上只有一種語言,
04:26
if we all just spoke one language語言?" And I say, "Great,
89
241000
3000
那不是更好嗎?」 我會說「好,
04:29
let's make that language語言 Yoruba約魯巴. Let's make it Cantonese廣東話.
90
244000
3000
就讓約魯巴語(Yoruba) 或者是粵語(Cantonese)
04:32
Let's make it Kogi科吉."
91
247000
1000
或者是科基語(Kogi) 成為那唯一的語言。」
04:33
And you'll你會 suddenly突然 discover發現 what it would be like
92
248000
2000
你就會發現不能說母語
04:35
to be unable無法 to speak說話 your own擁有 language語言.
93
250000
3000
是什麼樣的感覺了
04:38
And so, what I'd like to do with you today今天
94
253000
3000
因此 今天我想做的
04:41
is sort分類 of take you on a journey旅程 through通過 the ethnosphereethnosphere,
95
256000
4000
就是帶你們去看看這個種族文化圈
04:45
a brief簡要 journey旅程 through通過 the ethnosphereethnosphere,
96
260000
2000
一段簡潔的種族文化圈之旅
04:47
to try to begin開始 to give you a sense of what in fact事實 is being存在 lost丟失.
97
262000
4000
去切身感受那消失中的文明
04:52
Now, there are many許多 of us who sort分類 of forget忘記
98
267000
7000
可能你們有些人會忘記了
04:59
that when I say "different不同 ways方法 of being存在,"
99
274000
2000
我在前面說過“不同的生存方式”
05:01
I really do mean different不同 ways方法 of being存在.
100
276000
2000
那是真的 完全不同的生命之道
05:04
Take, for example, this child兒童 of a BarasanaBarasana in the Northwest西北 Amazon亞馬遜,
101
279000
5000
舉個例子 這個小孩生活在亞瑪遜西北部的巴拉撒拉地區
05:09
the people of the anaconda森蚺
102
284000
1000
他們被稱為森蚺之族
05:10
who believe that mythologicallymythologically they came來了 up the milk牛奶 river
103
285000
2000
他們相信 他們是來自銀河東岸
05:12
from the east in the belly肚皮 of sacred神聖 snakes.
104
287000
3000
誕生於神聖的蛇腹
05:15
Now, this is a people who cognitively認知
105
290000
3000
這個族群的人在意識上
05:18
do not distinguish區分 the color顏色 blue藍色 from the color顏色 green綠色
106
293000
2000
認為藍色和綠色是相同的顏色
05:20
because the canopy華蓋 of the heavens
107
295000
2000
因為天堂的藍色穹頂
05:22
is equated劃等號 to the canopy華蓋 of the forest森林
108
297000
1000
與他們安身其下的綠色樹冠
05:23
upon which哪一個 the people depend依靠.
109
298000
2000
是完全相同的意義
05:25
They have a curious好奇 language語言 and marriage婚姻 rule規則
110
300000
3000
他們有特別的 "與異種語言通婚" 規則
05:28
which哪一個 is called "linguistic語言 exogamy外婚:"
111
303000
2000
這被稱為語言學異族通婚
05:30
you must必須 marry結婚 someone有人 who speaks說話 a different不同 language語言.
112
305000
3000
你必須與一個說不同語言的人結婚
05:33
And this is all rooted in the mythological神話 past過去,
113
308000
2000
這都是根據神話傳說的歷史傳承下來的
05:35
yet然而 the curious好奇 thing is in these long houses房屋,
114
310000
2000
你可以看到一個奇怪的現象
05:37
where there are six or seven languages語言 spoken
115
312000
2000
由於異語言同婚的緣故
05:39
because of intermarriage近親結婚,
116
314000
2000
一個大家族會有六七種語言
05:41
you never hear anyone任何人 practicing a language語言.
117
316000
3000
你從不會看到有人在練習別種語言
05:44
They simply只是 listen and then begin開始 to speak說話.
118
319000
3000
他們只要聽 就會說了
05:47
Or, one of the most fascinating迷人 tribes部落 I ever lived生活 with,
119
322000
2000
其中一個我共同生活過的奇妙種族
05:49
the WaoraniWaorani of northeastern東北方 Ecuador厄瓜多爾,
120
324000
4000
厄瓜多東北部的華拉尼(Waorani)族人
05:53
an astonishing驚人 people first contacted聯繫 peacefully安然 in 1958.
121
328000
3000
早在 1958 年 就與現代人有和平的接觸
05:56
In 1957, five missionaries傳教士 attempted嘗試 contact聯繫
122
331000
4000
1957年 有五名傳教士試圖接近他們
06:00
and made製作 a critical危急 mistake錯誤.
123
335000
1000
但是這些人犯了一個致命的錯誤
06:01
They dropped下降 from the air空氣
124
336000
1000
他們從空中丟下
06:02
8 x 10 glossy光滑 photographs照片 of themselves他們自己
125
337000
2000
八到十張他們自己的照片
06:04
in what we would say to be friendly友善 gestures手勢,
126
339000
2000
在我們看來 這是友好的表示
06:06
forgetting遺忘 that these people of the rainforest雨林
127
341000
2000
卻忘了這些生活在雨林中的人
06:08
had never seen看到 anything two-dimensional二維 in their lives生活.
128
343000
3000
從來沒有見過平面圖像
06:11
They picked採摘的 up these photographs照片 from the forest森林 floor地板,
129
346000
2000
他們從林地上撿起這些照片
06:13
tried試著 to look behind背後 the face面對 to find the form形成 or the figure數字,
130
348000
3000
試圖從相片背面 找到這些人的真實形體
06:16
found發現 nothing, and concluded總結 that these were calling調用 cards
131
351000
2000
但什麼也沒發現 所以他們認為
06:18
from the devil魔鬼, so they speared被刺 the five missionaries傳教士 to death死亡.
132
353000
3000
這是惡魔的召喚卡 於是他們用長矛戮死了這五名傳教士
06:22
But the WaoraniWaorani didn't just spear outsiders外人.
133
357000
2000
但華拉尼不僅戮死外來者
06:24
They speared被刺 each other.
134
359000
1000
他們還自相殘殺
06:25
54 percent百分 of their mortality死亡 was due應有 to them spearing斯皮林 each other.
135
360000
3000
54% 的死亡人口是被他們自己的族人戮死的
06:28
We traced追踪 genealogies家譜 back eight generations,
136
363000
3000
我們對一個八代宗譜進行調查
06:31
and we found發現 two instances實例 of natural自然 death死亡
137
366000
2000
發現只有兩例自然死亡
06:33
and when we pressured高壓 the people a little bit about it,
138
368000
2000
當我們追根究柢
06:35
they admitted承認 that one of the fellows研究員 had gotten得到 so old
139
370000
2000
他們終於承認 當族人因為年邁難免一死
06:37
that he died死亡 getting得到 old, so we speared被刺 him anyway無論如何. (Laughter笑聲)
140
372000
4000
我們就乾脆戮死他 為他送終(笑聲)
06:41
But at the same相同 time they had a perspicacious明察秋毫 knowledge知識
141
376000
3000
另一方面 他們對叢林
06:44
of the forest森林 that was astonishing驚人.
142
379000
1000
有著令人驚詫的洞察力
06:45
Their hunters獵人 could smell animal動物 urine尿 at 40 paces步伐
143
380000
3000
獵人們能聞到 40 步外的動物尿液
06:48
and tell you what species種類 left it behind背後.
144
383000
3000
再告訴你是什麼動物留下的
06:51
In the early '80s, I had a really astonishing驚人 assignment分配
145
386000
2000
80 年代早期 我曾有一項奇妙的任務
06:53
when I was asked by my professor教授 at Harvard哈佛
146
388000
2000
我在哈佛大學的教授問我
06:55
if I was interested有興趣 in going down to Haiti海地,
147
390000
2000
是否有興趣去海地
06:58
infiltrating浸潤 the secret秘密 societies社會
148
393000
2000
去潛入一個秘密社團
07:00
which哪一個 were the foundation基礎 of Duvalier's杜瓦利埃的 strength強度
149
395000
2000
那是海地總統杜華利和他的政權
07:02
and Tonton冬冬 MacoutesMacoutes,
150
397000
1000
支持者的基地
07:03
and securing確保 the poison used to make zombies殭屍.
151
398000
3000
並且帶回一種製造僵屍的毒藥
07:06
In order訂購 to make sense out of sensation感覺, of course課程,
152
401000
3000
為了理解其中的奧秘
07:09
I had to understand理解 something about this remarkable卓越 faith信仰
153
404000
3000
我必須先瞭解這神奇的巫毒教信仰
07:12
of VodounVodoun. And Voodoo巫毒 is not a black黑色 magic魔法 cult禮拜.
154
407000
3000
其實它不是什麼邪教組織
07:15
On the contrary相反, it's a complex複雜 metaphysical抽象的 worldview世界觀.
155
410000
3000
相反地 它是一個複雜且抽象的世界觀
07:18
It's interesting有趣.
156
413000
1000
這是很有意思的
07:19
If I asked you to name名稱 the great religions宗教 of the world世界,
157
414000
1000
如果要列舉世界上的重要宗教
07:20
what would you say?
158
415000
1000
你會舉出哪些例子
07:21
Christianity基督教, Islam伊斯蘭教, Buddhism佛教, Judaism猶太教, whatever隨你.
159
416000
3000
基督教 伊斯蘭教 佛教 猶太教... 大概這些吧
07:24
There's always one continent大陸 left out,
160
419000
2000
但有一個大陸總是被遺忘
07:26
the assumption假設 being存在 that sub-Saharan撒哈拉以南 Africa非洲
161
421000
2000
很多人認為 撒哈拉以南的非洲地區
07:28
had no religious宗教 beliefs信仰. Well, of course課程, they did
162
423000
2000
沒有宗教信仰 當然 這是不正確的
07:30
and Voodoo巫毒 is simply只是 the distillation蒸餾
163
425000
2000
巫毒教常被認為不過是
07:33
of these very profound深刻 religious宗教 ideas思路
164
428000
1000
在奴隸時代悲哀的種族遷徙下
07:34
that came來了 over during the tragic悲慘 Diaspora散居 of the slavery奴隸制度 era時代.
165
429000
3000
所跟隨來的偉大宗教奧義的副產品
07:37
But, what makes品牌 Voodoo巫毒 so interesting有趣
166
432000
2000
但是 巫毒的獨特之處在於
07:39
is that it's this living活的 relationship關係
167
434000
2000
它是生者與死者之間
07:41
between之間 the living活的 and the dead.
168
436000
1000
一種實在的聯繫
07:42
So, the living活的 give birth分娩 to the spirits.
169
437000
1000
生者孕育了靈魂
07:43
The spirits can be invoked調用 from beneath下面 the Great Water,
170
438000
3000
應著舞蹈的節奏翩翩起舞
07:46
responding響應 to the rhythm韻律 of the dance舞蹈
171
441000
2000
可以喚醒大水之下的靈魂
07:48
to momentarily瞬間 displace頂替 the soul靈魂 of the living活的,
172
443000
2000
暫時地代替生者的靈魂
07:50
so that for that brief簡要 shining閃亮的 moment時刻, the acolyte助手 becomes the god.
173
445000
4000
在那個短暫的閃光時刻 侍僧會成為神
07:54
That's why the VoodooistsVoodooists like to say
174
449000
2000
因此 巫毒教徒喜歡說:
07:56
that "You white白色 people go to church教會 and speak說話 about God.
175
451000
3000
「你們這些白人去教堂做禮拜 談論上帝,
07:59
We dance舞蹈 in the temple寺廟 and become成為 God."
176
454000
2000
而我們就在聖殿起舞 成為上帝。」
08:01
And because you are possessed擁有, you are taken採取 by the spirit精神 --
177
456000
3000
因為你已經被神靈附體
08:04
how can you be harmed傷害?
178
459000
1000
那你又怎會受到傷害呢
08:05
So you see these astonishing驚人 demonstrations示威:
179
460000
3000
於是 你會看到一些令人驚奇的現象
08:08
Voodoo巫毒 acolytes助手 in a state of trance發呆
180
463000
2000
巫毒教侍僧進入神志恍惚的狀態
08:10
handling處理 burning燃燒 embers餘燼 with impunity有罪不罰,
181
465000
3000
手持燃燒的枝條 但卻毫髮無損
08:13
a rather astonishing驚人 demonstration示範 of the ability能力 of the mind心神
182
468000
3000
當他們進入變得極端亢奮時
08:16
to affect影響 the body身體 that bears it
183
471000
1000
你看到的現象更加令人吃驚
08:17
when catalyzed催化 in the state of extreme極端 excitation勵磁.
184
472000
3000
那是人類意志力的強大證明
08:21
Now, of all the peoples人們 that I've ever been with,
185
476000
2000
在我接觸過的所有族群中
08:23
the most extraordinary非凡 are the Kogi科吉
186
478000
2000
最不平凡的
08:25
of the Sierra內華達 Nevada內華達 de Santa聖誕老人 Marta瑪塔 in northern北方 Colombia哥倫比亞.
187
480000
3000
是生活在哥倫比亞北部的聖馬爾塔山區的科基人
08:28
Descendants後人 of the ancient TaironaTairona civilization文明
188
483000
3000
這個種族是古代泰榮納(Tairona)文明的後裔
08:31
which哪一個 once一旦 carpeted鋪地毯 the Caribbean加勒比 coastal沿海 plain of Colombia哥倫比亞,
189
486000
3000
他們一度征服了哥倫比亞的加勒比海岸平原地區
08:34
in the wake喚醒 of the conquest征服,
190
489000
1000
列強的號角響起
08:35
these people retreated撤退 into an isolated孤立 volcanic火山 massif斷層塊
191
490000
3000
此後 他們避退到加勒比海岸平原的
08:38
that soars騰飛 above以上 the Caribbean加勒比 coastal沿海 plain.
192
493000
2000
一個與世隔絕的火山山區
08:40
In a bloodstained血污 continent大陸,
193
495000
2000
在這個血腥肆虐的大陸
08:42
these people alone單獨 were never conquered征服 by the Spanish西班牙語.
194
497000
3000
這個種族逃過西班牙人的荼毒
08:45
To this day, they remain ruled統治 by a ritual儀式 priesthood聖職
195
500000
3000
至到今天 他們仍然沿用僧侶會統治制度
08:48
but the training訓練 for the priesthood聖職 is rather extraordinary非凡.
196
503000
2000
但是 他們的僧侶訓練方式非常獨特
08:51
The young年輕 acolytes助手 are taken採取 away from their families家庭
197
506000
2000
年幼的侍僧在三四歲時
08:53
at the age年齡 of three and four,
198
508000
2000
就被帶離他們的家庭
08:55
sequestered隔離 in a shadowy神出鬼沒 world世界 of darkness黑暗
199
510000
2000
隱居在黑暗世界
08:57
in stone huts木屋 at the base基礎 of glaciers冰川 for 18 years年份:
200
512000
4000
在冰川上用石頭小屋待滿十八年
09:01
two nine-year九年 periods
201
516000
1000
兩個九年的總和
09:02
deliberately故意 chosen選擇 to mimic模仿者 the nine months個月 of gestation妊娠
202
517000
3000
它象徵在母腹的
09:05
they spend in their natural自然 mother's母親 womb子宮;
203
520000
2000
九月懷胎
09:07
now they are metaphorically比喻 in the womb子宮 of the great mother母親.
204
522000
3000
在此期間
09:10
And for this entire整個 time,
205
525000
1000
他們如同重新回到母腹中
09:12
they are inculturatedinculturated into the values of their society社會,
206
527000
3000
被族群文化的價值觀所滋養著
09:15
values that maintain保持 the proposition主張 that their prayers祈禱
207
530000
2000
這些價值觀維繫著
09:17
and their prayers祈禱 alone單獨 maintain保持 the cosmic宇宙的 --
208
532000
3000
信徒與宇宙之間的關係
09:20
or we might威力 say the ecological生態 -- balance平衡.
209
535000
2000
我們可稱之為生態平衡
09:23
And at the end結束 of this amazing驚人 initiation引發,
210
538000
1000
十八年後
09:24
one day they're suddenly突然 taken採取 out
211
539000
2000
一天他們突然被帶出來
09:26
and for the first time in their lives生活, at the age年齡 of 18,
212
541000
3000
他們生平第一次走出小屋看到陽光
09:29
they see a sunrise日出. And in that crystal水晶 moment時刻 of awareness意識
213
544000
4000
大地在陽光的照耀下
09:33
of first light as the Sun太陽 begins開始 to bathe洗澡 the slopes連續下坡
214
548000
3000
呈現出令人震撼的壯觀美景
09:36
of the stunningly令人震驚 beautiful美麗 landscape景觀,
215
551000
1000
那一刻 意識突然蘇醒
09:38
suddenly突然 everything they have learned學到了 in the abstract抽象
216
553000
2000
他們以前學到的所有抽象知識
09:40
is affirmed肯定 in stunning令人驚嘆 glory榮耀. And the priest牧師 steps腳步 back
217
555000
3000
都在令人驚歎的榮耀中得到印證 這時祭司說:
09:43
and says, "You see? It's really as I've told you.
218
558000
2000
「看到了吧 我以前教你的都是真的
09:45
It is that beautiful美麗. It is yours你的 to protect保護."
219
560000
3000
這裏是多麼的美麗 你要保護它。」
09:48
They call themselves他們自己 the "elder長老 brothers兄弟"
220
563000
2000
他們稱自己為兄長
09:50
and they say we, who are the younger更年輕 brothers兄弟,
221
565000
3000
稱現代人為弟兄
09:53
are the ones那些 responsible主管 for destroying銷毀 the world世界.
222
568000
3000
說我們是破壞世界的人
09:57
Now, this level水平 of intuition直覺 becomes very important重要.
223
572000
2000
現在 這種程度的感情是非常重要的
09:59
Whenever每當 we think of indigenous土著 people and landscape景觀,
224
574000
2000
說到土著和原始的風土人情
10:01
we either invoke調用 Rousseau盧梭
225
576000
2000
我們會想到羅素
10:03
and the old canard of the "noble高貴 savage野蠻人,"
226
578000
3000
關於那高貴野人的古老誑語
10:06
which哪一個 is an idea理念 racist種族主義者 in its simplicity簡單,
227
581000
2000
只是被簡化的種族歧視
10:08
or alternatively或者, we invoke調用 Thoreau梭羅
228
583000
3000
或者我們會想到梭羅
10:11
and say these people are closer接近 to the Earth地球 than we are.
229
586000
2000
他說這些人比我們更親近大地
10:13
Well, indigenous土著 people are neither也不 sentimental感傷
230
588000
2000
這些在地族群並不多愁善感
10:15
nor也不 weakened減弱 by nostalgia懷舊之情.
231
590000
2000
也不會沉溺往日時光
10:17
There's not a lot of room房間 for either
232
592000
2000
在瘧疾盛行的阿斯瑪特(Asmant)濕地
10:19
in the malarial瘧疾 swamps沼澤 of the Asmat的Asmat
233
594000
2000
在寒風刺骨的西藏
10:21
or in the chilling令人心寒 winds of Tibet西藏, but they have, nevertheless雖然,
234
596000
3000
並沒有多少空間 但是他們經年累月地
10:24
through通過 time and ritual儀式, forged偽造的 a traditional傳統 mystique神秘 of the Earth地球
235
599000
4000
不間斷地演示 而創造了流傳百世的奇跡
10:28
that is based基於 not on the idea理念 of being存在 self-consciously自覺 close to it,
236
603000
3000
這並不是因為他們自覺地認識到這一點
10:31
but on a far subtler微妙 intuition直覺:
237
606000
2000
而是憑著非常細微的靈感
10:33
the idea理念 that the Earth地球 itself本身 can only exist存在
238
608000
3000
他們認為這個地球本身的存在
10:37
because it is breathed無聲 into being存在 by human人的 consciousness意識.
239
612000
2000
是因為人類透過意識吸收了自然的精華
10:39
Now, what does that mean?
240
614000
2000
那麼 這是什麼意思呢
10:41
It means手段 that a young年輕 kid孩子 from the Andes安第斯山脈
241
616000
2000
比如一位生活在安第斯山脈的小孩
10:43
who's誰是 raised上調 to believe that that mountain is an Apu阿普 spirit精神
242
618000
2000
從小就被教導說 那裏的大山是阿普神的化身
10:45
that will direct直接 his or her destiny命運
243
620000
2000
它將會指引他們的命運
10:47
will be a profoundly深深 different不同 human人的 being存在
244
622000
3000
他們是一類完全不同的人
10:50
and have a different不同 relationship關係 to that resource資源
245
625000
3000
與自然環境有一種不同的連結
10:53
or that place地點 than a young年輕 kid孩子 from Montana蒙大拿
246
628000
2000
而對蒙大拿州的年輕人
10:55
raised上調 to believe that a mountain is a pile of rock
247
630000
3000
一座大山只不過是一堆大石頭
10:58
ready準備 to be mined開採.
248
633000
1000
可以用來開採石礦
10:59
Whether是否 it's the abode住所 of a spirit精神 or a pile of ore礦石 is irrelevant不相干.
249
634000
4000
無論那是神的住所 或是一堆礦石 這都不重要
11:03
What's interesting有趣 is the metaphor隱喻 that defines定義 the relationship關係
250
638000
3000
重點是 他們的所教育的文化
11:06
between之間 the individual個人 and the natural自然 world世界.
251
641000
2000
定義了人與自然之間的關係
11:08
I was raised上調 in the forests森林 of British英國的 Columbia哥倫比亞
252
643000
2000
我在英國哥倫比亞的叢林長大
11:10
to believe those forests森林 existed存在 to be cut.
253
645000
2000
我學到叢林是生來被砍伐的
11:12
That made製作 me a different不同 human人的 being存在
254
647000
2000
這種想法讓我與誇基特爾(Kwakiutl)部落的朋友們
11:14
than my friends朋友 amongst其中包括 the KwagiulthKwagiulth
255
649000
2000
成為截然不同的人
11:16
who believe that those forests森林 were the abode住所 of HuxwhukwHuxwhukw
256
651000
2000
他們相信 這些樹木是胡克神(Hukuk)
11:18
and the Crooked Beak of Heaven天堂
257
653000
1000
和天堂之眼的化身
11:19
and the cannibal食人族 spirits that dwelled at the north end結束 of the world世界,
258
654000
3000
吃人的精靈在世界的最北邊
11:22
spirits they would have to engage從事 during their HamatsaHamatsa initiation引發.
259
657000
4000
在哈馬撒(Hamatsa)成人禮上 他們會與這些精靈戰鬥
11:26
Now, if you begin開始 to look at the idea理念
260
661000
2000
如果你開始去了解
11:28
that these cultures文化 could create創建 different不同 realities現實,
261
663000
2000
這些文化能創造不同的生活方式
11:30
you could begin開始 to understand理解
262
665000
1000
你就會開始認識到
11:31
some of their extraordinary非凡 discoveries發現. Take this plant here.
263
666000
5000
他們與眾不同的生活方式
11:36
It's a photograph照片 I took in the Northwest西北 Amazon亞馬遜 just last April四月.
264
671000
2000
這張照片是去年八月在亞馬遜西北地方拍的
11:38
This is ayahuasca死藤水, which哪一個 many許多 of you have heard聽說 about,
265
673000
3000
這是阿亞胡斯卡(ayahuasca)藤 俗稱死藤
11:41
the most powerful強大 psychoactive精神 preparation製備
266
676000
3000
一種非常強效的精神麻醉植物
11:44
of the shaman's薩滿的 repertoire劇目.
267
679000
2000
薩滿教徒用它製作迷幻藥- 死藤水
11:46
What makes品牌 ayahuasca死藤水 fascinating迷人
268
681000
2000
死藤水的奇妙之處
11:48
is not the sheer絕對 pharmacological藥理 potential潛在 of this preparation製備,
269
683000
4000
不在於它神奇的藥用性
11:52
but the elaboration闡述 of it. It's made製作 really of two different不同 sources來源:
270
687000
4000
它其實是由兩種不同的物質組成的
11:56
on the one hand, this woody木本 liana利亞納
271
691000
2000
一方面 它是一種藤本植物
11:58
which哪一個 has in it a series系列 of beta-carbolines的β-咔啉,
272
693000
2000
含有 β-哢啉 蓬鹼
12:00
harmine去氫, harmaline駱駝蓬鹼, mildly溫和 hallucinogenic致幻 --
273
695000
3000
和微量的致幻成份
12:03
to take the vine藤蔓 alone單獨
274
698000
2000
食用它的藤
12:05
is rather to have sort分類 of blue藍色 hazy朦朧 smoke抽煙
275
700000
2000
就彷彿看到你的意識
12:07
drift漂移 across橫過 your consciousness意識 --
276
702000
2000
被一層藍色煙霧籠罩
12:09
but it's mixed with the leaves樹葉 of a shrub灌木 in the coffee咖啡 family家庭
277
704000
3000
它與九節木的咖啡屬灌木的枝葉
12:12
called Psychotria九節屬 viridis貽貝.
278
707000
2000
混雜在一起
12:14
This plant had in it some very powerful強大 tryptamines色胺,
279
709000
3000
這種植物具有一種強效的色胺
12:17
very close to brain serotonin血清素, dimethyltryptamine二甲基色胺,
280
712000
4000
它的成分與腦內的5-羥色胺的成份
12:21
5-methoxydimethyltryptamine-methoxydimethyltryptamine.
281
716000
1000
非常接近
12:22
If you've ever seen看到 the Yanomami亞努瑪米
282
717000
2000
亞諾馬米(Yanomami)部落的人
12:24
blowing that snuff鼻煙 up their noses鼻子,
283
719000
2000
也會從含有5-羥色胺的植物中
12:26
that substance物質 they make from a different不同 set of species種類
284
721000
3000
提取這種物質
12:29
also contains包含 methoxydimethyltryptaminemethoxydimethyltryptamine.
285
724000
4000
並且用鼻子吸食
12:33
To have that powder粉末 blown up your nose鼻子
286
728000
2000
如果你用鼻吸入這些粉末
12:35
is rather like being存在 shot射擊 out of a rifle步槍 barrel
287
730000
4000
你會感覺像被砲管射出
12:39
lined with baroque巴洛克 paintings繪畫 and landing降落 on a sea of electricity電力. (Laughter笑聲)
288
734000
7000
然後跟一排巴洛克畫像 一起掉落到整池的電流裡
12:46
It doesn't create創建 the distortion失真 of reality現實;
289
741000
2000
現實沒有被扭曲
12:48
it creates創建 the dissolution解散 of reality現實.
290
743000
1000
它只是消失
12:49
In fact事實, I used to argue爭論 with my professor教授, Richard理查德 Evan埃文 ShultesShultes --
291
744000
3000
事實上 我曾與我的導師 Richard Evan Shultes 爭論過
12:52
who is a man who sparked引發 the psychedelic迷幻 era時代
292
747000
2000
他曾揚名於1960的迷幻藥年代
12:54
with his discovery發現 of the magic魔法 mushrooms蘑菇
293
749000
2000
因為他在1930年代所發現的
12:56
in Mexico墨西哥 in the 1930s --
294
751000
2000
一種墨西哥的神奇蘑菇
12:58
I used to argue爭論 that you couldn't不能 classify分類 these tryptamines色胺
295
753000
2000
我和他爭論說 你不能把這些色胺歸入
13:00
as hallucinogenic致幻 because by the time you're under the effects效果
296
755000
3000
迷幻成份類別 因為當它們發揮效力時
13:03
there's no one home anymore to experience經驗 a hallucination幻覺. (Laughter笑聲)
297
758000
4000
你已迷幻到不知迷幻為何物(笑聲)
13:07
But the thing about tryptamines色胺 is they cannot不能 be taken採取 orally口頭
298
762000
3000
但是 這些色胺物質並不能用吃的
13:10
because they're denatured變性 by an enzyme
299
765000
2000
因為它們會被
13:12
found發現 naturally自然 in the human人的 gut腸道 called monoamine單胺 oxidase氧化酶.
300
767000
3000
人體器官中的單胺氧化酶(MAO)的酶改變活性
13:15
They can only be taken採取 orally口頭 if taken採取 in conjunction連詞
301
770000
3000
要口服這些色胺物質
13:18
with some other chemical化學 that denatures變性 the MAOMAO.
302
773000
3000
還必須吃下改變單胺氧化酶(MAO)活性的其他化學物質
13:21
Now, the fascinating迷人 things
303
776000
1000
有意思的是
13:22
are that the beta-carbolines的β-咔啉 found發現 within that liana利亞納
304
777000
4000
這種藤本植物中存在的 β-哢啉
13:26
are MAOMAO inhibitors抑製劑 of the precise精確 sort分類 necessary必要
305
781000
3000
正好能夠抑制單胺氧化酶(MAO)
13:30
to potentiate使可能 the tryptamine色胺. So you ask yourself你自己 a question.
306
785000
3000
同時發揮色胺的效力 因此 問問自己
13:33
How, in a flora植物群 of 80,000 species種類 of vascular血管 plants植物,
307
788000
4000
在這片叢林中 有 8000 種藤蔓植物
13:37
do these people find these two morphologically形態 unrelated無關 plants植物
308
792000
4000
他們是如何發現這兩種完全不同的植物
13:41
that when combined結合 in this way,
309
796000
1000
能這樣組合在一起
13:42
created創建 a kind of biochemical生化 version
310
797000
2000
這如同一種生化實驗
13:44
of the whole整個 being存在 greater更大 than the sum of the parts部分?
311
799000
2000
多種成分混合的效應會大於各單獨成分
13:46
Well, we use that great euphemism婉辭, "trial審訊 and error錯誤,"
312
801000
3000
我們都相信失敗是成功之母
13:49
which哪一個 is exposed裸露 to be meaningless無意義的.
313
804000
1000
但這樣實驗下去總是徒勞
13:51
But you ask the Indians印度人, and they say, "The plants植物 talk to us."
314
806000
3000
不過 印第安人會說 "是植物告訴我們的"
13:54
Well, what does that mean?
315
809000
1000
那是什麼意思呢?
13:55
This tribe部落, the CofanCOFAN, has 17 varieties品種 of ayahuasca死藤水,
316
810000
4000
科凡(Cofan)部落的人發現了 17 種死藤
13:59
all of which哪一個 they distinguish區分 a great distance距離 in the forest森林,
317
814000
3000
全部是他們在叢林深處發現的
14:03
all of which哪一個 are referable可借鑒 to our eye as one species種類.
318
818000
4000
在我們看來 它們是不同的物種
14:07
And then you ask them how they establish建立 their taxonomy分類
319
822000
2000
如果你問他們是如何給這些植物分門別類的
14:09
and they say, "I thought you knew知道 something about plants植物.
320
824000
3000
他們就會說:「我想你對植物有一些研究,
14:12
I mean, don't you know anything?" And I said, "No."
321
827000
2000
應該對植物有一定的瞭解吧? 」 我說:「我不懂。」
14:14
Well, it turns out you take each of the 17 varieties品種
322
829000
3000
他說這十七種植物
14:17
in the night of a full充分 moon月亮, and it sings to you in a different不同 key.
323
832000
3000
在月圓時 它們會用不同的音高對你歌唱
14:20
Now, that's not going to get you a Ph博士.D. at Harvard哈佛,
324
835000
2000
這個發現不會讓你得到哈佛的博士學位
14:22
but it's a lot more interesting有趣 than counting數數 stamens雄蕊. (Laughter笑聲)
325
837000
4000
這可比計算雄蕊數目好玩多了
14:26
Now --
326
841000
1000
現在
14:27
(Applause掌聲) --
327
842000
3000
(鼓掌)
14:30
the problem問題 -- the problem問題 is that even those of us
328
845000
2000
我們面臨這樣一個問題
14:32
sympathetic有同情心 with the plight困境 of indigenous土著 people
329
847000
2000
雖然我們會同情土著人的遭遇
14:34
view視圖 them as quaint精巧 and colorful華美
330
849000
1000
認為他們生活多彩且不被打擾
14:35
but somehow不知何故 reduced減少 to the margins利潤率 of history歷史
331
850000
2000
但是隨著我們的世界向前發展
14:37
as the real真實 world世界, meaning含義 our world世界, moves移動 on.
332
852000
3000
這些人被排擠到歷史的邊緣
14:40
Well, the truth真相 is the 20th century世紀, 300 years年份 from now,
333
855000
2000
20 世紀 以及接下來的 300 年
14:42
is not going to be remembered記得 for its wars戰爭
334
857000
3000
戰爭會被遺忘
14:45
or its technological技術性 innovations創新,
335
860000
1000
科技發展也隨風而逝
14:46
but rather as the era時代 in which哪一個 we stood站在 by
336
861000
2000
但後人們會記住 現在的我們
14:49
and either actively積極地 endorsed贊同 or passively被動 accepted公認
337
864000
2000
積極地對地球上的生態和文化多樣性
14:51
the massive大規模的 destruction毀壞 of both biological生物 and cultural文化 diversity多樣
338
866000
3000
進行大規模的破壞 或者姑息這個局面
14:54
on the planet行星. Now, the problem問題 isn't change更改.
339
869000
3000
我們不能怪罪世界生活的進步
14:57
All cultures文化 through通過 all time
340
872000
2000
所有的文化也全都
14:59
have constantly經常 been engaged訂婚 in a dance舞蹈
341
874000
3000
一直受到新的生活方式
15:02
with new possibilities可能性 of life.
342
877000
1000
的強烈衝擊
15:04
And the problem問題 is not technology技術 itself本身.
343
879000
2000
也不能怪罪科技的日新月異
15:07
The Sioux Indians印度人 did not stop being存在 Sioux
344
882000
2000
蘇族印第安人即使放下弓箭
15:09
when they gave up the bow and arrow箭頭
345
884000
1000
他們依然是蘇族印第安人
15:10
any more than an American美國 stopped停止 being存在 an American美國
346
885000
2000
當美國人不再騎馬和坐馬車時
15:12
when he gave up the horse and buggy越野車.
347
887000
2000
他們仍然是美國人
15:14
It's not change更改 or technology技術
348
889000
1000
威脅種族圈完整性的
15:15
that threatens威脅 the integrity廉正 of the ethnosphereethnosphere. It is power功率,
349
890000
4000
不是新時代或新科技 而是權力
15:19
the crude原油 face面對 of domination統治.
350
894000
2000
是野蠻的排他主義
15:21
Wherever哪裡 you look around the world世界,
351
896000
2000
去看看我們的世界
15:23
you discover發現 that these are not cultures文化 destined注定 to fade褪色 away;
352
898000
3000
你會發現 沒有一種文化是註定要消亡的
15:26
these are dynamic動態 living活的 peoples人們
353
901000
2000
這些富有活力的人們
15:28
being存在 driven驅動 out of existence存在 by identifiable識別 forces軍隊
354
903000
3000
霸道的力量排除了他們的存在
15:31
that are beyond their capacity容量 to adapt適應 to:
355
906000
2000
他們根本無從適應
15:33
whether是否 it's the egregious過分的 deforestation森林砍伐
356
908000
2000
無論是伯南(Penan)腹地
15:36
in the homeland家園 of the Penan南人 --
357
911000
2000
肆無忌憚的森林砍伐
15:38
a nomadic游牧 people from Southeast東南 Asia亞洲, from Sarawak砂拉越 --
358
913000
3000
還是東南亞的撒拉瓦克遊民部落
15:41
a people who lived生活 free自由 in the forest森林 until直到 a generation ago,
359
916000
4000
他們上一代還自由地生活在叢林中
15:45
and now have all been reduced減少 to servitude奴役 and prostitution賣淫
360
920000
3000
現在全淪落為僕役和妓女
15:48
on the banks銀行 of the rivers河流,
361
923000
2000
在婆羅洲(Borneo)溪流沿岸
15:50
where you can see the river itself本身 is soiled with the silt淤泥
362
925000
4000
河水含沙量高到像泥漿
15:54
that seems似乎 to be carrying攜帶 half of Borneo婆羅洲 away
363
929000
2000
像要把他們的一半土地都沖走
15:56
to the South China中國 Sea,
364
931000
1000
全帶進南中國海
15:57
where the Japanese日本 freighters貨機 hang light in the horizon地平線
365
932000
2000
同時日本的人貨船已經整裝待發
15:59
ready準備 to fill their holds持有 with raw生的 logs日誌 ripped撕開 from the forest森林 --
366
934000
4000
準備運走從婆羅洲森林砍伐的原木
16:03
or, in the case案件 of the Yanomami亞努瑪米,
367
938000
1000
我們再來看亞諾馬米部落
16:04
it's the disease疾病 entities實體 that have come in,
368
939000
2000
金礦的發現引來掏金潮
16:06
in the wake喚醒 of the discovery發現 of gold.
369
941000
2000
也因此帶來了病原體
16:08
Or if we go into the mountains of Tibet西藏,
370
943000
2000
我們再來看看西藏山區
16:10
where I'm doing a lot of research研究 recently最近,
371
945000
2000
最近我做了大量的研究
16:13
you'll你會 see it's a crude原油 face面對 of political政治 domination統治.
372
948000
3000
在那裏 你會看到政治獨裁的殘酷面
16:16
You know, genocide種族滅絕, the physical物理 extinction滅絕 of a people
373
951000
2000
雖然種族屠殺 物裡上的滅絕一個族群
16:18
is universally舉世 condemned譴責, but ethnocide種族滅絕,
374
953000
2000
在全世界受到一致的譴責
16:21
the destruction毀壞 of people's人們 way of life, is not only not condemned譴責,
375
956000
3000
但是種族文化滅絕 也就是抹消人們的生活方式
16:24
it's universally舉世, in many許多 quarters住處, celebrated著名
376
959000
3000
卻被姑息 甚至在很多地方被表揚
16:27
as part部分 of a development發展 strategy戰略.
377
962000
2000
被視為文化發展的一部分
16:29
And you cannot不能 understand理解 the pain疼痛 of Tibet西藏
378
964000
3000
你無法體會西藏承受的痛楚
16:32
until直到 you move移動 through通過 it at the ground地面 level水平.
379
967000
2000
除非你親身去體會
16:34
I once一旦 travelled旅行 6,000 miles英里 from Chengdu成都 in Western西 China中國
380
969000
4000
我跋涉 6000 英哩 從中國成都
16:38
overland經陸路 through通過 southeastern東南 Tibet西藏 to Lhasa拉薩
381
973000
3000
穿過西藏的東南邊 到達拉薩
16:41
with a young年輕 colleague同事, and it was only when I got to Lhasa拉薩
382
976000
4000
跟著一個年輕同事 直到那時我也才真的明白
16:45
that I understood了解 the face面對 behind背後 the statistics統計
383
980000
3000
你們所聽說的那些統計數字
16:48
you hear about:
384
983000
1000
背後隱藏的真相
16:49
6,000 sacred神聖 monuments紀念碑 torn撕裂 apart距離 to dust灰塵 and ashes灰燼,
385
984000
4000
6000 座神聖的古蹟被搗毀
16:53
1.2 million百萬 people killed殺害 by the cadres幹部
386
988000
3000
120 萬人被共產黨殺害
16:56
during the Cultural文化 Revolution革命.
387
991000
1000
這都發生在文化大革命期間
16:58
This young年輕 man's男人的 father父親 had been ascribed衝高 to the Panchen班禪 Lama喇嘛.
388
993000
2000
年輕同事的父親被指為班禪喇嘛一派
17:00
That meant意味著 he was instantly即刻 killed殺害
389
995000
2000
在中國人入侵後
17:02
at the time of the Chinese中文 invasion侵入.
390
997000
2000
他父親因此被殺害了
17:04
His uncle叔叔 fled逃離 with His Holiness聖潔 in the Diaspora散居
391
999000
2000
他叔叔和他的導師
17:06
that took the people to Nepal尼泊爾.
392
1001000
3000
跟著大逃亡潮到尼泊爾
17:09
His mother母親 was incarcerated嵌頓
393
1004000
2000
他的母親因為富有的身家
17:11
for the crime犯罪 of being存在 wealthy富裕.
394
1006000
2000
被捕入獄
17:14
He was smuggled走私 into the jail監獄 at the age年齡 of two
395
1009000
2000
兩歲的他被藏在裙子下
17:16
to hide隱藏 beneath下面 her skirt短裙 tails尾巴
396
1011000
2000
悄悄地帶進牢房
17:18
because she couldn't不能 bear to be without him.
397
1013000
2000
因為她不能離開她的兒子
17:20
The sister妹妹 who had doneDONE that brave勇敢 deed契據
398
1015000
2000
好心協助他們的姐姐
17:22
was put into an education教育 camp.
399
1017000
1000
被送去再教育
17:23
One day she inadvertently不經意間 stepped加強 on an armband臂章
400
1018000
2000
有一天 她不小心踩到印有毛主席頭像
17:26
of Mao, and for that transgression,
401
1021000
2000
的臂章 而被處以判國罪
17:28
she was given特定 seven years年份 of hard labor勞動.
402
1023000
3000
被迫勞改七年之久
17:31
The pain疼痛 of Tibet西藏 can be impossible不可能 to bear,
403
1026000
3000
西藏的痛楚是讓人難以承受
17:34
but the redemptive救贖 spirit精神 of the people is something to behold不料.
404
1029000
3000
但也因此見證人類的救贖精神
17:38
And in the end結束, then, it really comes down to a choice選擇:
405
1033000
3000
到最後 我們將面臨這樣的一個選擇
17:41
do we want to live生活 in a monochromatic單色 world世界 of monotony單調
406
1036000
3000
我們是要一個單一單調的世界
17:44
or do we want to embrace擁抱 a polychromatic多色 world世界 of diversity多樣?
407
1039000
3000
還是想要一個五彩繽紛、多樣化的世界?
17:47
Margaret瑪格麗特 Mead蜂蜜酒, the great anthropologist人類學家, said, before she died死亡,
408
1042000
3000
偉大的人類學家 Margaret Mead 在生前曾經說過
17:50
that her greatest最大 fear恐懼 was that as we drifted漂流 towards
409
1045000
3000
她最擔心的是 人類隨波逐流地接受
17:53
this blandly和藹地 amorphous非晶 generic通用 world世界 view視圖
410
1048000
2000
這種統一、概括的世界觀
17:55
not only would we see the entire整個 range範圍 of the human人的 imagination想像力
411
1050000
5000
我們不僅會看到 人類的想像力
18:00
reduced減少 to a more narrow狹窄 modality形態 of thought,
412
1055000
4000
退化得更狹隘短淺
18:04
but that we would wake喚醒 from a dream夢想 one day
413
1059000
1000
最後我們會一覺醒來
18:05
having forgotten忘記了 there were even other possibilities可能性.
414
1060000
3000
忘記這個世界還有其他的可能性
18:09
And it's humbling震撼人心 to remember記得 that our species種類 has, perhaps也許,
415
1064000
3000
謙卑地說 人類的[15 萬年]的歷史
18:12
been around for [150,000] years年份.
416
1067000
2000
不過是滄海一粟
18:14
The Neolithic新石器時代 Revolution革命 -- which哪一個 gave us agriculture農業,
417
1069000
3000
新石器時代--人類農業的初始
18:17
at which哪一個 time we succumbed屈服於 to the cult禮拜 of the seed種子;
418
1072000
2000
那時我們對種子頂禮膜拜
18:19
the poetry詩歌 of the shaman was displaced流離失所
419
1074000
2000
薩滿的詩篇
18:21
by the prose散文 of the priesthood聖職;
420
1076000
1000
被祭司的韻文取代
18:22
we created創建 hierarchy等級制度 specialization專業化 surplus剩餘 --
421
1077000
3000
我們創造了層層的社會分工
18:25
is only 10,000 years年份 ago.
422
1080000
2000
不過是一萬年前的事
18:27
The modern現代 industrial產業 world世界 as we know it
423
1082000
2000
現代化的工業社會
18:29
is barely僅僅 300 years年份 old.
424
1084000
2000
也只有將近三百年的歷史
18:31
Now, that shallow history歷史 doesn't suggest建議 to me
425
1086000
2000
在我看來 這個短暫的歷史
18:33
that we have all the answers答案 for all of the challenges挑戰
426
1088000
3000
並不足以證明我們有能力
18:36
that will confront面對 us in the ensuing隨後 millennia千年.
427
1091000
2000
解決這個千禧年將面臨的各種挑戰
18:38
When these myriad無數的 cultures文化 of the world世界
428
1093000
2000
當我們向這個世界的多元文化
18:40
are asked the meaning含義 of being存在 human人的,
429
1095000
3000
詢問生命的意義
18:43
they respond響應 with 10,000 different不同 voices聲音.
430
1098000
2000
你會得到一萬個不同的答案
18:45
And it's within that song歌曲 that we will all rediscover重新發現 the possibility可能性
431
1100000
6000
在這個歌聲中 我們將會重新發現
18:51
of being存在 what we are: a fully充分 conscious意識 species種類,
432
1106000
3000
作為人類的別種可能:一個有完全意識的物種
18:54
fully充分 aware知道的 of ensuring確保 that all peoples人們 and all gardens花園
433
1109000
3000
充分認識到 我們必須保證所有種族和生物
18:57
find a way to flourish繁榮. And there are great moments瞬間 of optimism樂觀.
434
1112000
6000
都是昌盛繁榮 對生活充滿樂觀的
19:03
This is a photograph照片 I took at the northern北方 tip小費 of Baffin巴芬 Island
435
1118000
3000
這張照片是我在巴芬(Baffin)島的北邊山頂上拍攝的
19:06
when I went narwhal獨角鯨 hunting狩獵 with some Inuit因紐特人 people,
436
1121000
2000
那時 我和一些因紐特人去捕獨角鯨
19:09
and this man, OlayukOlayuk, told me a marvelous奇妙 story故事 of his grandfather祖父.
437
1124000
3000
這個叫奧拉雅的人 述說了他祖父的傳奇故事
19:13
The Canadian加拿大 government政府 has not always been kind
438
1128000
2000
1950 年代 加拿大政府並沒有
19:15
to the Inuit因紐特人 people, and during the 1950s,
439
1130000
2000
友善地對待因纽特人
19:17
to establish建立 our sovereignty主權, we forced被迫 them into settlements定居點.
440
1132000
3000
為了確立我們國家的主權 他們被趕到指定區域
19:20
This old man's男人的 grandfather祖父 refused拒絕 to go.
441
1135000
4000
這位老人的祖父拒絕遷移
19:24
The family家庭, fearful可怕 for his life, took away all of his weapons武器,
442
1139000
4000
他家人擔心他的安全 拿走他所有的武器
19:28
all of his tools工具.
443
1143000
1000
也拿走所有工具
19:30
Now, you must必須 understand理解 that the Inuit因紐特人 did not fear恐懼 the cold;
444
1145000
2000
先告訴你們 紐特人一點都不怕冷
19:32
they took advantage優點 of it.
445
1147000
1000
他們善用這個優勢
19:33
The runners亞軍 of their sleds雪橇 were originally本來 made製作 of fish
446
1148000
3000
他們雪橇的滑刃是用凍魚乾
19:36
wrapped包裹 in caribou馴鹿 hide隱藏.
447
1151000
1000
外面包裹馴鹿皮做成的
19:37
So, this man's男人的 grandfather祖父 was not intimidated嚇倒 by the Arctic北極 night
448
1152000
5000
這位男子的祖父並不懼怕北極的夜晚
19:42
or the blizzard暴風雪 that was blowing.
449
1157000
2000
和凜冽的暴風雪
19:44
He simply只是 slipped下滑 outside, pulled down his sealskin海豹皮 trousers長褲
450
1159000
3000
他就在雪地裡 脫下海豹皮長褲
19:48
and defecated大便 into his hand. And as the feces began開始 to freeze凍結,
451
1163000
3000
把大便拉到手上 等大便開始凍硬時
19:51
he shaped成形 it into the form形成 of a blade.
452
1166000
3000
把它削成刀片的形状
19:54
He put a spray噴霧 of saliva唾液 on the edge邊緣 of the shit拉屎 knife
453
1169000
2000
然後在大便刀片的邊緣 抹上口水
19:56
and as it finally最後 froze凍結 solid固體, he butchered屠殺 a dog with it.
454
1171000
3000
等它完全結凍變硬 他再用它宰殺了一條狗
19:59
He skinned面皮 the dog and improvised即興 a harness馬俱,
455
1174000
3000
剝下狗皮 做成一副挽具
20:02
took the ribcage肋骨 of the dog and improvised即興 a sled雪橇,
456
1177000
3000
又取出狗的胸腔 造了一對雪橇
20:06
harnessed駕馭 up an adjacent dog,
457
1181000
1000
套到另一隻狗身上
20:07
and disappeared消失 over the ice floes浮冰, shit拉屎 knife in belt.
458
1182000
4000
拽著那把大便刀 消失在冰原上
20:11
Talk about getting得到 by with nothing. (Laughter笑聲)
459
1186000
4000
這就是雙手萬能囉
20:15
And this, in many許多 ways方法 --
460
1190000
1000
從很多方面來說
20:16
(Applause掌聲) --
461
1191000
2000
(鼓掌)
20:18
is a symbol符號 of the resilience彈性 of the Inuit因紐特人 people
462
1193000
2000
這是他們頑強生命力的寫照
20:20
and of all indigenous土著 people around the world世界.
463
1195000
3000
也是所有土著人的生命力的真實寫照
20:23
The Canadian加拿大 government政府 in April四月 of 1999
464
1198000
2000
1999年4月 加拿大政府
20:25
gave back to total control控制 of the Inuit因紐特人
465
1200000
3000
重新歸還給因紐特人土地
20:28
an area of land土地 larger than California加州 and Texas德州 put together一起.
466
1203000
3000
這片土地比加州和德州的總和還更大
20:31
It's our new homeland家園. It's called Nunavut努納武特.
467
1206000
2000
這是我們的新家園 它叫紐勒維特(Nunavut)
20:34
It's an independent獨立 territory領土. They control控制 all mineral礦物 resources資源.
468
1209000
3000
這是一塊獨立的領土 他們擁有所有的礦物資源
20:37
An amazing驚人 example of how a nation-state民族國家
469
1212000
2000
這個例子正好說明了
20:39
can seek尋求 restitution歸還 with its people.
470
1214000
4000
一個國家如何去修復與人民的關係
20:44
And finally最後, in the end結束, I think it's pretty漂亮 obvious明顯
471
1219000
3000
最後 我認為
20:47
at least最小 to all of all us who've誰一直 traveled旅行
472
1222000
1000
至少對我們這些曾去過
20:48
in these remote遠程 reaches到達 of the planet行星,
473
1223000
2000
一些世界上偏遠地方的人來說
20:52
to realize實現 that they're not remote遠程 at all.
474
1227000
1000
其實他們一點也不"偏遠"
20:53
They're homelands家園 of somebody.
475
1228000
2000
那裏也是某個族群的家
20:55
They represent代表 branches分支機構 of the human人的 imagination想像力
476
1230000
2000
他們是遠古人類想像力的遺產
20:57
that go back to the dawn黎明 of time. And for all of us,
477
1232000
4000
人類歷史源頭的分支
21:01
the dreams of these children孩子, like the dreams of our own擁有 children孩子,
478
1236000
3000
而這些孩子的夢想 與我們自己孩子的夢想一樣
21:04
become成為 part部分 of the naked geography地理 of hope希望.
479
1239000
3000
是整個世界未來希望的一部分
21:07
So, what we're trying to do at the National國民 Geographic地理, finally最後,
480
1242000
4000
因此 我們嘗試透過"國家地理雜誌"去告訴所有人
21:11
is, we believe that politicians政治家 will never accomplish完成 anything.
481
1246000
4000
政治家並不能做到些什麼
21:15
We think that polemics論戰 --
482
1250000
1000
我們認為
21:16
(Applause掌聲) --
483
1251000
2000
(鼓掌)
21:18
we think that polemics論戰 are not persuasive說服力,
484
1253000
2000
我們覺得雄辯不一定能說服人
21:20
but we think that storytelling評書 can change更改 the world世界,
485
1255000
3000
但我們認為 說故事才能改變這個世界
21:23
and so we are probably大概 the best最好 storytelling評書 institution機構
486
1258000
3000
因此 我們是最會說故事的機構
21:26
in the world世界. We get 35 million百萬 hits點擊 on our website網站 every一切 month.
487
1261000
3000
我們網站每月點擊量達到 3 千 5 百萬次
21:29
156 nations國家 carry攜帶 our television電視 channel渠道.
488
1264000
3000
我們的節目在 156 個國家播放
21:33
Our magazines雜誌 are read by millions百萬.
489
1268000
2000
我們的雜誌有上百萬的讀者
21:35
And what we're doing is a series系列 of journeys旅程
490
1270000
3000
我們要做的是 通過一系列旅程
21:38
to the ethnosphereethnosphere where we're going to take our audience聽眾
491
1273000
2000
帶領我們的觀眾去體驗種族文化圈的
21:40
to places地方 of such這樣 cultural文化 wonder奇蹟
492
1275000
2000
文化奇跡之地
21:43
that they cannot不能 help but come away dazzled眼花繚亂
493
1278000
2000
他們所看到的一切
21:45
by what they have seen看到, and hopefully希望, therefore因此,
494
1280000
2000
會讓他們感到震撼 而且我們希望
21:47
embrace擁抱 gradually逐漸, one by one,
495
1282000
3000
他們逐漸地接納
21:50
the central中央 revelation啟示 of anthropology人類學:
496
1285000
2000
人類學的核心揭示:
21:52
that this world世界 deserves值得 to exist存在 in a diverse多種 way,
497
1287000
4000
這個世界需要多樣化的生存方式
21:56
that we can find a way to live生活
498
1291000
1000
讓我們能夠真正地生活在
21:57
in a truly multicultural多元文化, pluralistic多元化 world世界
499
1292000
3000
一個多元而豐富的世界之中
22:00
where all of the wisdom智慧 of all peoples人們
500
1295000
2000
讓所有種族的智慧
22:02
can contribute有助於 to our collective集體 well-being福利.
501
1297000
3000
都能為全人類的福址做出貢獻
22:05
Thank you very much.
502
1300000
1000
謝謝
22:06
(Applause掌聲)
503
1301000
2000
(鼓掌)
Translated by Feiman Luk
Reviewed by Po-Chih Tsai

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Wade Davis - Anthropologist, ethnobotanist
A National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, Wade Davis has been described as “a rare combination of scientist, scholar, poet and passionate defender of all of life’s diversity.”

Why you should listen

Wade Davis is perhaps the most articulate and influential western advocate for the world's indigenous cultures. A National Geographic Explorer-in-Residence, he has been described as “a rare combination of scientist, scholar, poet and passionate defender of all of life’s diversity.” Trained in anthropology and botany at Harvard, he travels the globe to live alongside indigenous people, and document their cultural practices in books, photographs, and film. His stunning photographs and evocative stories capture the viewer's imagination. As a speaker, he parlays that sense of wonder into passionate concern over the rate at which cultures and languages are disappearing -- 50 percent of the world's 7,000 languages, he says, are no longer taught to children. He argues, in the most beautiful terms, that language is much more than vocabulary and grammatical rules. Every language is an old-growth forest of the mind.  

Indigenous cultures are not failed attempts at modernity, let alone failed attempts to be us. They are unique expressions of the human imagination and heart, unique answers to a fundamental question: What does it mean to be human and alive? When asked this question, the peoples of the world respond in 7,000 different voices, and these collectively comprise our human repertoire for dealing with all the challenges that will confront us as a species over the coming centuries.

Davis is the author of 15 books including The Serpent and the RainbowOne River, and The Wayfinders. His many film credits include Light at the Edge of the World, an eight-hour documentary series produced for the National Geographic. In 2009 he received the Gold Medal from the Royal Canadian Geographical Society for his contributions to anthropology and conservation, and he is the 2011 recipient of the Explorers Medal, the highest award of the Explorers’ Club, and the 2012 recipient of the Fairchild Medal for Plant Exploration. His latest books are Into the Silence: The Great War, Mallory and the Conquest of Everest and The Sacred Headwaters: the Fight to Save the Stikine, Skeena and the Nass.

More profile about the speaker
Wade Davis | Speaker | TED.com

Data provided by TED.

This site was created in May 2015 and the last update was on January 12, 2020. It will no longer be updated.

We are currently creating a new site called "eng.lish.video" and would be grateful if you could access it.

If you have any questions or suggestions, please feel free to write comments in your language on the contact form.

Privacy Policy

Developer's Blog

Buy Me A Coffee