TEDSalon NY2011
Barry Schwartz: Using our practical wisdom
巴里 施瓦茲：應用我們的實用智慧
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在一次與觀眾密切的講談中，巴里 施瓦茲深刻探討了“我們怎樣才能做正確的事？”的問題。在他的合著者肯尼斯 夏普的協助下， 他通過幾個故事闡述了遵規守據與真正智慧選擇的區別。
Barry Schwartz - Psychologist
Barry Schwartz studies the link between economics and psychology, offering startling insights into modern life. Lately, working with Ken Sharpe, he's studying wisdom. Full bio
Barry Schwartz studies the link between economics and psychology, offering startling insights into modern life. Lately, working with Ken Sharpe, he's studying wisdom. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:00
The first thing I want to do is say thank you to all of you.
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首先，我想要感謝你們所有的人。
00:03
The second thing I want to do is introduce my co-author
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第二，我要介紹我的合著者，
00:06
and dear friend and co-teacher.
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我親愛的朋友和合作老師，
00:08
Ken and I have been working together
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--Ken 他和我在一起工作
00:10
for almost 40 years.
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已經有將近40年了。
00:12
That's Ken Sharpe over there.
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Ken Sharpe 就在那裡。
00:14
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
00:16
So there is among many people --
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所以，在許多人中-
00:19
certainly me and most of the people I talk to --
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包括我，和我接觸的大部份人中-
00:21
a kind of collective dissatisfaction
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有一種集體的不滿--
00:24
with the way things are working,
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對於事情運作的方式不滿，
00:26
with the way our institutions run.
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對於機構周轉的方式不滿。
00:29
Our kids' teachers seem to be failing them.
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我們孩子的老師似乎在辜負他們；
00:33
Our doctors don't know who the hell we are,
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我們的醫生不知道我們究竟如何，
00:36
and they don't have enough time for us.
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也沒有足夠的時間給我們。
00:38
We certainly can't trust the bankers,
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我們當然也不能信任銀行家，
00:40
and we certainly can't trust the brokers.
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更不能相信股票經紀人，
00:43
They almost brought the entire financial system down.
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是他們幾乎弄垮了整個財務系統。
00:46
And even as we do our own work,
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甚至當我們只是做自己的工作，
00:49
all too often,
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經常會
00:51
we find ourselves having to choose
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會發現自己不得不選擇
00:54
between doing what we think is the right thing
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要做我們認為是對的事，
00:57
and doing the expected thing,
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還是做被期待的事，
00:59
or the required thing,
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或是做被要求的事，
01:01
or the profitable thing.
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還是做有利益的事。
01:03
So everywhere we look,
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所以環顧周圍，
01:05
pretty much across the board,
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基本上的情況都是，
01:07
we worry that the people we depend on
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我們擔心我們所依靠的人
01:10
don't really have our interests at heart.
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並不真的在乎我們的權益；
01:14
Or if they do have our interests at heart,
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或即使他們在乎，
01:17
we worry that they don't know us well enough
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我們擔心他們不足夠瞭解我們
01:19
to figure out what they need to do
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來弄清他們該做什麽
01:21
in order to allow us
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才能讓我們
01:23
to secure those interests.
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獲取我們的權益。
01:25
They don't understand us.
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他們不理解我們。
01:27
They don't have the time to get to know us.
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他們也沒有時間來認識我們。
01:29
There are two kinds of responses
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對這種普遍的不滿足感，
01:31
that we make
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我們做出
01:33
to this sort of general dissatisfaction.
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兩種不同的回應。
01:37
If things aren't going right,
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如果事情不順，
01:39
the first response is:
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第一種回應是：
01:41
let's make more rules,
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讓我們制定更多的規則，
01:43
let's set up a set
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讓我們設定一系列
01:45
of detailed procedures
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更細的程序
01:47
to make sure that people will do the right thing.
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來確保人們做對的事。
01:50
Give teachers scripts
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給老師在教室裡
01:52
to follow in the classroom,
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要遵守的教學守則，
01:54
so even if they don't know what they're doing
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那麼即使他們不知道他們在做什麽，
01:56
and don't care about the welfare of our kids,
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也不在乎我們孩子的福利，
01:59
as long as they follow the scripts,
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只要他們遵守這些守則，
02:01
our kids will get educated.
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孩子們就能得到教育。
02:03
Give judges a list of mandatory sentences
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給法官一列對罪行實施的
02:06
to impose for crimes,
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強制判決令清單，
02:08
so that you don't need to rely
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所以你不再需要依賴
02:10
on judges using their judgment.
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法官們自己的判斷。
02:13
Instead, all they have to do
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相反，他們所需做的一切
02:15
is look up on the list
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只是查考清單-
02:17
what kind of sentence goes with what kind of crime.
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什麽判決對應什麽罪行。
02:20
Impose limits
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對信用卡公司，
02:22
on what credit card companies can charge in interest
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在他們能收取什麽為利息。
02:25
and on what they can charge in fees.
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能收取什麽費用上-施加限制。
02:27
More and more rules
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有越來越多的條例
02:29
to protect us
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來保護我們
02:31
against an indifferent, uncaring
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對付那些我們得應對的
02:33
set of institutions we have to deal with.
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漠不關心的機構。
02:36
Or -- or maybe and --
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或者，或許-
02:38
in addition to rules,
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除了規章條例
02:40
let's see if we can come up
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看看我們還能不能想出
02:42
with some really clever incentives
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一些聰明的激勵機制。
02:44
so that, even if the people we deal with
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那樣即使如果我們接觸的人
02:46
don't particularly want to serve our interests,
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并不特別想滿足我們的利益，
02:49
it is in their interest
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爲了他們自己的利益
02:51
to serve our interest --
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他們也會來滿足我們需要--
02:53
the magic incentives
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奇妙的激勵措施
02:55
that will get people to do the right thing
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竟能讓人們即使出於單單私心
02:57
even out of pure selfishness.
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也會做對的事。
03:00
So we offer teachers bonuses
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所以我們給老師提供獎金
03:02
if the kids they teach
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一旦他們所教的學生
03:04
score passing grades on these big test scores
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能通過那些重要考試
03:07
that are used to evaluate
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用來衡量學校系統質量的
03:09
the quality of school systems.
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標準考試。
03:12
Rules and incentives --
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規矩和獎勵 --
03:14
"sticks" and "carrots."
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軟硬兼施
03:16
We passed a bunch of rules
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我們通過了一串規條
03:18
to regulate the financial industry
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針對最近的崩盤和蕭條
03:20
in response to the recent collapse.
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來規範金融業。
03:22
There's the Dodd-Frank Act,
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有 Dodd-Frank 法案 （美國華爾街改革和個人消費者保護法案）
03:24
there's the new Consumer Financial Protection Agency
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有新的暫時由Elizabeth Warren 為首
03:27
that is temporarily being headed through the backdoor
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通過後門的
03:30
by Elizabeth Warren.
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消費者金融保護局。
03:32
Maybe these rules
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也許這些條例
03:34
will actually improve
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真能改善
03:37
the way these financial services companies behave.
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金融服務公司表現的方式
03:41
We'll see.
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我們還需拭目以待。
03:43
In addition, we are struggling
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另一方面， 我們努力
03:45
to find some way to create incentives
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尋找創建激勵機制的方法
03:48
for people in the financial services industry
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給金融服務業界的人
03:51
that will have them more interested
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能讓他們甚至只是出於所在的公司
03:53
in serving the long-term interests
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能對實現長遠的利益
03:55
even of their own companies,
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更感興趣，
03:57
rather than securing short-term profits.
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而不只是爲了取得一時的利益
04:01
So if we find just the right incentives,
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那樣如果我們能找到那個對的激勵，
04:03
they'll do the right thing -- as I said -- selfishly,
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他們也會“自私地”，如我所講，做對的事。
04:06
and if we come up with the right rules and regulations,
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所以如果我們能制定對的規章條例，
04:09
they won't drive us all over a cliff.
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他們就不會置我們與莫大的風險。
04:12
And Ken [Sharpe] and I certainly know
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然而Ken [Sharpe]和我知道
04:15
that you need to reign in the bankers.
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你們需要支配掌握銀行家！
04:18
If there is a lesson to be learned from the financial collapse
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如果從這次金融大衰退中我們能學的什麽
04:21
it is that.
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就是這個。
04:23
But what we believe,
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但是我們相信
04:25
and what we argue in the book,
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我們在書中也爭辯，
04:27
is that there is no set of rules,
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沒有那麼一系列條例，
04:30
no matter how detailed,
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無論多細節，
04:32
no matter how specific,
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無論多具體，
04:34
no matter how carefully monitored
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無論監管、
04:36
and enforced,
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實施多有力，
04:38
there is no set of rules
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沒有哪一列條例
04:40
that will get us what we need.
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能讓我們得到我們真正所需的。
04:42
Why? Because bankers are smart people.
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爲什麽？因為銀行家很聰明
04:46
And, like water,
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像水一樣，
04:48
they will find cracks
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他們任何條例中
04:50
in any set of rules.
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都會找到漏洞鑽。
04:53
You design a set of rules that will make sure
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你設訂一系列法案來確保
04:56
that the particular reason
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那個使整個金融系統
04:58
why the financial system "almost-collapse"
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幾乎崩潰的特定原因
05:00
can't happen again.
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不再發生；
05:02
It is naive beyond description
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但若認為你阻擋了
05:04
to think that having blocked
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這個使經濟蕭條的源頭
05:06
this source of financial collapse,
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就阻擋了所有崩毀金融的源頭，
05:08
you have blocked all possible sources of financial collapse.
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那未免太天真了。
05:11
So it's just a question of waiting for the next one
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所以這只是等待下一次危機
05:14
and then marveling at how we could have been so stupid
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然後驚異與我們爲什麽這麼愚蠢
05:17
as not to protect ourselves against that.
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竟然沒有針對其保護好自己。
05:20
What we desperately need,
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我們真正急需想要的，
05:22
beyond, or along with, better rules
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超過、或伴隨，更好的條例
05:25
and reasonably smart incentives,
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和有效的激勵
05:27
is we need virtue.
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是我們需要-品德
05:30
We need character.
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我們需要人格
05:32
We need people who want to do the right thing.
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我們需要想要做對的事的人
05:35
And in particular,
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特別地，
05:37
the virtue that we need most of all
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我們最需要的品德
05:40
is the virtue that Aristotle called
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是亞里斯多德所稱的
05:42
"practical wisdom."
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實用智慧。
05:45
Practical wisdom
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實用智慧-
05:47
is the moral will
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是做正確的事
05:49
to do the right thing
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的道德意志；
05:51
and the moral skill
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是知道什麽是正確的
05:53
to figure out what the right thing is.
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道德技巧。
05:56
So Aristotle was very interested in watching
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所以亞里斯多德對於觀察
05:59
how the craftsmen around him worked.
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他周圍的工匠如何工作很感興趣。
06:02
And he was impressed
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他對於他們
06:04
at how they would improvise
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如何即興針對
06:06
novel solutions to novel problems --
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他們也沒意料的新問題想出
06:08
problems that they hadn't anticipated.
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新奇的解決法案印象深刻。
06:10
So one example is he sees these stonemasons
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一個例子是他看到一些石匠
06:12
working on the Isle of Lesbos,
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在萊斯博斯島做工
06:15
and they need to measure out
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他們需要測量
06:17
round columns.
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那裡的圓柱
06:19
Well if you think about it,
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如果你想想的話
06:21
it's really hard to measure out round columns using a ruler.
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用直尺量圓柱真的很難
06:24
So what do they do?
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所以他們怎麼辦呢？
06:26
They fashion a novel solution to the problem.
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他們發明了一種新奇的手段
06:29
They created a ruler that bends,
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他們製作了一種可以彎曲的尺
06:32
what we would call these days a tape measure --
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今日被叫做-捲尺
06:35
a flexible rule,
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一把靈活的尺
06:37
a rule that bends.
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可彎曲的尺。
06:39
And Aristotle said,
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亞里斯多德就說
06:41
"Hah, they appreciated that sometimes
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哈，他們領會到有時
06:44
to design rounded columns,
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要造園的柱子
06:47
you need to bend the rule."
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你需要通融（放鬆規定）。
06:50
And Aristotle said
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亞里斯多德又說
06:52
often in dealing with other people,
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和別人相處
06:55
we need to bend the rules.
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我們也需要時常通融
06:58
Dealing with other people
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與人相處，
07:00
demands a kind of flexibility
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要求一種靈活
07:03
that no set of rules can encompass.
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那是沒有任何規章條例可以包括的。
07:06
Wise people know when and how
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智慧的人知道什麽時候，怎麼樣
07:08
to bend the rules.
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調整規矩；
07:10
Wise people know how to improvise.
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智慧的人知道如何即興發揮。
07:13
The way my co-author , Ken, and I talk about it,
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我的合著者Ken和我說起這個，
07:16
they are kind of like jazz musicians.
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他們就像爵士音樂家；
07:18
The rules are like the notes on the page,
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規矩就像紙上的音符，
07:20
and that gets you started,
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你從音符開始，
07:22
but then you dance around the notes on the page,
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但是接著你便從中發揮，讓音符自由飛舞，
07:25
coming up with just the right combination
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從中來的是對那特定時刻的
07:27
for this particular moment
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伴隨那特定共演者的
07:29
with this particular set of fellow players.
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最佳組合。
07:32
So for Aristotle,
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所以對於亞里斯多德，
07:34
the kind
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這種
07:37
of rule-bending,
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調整規矩、
07:40
rule exception-finding and improvisation
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通融規定-你從熟練工匠中
07:43
that you see in skilled craftsmen
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能看到的發現和即興發揮
07:45
is exactly what you need
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正是你們要成為一個道德上的工匠
07:47
to be a skilled moral craftsman.
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所需要的。
07:50
And in interactions with people,
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和人相處，
07:52
almost all the time,
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幾乎任何時候，
07:54
it is this kind of flexibility that is required.
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這種程度的靈活是需要的。
07:56
A wise person knows when to bend the rules.
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智慧的人知道何時調整規矩
07:59
A wise person knows when to improvise.
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智慧的人知道何時即興發揮
08:01
And most important,
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最重要的是，
08:03
a wise person does this improvising and rule-bending
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智慧的人做這種即興發揮和規章調整
08:06
in the service of the right aims.
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是為著正義的目的。
08:10
If you are a rule-bender and an improviser
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如果你是一個通融者，即興表演家
08:13
mostly to serve yourself,
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只是爲了自己，
08:15
what you get is ruthless manipulation of other people.
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你能得到的就是對他人無情的控制。
08:18
So it matters that you do this wise practice
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所以重要的是你做這種智行
08:20
in the service of others
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是爲了他人
08:22
and not in the service of yourself.
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而不是為自己。
08:24
And so the will to do the right thing
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所以想要做正義事的願望
08:27
is just as important as the moral skill
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與即興發揮
08:29
of improvisation
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特例發現
08:31
and exception-finding.
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的道德技巧一樣重要。
08:33
Together they comprise practical wisdom,
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他們一起就組成了
08:36
which Aristotle thought
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被亞里斯多德認為是
08:38
was the master virtue.
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品德之首的實用智慧。
08:40
So I'll give you an example
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讓我再舉一個
08:42
of wise practice in action.
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這種智慧實踐的例子。
08:44
It's the case of Michael.
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這是Michael的故事
08:47
Michael's a young guy.
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Michael是一個年輕人。
08:49
He had a pretty low-wage job.
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他有一份低薪的工作，
08:51
He was supporting his wife and a child,
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他得養活他妻子和一個孩子
08:54
and the child was going to parochial school.
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孩子將要上教區學校。
08:56
Then he lost his job.
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然而他丟了他的工作
08:59
He panicked
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他極度驚慌擔憂
09:01
about being able to support his family.
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能不能繼續養家糊口。
09:04
One night, he drank a little too much,
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一天，他喝的有點多，
09:07
and he robbed a cab driver --
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搶劫了一個出租司機-
09:09
stole 50 dollars.
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偷了50美金。
09:11
He robbed him at gunpoint.
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他用持槍搶劫。
09:13
It was a toy gun.
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用的是把玩具槍。
09:16
He got caught. He got tried.
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他被抓，被控告，
09:19
He got convicted.
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被定罪。
09:21
The Pennsylvania sentencing guidelines
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賓夕法尼亞的判決條例
09:24
required a minimum sentence for a crime like this
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要求對于這類罪行的處罰
09:27
of two years, 24 months.
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最低為兩年，24個月。
09:29
The judge on the case, Judge Lois Forer
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這個案例的法官，法官Lois Forer
09:32
thought that this made no sense.
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認為那沒有意義也講不通。
09:35
He had never committed a crime before.
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Michael沒有任何犯罪記錄。
09:38
He was a responsible husband and father.
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他是一個負責的丈夫和父親。
09:41
He had been faced with desperate circumstances.
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他面對著絕望的處境。
09:43
All this would do is wreck a family.
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那個判決所能做的就是毀了這個家
09:46
And so she improvised a sentence -- 11 months,
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所以她應對發揮了一個判決-11個月。
09:49
and not only that,
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不僅那樣，
09:51
but release every day to go to work.
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每天予以釋放讓他去工作。
09:53
Spend your night in jail, spend your day holding down a job.
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晚上坐監，白天工作。
09:56
He did. He served out his sentence.
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Michael這麼做了。他服完了他的判決。
09:59
He made restitution
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他做出了賠償。
10:01
and found himself a new job.
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他找到了新工作
10:03
And the family was united.
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家庭復原。
10:06
And it seemed on the road
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一切似乎在通往
10:08
to some sort of a decent life --
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一種得體生活的正軌上
10:11
a happy ending to a story
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一個故事的完美結局
10:14
involving wise improvisation
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有著來自一個智慧法官的
10:16
from a wise judge.
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智慧的即興而行
10:19
But it turned out
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但是結果呢，
10:22
the prosecutor was not happy
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檢察官不高興
10:25
that Judge Forer ignored the sentencing guidelines
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說Forer法官忽略了判決條例
10:28
and sort of invented her own,
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她發明了自己的判決，
10:30
and so he appealed.
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所以他再上訴。
10:33
And he asked for the mandatory minimum sentence
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他要求規定的對於持槍搶劫的
10:36
for armed robbery.
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最低處罰。
10:38
He did after all have a toy gun.
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畢竟，Michael的確用了一把玩具槍。
10:41
The mandatory minimum sentence for armed robbery
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持槍搶劫的最低處罰
10:43
is five years.
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是 5 年
10:46
He won the appeal.
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檢察官贏了上訴。
10:48
Michael was sentenced to five years in prison.
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Micheal被判坐監5年。
10:52
Judge Forer had to follow the law.
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Forer法官必須遵守法律。
10:56
And by the way, this appeal went through
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另外說一句， 上訴通過時，
10:58
after he had finished serving his sentence,
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是在Micheal已經結束服刑后
11:00
so he was out and working at a job
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所以他已經在外開始工作
11:03
and taking care of his family
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開始照料他的家庭
11:05
and he had to go back into jail.
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但他現在得重返監獄
11:07
Judge Forer did what she was required to do,
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Forer法官做了她被要求做的，
11:10
and then she quit the bench.
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接著她放棄了法官的職位。
11:14
And Michael disappeared.
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Michael呢，消失了。
11:18
So that is an example,
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所以就是這個例子
11:20
both of wisdom in practice
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同時有實踐的智慧
11:22
and the subversion of wisdom
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和智慧的顛覆-
11:24
by rules that are meant, of course, to make things better.
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根據規定，當然，是為了讓事情更好。
11:27
Now consider Ms. Dewey.
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現在想想 Dewey女士。
11:29
Ms. Dewey's a teacher in a Texas elementary school.
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Dewey女士是德州小學的一名教師
11:32
She found herself listening to a consultant one day
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一天她在聽一個諮詢師
11:35
who was trying to help teachers
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諮詢師想幫助老師
11:37
boost the test scores of the kids,
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提高學生成績，
11:39
so that the school
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那樣學校
11:41
would reach the elite category
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就會因為通過大考學生的比例
11:44
in percentage of kids passing big tests.
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成為精英學校。
11:46
All these schools in Texas compete with one another
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所以這些在德州的學校相互競爭
11:48
to achieve these milestones,
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來實現這些里程碑，
11:50
and there are bonuses and various other treats
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根據你是否戰勝其他學校
11:53
that come if you beat the other schools.
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有各種各樣的獎勵和威脅。
11:56
So here was the consultant's advice:
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所以諮詢師的建議是：
11:59
first, don't waste your time on kids
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第一：不要在那些不管你做什麽，都會通過考試的
12:02
who are going to pass the test no matter what you do.
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學生身上浪費時間；
12:06
Second, don't waste your time
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第二，不要在不管你做什麽
12:08
on kids who can't pass the test
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都不會通過考試的學生身上
12:11
no matter what you do.
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浪費時間；
12:13
Third, don't waste your time
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第三，不要浪費時間在那些
12:15
on kids who moved into the district
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太遲進入這個學區
12:18
too late for their scores to be counted.
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成績不會被記入計算的學生。
12:21
Focus all of your time and attention
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集中你的時間和注意力
12:24
on the kids who are on the bubble,
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在那些在邊緣的孩子
12:27
the so-called "bubble kids" --
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邊緣孩子
12:29
kids where your intervention
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你的介入
12:31
can get them just maybe over the line
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也許能讓他們跨過那條線
12:33
from failing to passing.
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從不及格到通過。
12:35
So Ms. Dewey heard this,
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所以Dewey 女士聽到了這個
12:37
and she shook her head in despair
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在絕望中她搖頭
12:40
while fellow teachers were sort of cheering each other on
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然而她的同事老師們卻互相歡呼
12:43
and nodding approvingly.
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贊許地點頭-
12:45
It's like they were about to go play a football game.
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就好像他們都正要去一場橄欖球比賽一樣。
12:47
For Ms. Dewey,
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對於Dewey 女士，
12:49
this isn't why she became a teacher.
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這不是她想要成為一名老師的目的啊。
12:52
Now Ken and I are not naive,
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現在，Ken和我並不天真，
12:54
and we understand that you need to have rules.
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我們也理解你需要規章條例。
12:57
You need to have incentives.
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你也學要刺激激勵。
12:59
People have to make a living.
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人們需要謀生，
13:01
But the problem
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但是依賴規矩和激勵
13:03
with relying on rules and incentives
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的問題在于
13:05
is that they demoralize
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他們使職業行為
13:08
professional activity,
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士氣低落。
13:10
and they demoralize professional activity
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他們使職業活動士氣低落，
13:12
in two senses.
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表現在兩方面。
13:14
First, they demoralize the people
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第一，他們使參與活動的
13:16
who are engaged in the activity.
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人喪失士氣。
13:18
Judge Forer quits,
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Forer法官放棄了，
13:20
and Ms. Dewey in completely disheartened.
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Dewey女士完全地沮喪。
13:22
And second,
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第二，
13:24
they demoralize the activity itself.
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他們使活動本身洩氣。
13:26
The very practice is demoralized,
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活動是無士氣的，
13:29
and the practitioners are demoralized.
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實施者是沮喪的，
13:31
It creates people --
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它使人們--
13:33
when you manipulate incentives to get people to do the right thing --
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當你想操控、刺激人們做對的事時--
13:36
it creates people
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這讓人們對
13:38
who are addicted to incentives.
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這些激勵措施上癮。
13:40
That is to say, it creates people
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也就是說，它造就了
13:42
who only do things for incentives.
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只爲獎勵做事的人。
13:44
Now the striking thing about this
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引人注目的是，
13:46
is that psychologists have known this
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心理學家已經知道一點
13:48
for 30 years.
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已經有30年。
13:50
Psychologists have known
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心理學家都知道
13:52
about the negative consequences of incentivizing everything
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全盤激勵的負面結果
13:55
for 30 years.
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有30年。
13:57
We know that if you reward kids for drawing pictures,
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我們知道如果你獎勵孩子畫畫，
14:00
they stop caring about the drawing
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他們停止關心畫畫本身
14:02
and care only about the reward.
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而只在乎獎勵；
14:04
If you reward kids for reading books,
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如果你獎勵孩子讀書，
14:06
they stop caring about what's in the books
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他們停止關心書的內容
14:09
and only care about how long they are.
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而只關心書有多厚；
14:11
If you reward teachers for kids' test scores,
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如果你為孩子的成績獎勵老師，
14:14
they stop caring about educating
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他們停止關心教育本身
14:16
and only care about test preparation.
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單單在乎準備考試；
14:18
If you were to reward doctors
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如果你要去獎勵醫生，
14:20
for doing more procedures --
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為更多的檢查手續--
14:22
which is the current system -- they would do more.
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-也就是現在的醫療系統-他們會做更多；
14:24
If instead you reward doctors for doing fewer procedures,
355
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如果相反，你獎勵他們精化程序，
14:27
they will do fewer.
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他們就會做少一些。
14:29
What we want, of course,
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我們想要的，當然，
14:31
is doctors who do just the right amount of procedures
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卻是走合適數目程序的醫生：
14:33
and do the right amount for the right reason --
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為正確的原因，走合適數目程序--
14:36
namely, to serve the welfare of their patients.
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也就是，爲了他們病人的福利。
14:39
Psychologists have known this for decades,
361
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心裡學家知道這個已經幾十年，
14:41
and it's time for policymakers
362
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是時候於政策制定者
14:44
to start paying attention
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該開始關注
14:46
and listen to psychologists a little bit,
364
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和傾聽心裡學家多一點，
14:49
instead of economists.
365
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而不是經濟學家。
14:52
And it doesn't have to be this way.
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事情不必那樣。
14:54
We think, Ken and I, that there are real sources of hope.
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Ken 和我認為有真正的希望來源。
14:57
We identify one set of people
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我們發現在所有的工作之中
14:59
in all of these practices
369
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有一類人
15:01
who we call canny outlaws.
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可以被稱為精明的逾矩者。
15:03
These are people
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這些人
15:05
who, being forced to operate
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被強迫在
15:08
in a system that demands rule-following
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一個要求遵規守據，製造激勵機制
15:10
and creates incentives,
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的系統工作，
15:12
find away around the rules,
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在規條裡鑽漏洞，
15:14
find a way to subvert the rules.
376
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扭曲規定。
15:17
So there are teachers who have these scripts to follow,
377
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所以有哪些有教案可參考的老師，
15:19
and they know that if they follow these scripts, the kids will learn nothing.
378
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他們知道如果他們照本宣讀，學生什麽都學不著。
15:22
And so what they do is they follow the scripts,
379
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他們所作的是遵循講義，
15:25
but they follow the scripts at double-time
380
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但他們加速
15:28
and squirrel away little bits of extra time
381
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來儲蓄多餘的一點時間
15:31
during which they teach in the way
382
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用在他們認為真正有效的
15:33
that they actually know is effective.
383
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教學方式上。
15:36
So these are little ordinary, everyday heroes,
384
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所以這些才是平凡的生活中的英雄，
15:39
and they're incredibly admirable,
385
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他們無比令人欽佩，
15:41
but there's no way that they can sustain this kind of activity
386
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但是他們無法面對這麼一個體系
15:44
in the face of a system
387
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持續他們的舉動
15:46
that either roots them out
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那體系要嘛掃除了他們
15:48
or grinds them down.
389
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要嘛磨損同化了他們。
15:50
So canny outlaws are better than nothing,
390
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所以精明的逾矩者比沒有好。
15:52
but it's hard to imagine any canny outlaw
391
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但很難想像他們
15:54
sustaining that for an indefinite period of time.
392
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能維持多長的時間
15:57
More hopeful
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更有希望的是
15:59
are people we call system-changers.
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被稱為體系革新者的人。
16:01
These are people who are looking
395
961000
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這些人
16:03
not to dodge the system's rules and regulations,
396
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3000
不避開系統的規章條例，
16:06
but to transform the system,
397
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卻去改變這個體系，
16:08
and we talk about several.
398
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我們知道一些這樣的人。
16:10
One in particular
399
970000
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其中一個很特別
16:12
is a judge named Robert Russell.
400
972000
3000
是一名叫Robert Russell的法官。
16:15
And one day he was faced
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一天他面對
16:17
with the case of Gary Pettengill.
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Gary Pettengill 的案例。
16:20
Pettengill was a 23-year-old vet
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Pettengill是一個23歲的退役兵
16:23
who had planned to make the army a career,
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曾經想過留在部隊成就一番事業，
16:25
but then he got a severe back injury in Iraq,
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但在伊拉克不幸受到了一次嚴重的背傷，
16:27
and that forced him to take a medical discharge.
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逼迫他因健康因素退伍。
16:30
He was married, he had a third kid on the way,
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他結了婚，就要擁有第三個孩子，
16:33
he suffered from PTSD, in addition to the bad back,
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除了背傷，他還受創傷後精神障礙，
16:36
and recurrent nightmares,
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和無休止噩夢的折磨，
16:38
and he had started using marijuana
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所以他開始抽大麻
16:40
to ease some of the symptoms.
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來緩解一些癥狀。
16:43
He was only able to get part-time work because of his back,
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因為他的背，他只能做一些兼職，
16:46
and so he was unable to earn enough to put food on the table
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所以他無法掙足夠錢
16:49
and take care of his family.
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來養家糊口。
16:51
So he started selling marijuana.
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所以他開始賣大麻。
16:53
He was busted in a drug sweep.
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在一次毒品掃除中被抓。
16:56
His family was kicked out of their apartment,
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他的一家被趕出公寓，
16:58
and the welfare system
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福利機構
17:00
was threatening to take away his kids.
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威脅要帶走他的孩子。
17:02
Under normal sentencing procedures,
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在通常的判決條例下，
17:04
Judge Russell would have had little choice
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Russell法官基本沒有選擇
17:07
but to sentence Pettengill to serious jail-time
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只能給Pettengill 嚴重的刑期
17:09
as a drug felon.
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作為毒品販的懲罰。
17:12
But Judge Russell did have an alternative.
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但是Russell 的確有另一個選擇。
17:15
And that's because he was in a special court.
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因為他在一個特別的法庭
17:18
He was in a court called the Veterans' Court.
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他在退伍軍人法庭。
17:21
In the Veterans' Court --
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在退伍軍人法庭-
17:23
this was the first of its kind in the United States.
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這是美國這一類法庭的第一個。
17:26
Judge Russell created the Veterans' Court.
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Russell 法官創立了退伍軍人法庭。
17:28
It was a court only for veterans
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這個法庭只為違法的
17:30
who had broken the law.
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退伍軍人服務。
17:33
And he had created it exactly because
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他創立了這個法庭
17:35
mandatory sentencing laws
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正是因為強制判刑的法律措施
17:37
were taking the judgment out of judging.
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讓審判的工作脫離了判決。
17:40
No one wanted non-violent offenders --
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沒人想讓並不殘暴的罪犯-
17:43
and especially non-violent offenders who were veterans to boot --
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特別是那些既不暴力，而且是退伍軍人的冒犯者
17:46
to be thrown into prison.
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被投入監獄。
17:48
They wanted to do something about what we all know,
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對於我們都知道的，他們想做點什麽
17:51
namely the revolving door of the criminal justice system.
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即-法律系統中的反反復複（抓了就放，把嫌犯隨便放回街頭的司法）
17:54
And what the Veterans' Court did,
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退休軍人法庭所做的，
17:56
was it treated each criminal as an individual,
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就是把每個罪犯作為個體看待，
17:59
tried to get inside their problems,
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想要深入瞭解他們的問題，
18:02
tried to fashion responses to their crimes
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試圖針對他們的罪行做不同回應，
18:05
that helped them to rehabilitate themselves,
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幫助他們改過自新，
18:07
and didn't forget about them once the judgment was made.
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並且在判決後也不忘記他們。
18:10
Stayed with them, followed up on them,
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與他們並駕齊驅，繼續考察他們
18:13
made sure that they were sticking to whatever plan
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確保他們在堅守不管什麽
18:15
had been jointly developed
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一同制定的
18:17
to get them over the hump.
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幫他們越過坎坷的計劃。
18:19
There are now 22 cities
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現在在22個城市，
18:21
that have Veterans' Courts like this.
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已經有像那樣的退休軍人法庭了。
18:23
Why has the idea spread?
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爲什麽這個主張會流傳？
18:26
Well, one reason is
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一個原因是
18:28
that Judge Russell
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Russell法官
18:30
has now seen 108 vets
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到今年2月為止
18:32
in his Veterans' Court
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已經在他的退伍軍人法庭
18:34
as of February of this year,
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見過108名退伍軍人。
18:36
and out of 108,
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這108人中
18:38
guess how many have gone back through
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猜猜有多少因為
18:40
the revolving door of justice
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把嫌犯隨便放回街頭的司法
18:42
into prison.
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重返監獄？
18:44
None. None.
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一個也沒有！
18:46
Anyone would glom onto
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任何人都無法想像
18:49
a criminal justice system
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一個刑事審判系統
18:51
that has this kind of a record.
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能有這樣一番記錄。
18:53
So here's is a system-changer, and it seems to be catching.
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所以這裡還有一個制度革新者,故事非常精彩。
18:56
There's a banker
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有一個銀行家
18:58
who created a for-profit community bank
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他創立了一個盈利的社區銀行
19:00
that encouraged bankers -- I know this is hard to believe --
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來鼓勵銀行家-我知道這讓人難以置信-
19:03
encouraged bankers who worked there to do well
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鼓勵在那裡工作的銀行家們通過對他們
19:06
by doing good for their low-income clients.
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低收入的顧客行好事來做好工作。
19:09
The bank helped finance the rebuilding
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那家銀行幫助籌資重建了
19:12
of what was otherwise a dying community.
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一個原本會沒落的社區。
19:15
Though their loan recipients were high-risk by ordinary standards,
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雖然他們的貸款對象按常規講是高風險的，
19:18
the default rate was extremely low.
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但是事實上違約率非常低。
19:21
The bank was profitable.
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這家銀行非常盈利。
19:24
The bankers stayed with their loan recipients.
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銀行家們與他們的貸款對象在同一陣營
19:26
They didn't make loans and then sell the loans.
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他們不辦理貸款再賣出貸款。
19:28
They serviced the loans.
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他們維護貸款。
19:30
They made sure that their loan recipients
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他們確保他們的貸款對象
19:32
were staying up with their payments.
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跟得上他們的還款。
19:35
Banking hasn't always been
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銀行並不總是
19:38
the way we read about it now in the newspapers.
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像我們今天在報紙上讀到的那樣。
19:42
Even Goldman Sachs
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即使是高盛
19:44
once used to serve clients,
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在它變成一個
19:47
before it turned into an institution
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單單自利的機構前，
19:50
that serves only itself.
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也一度在服務顧客。
19:52
Banking wasn't always this way,
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所以銀行并不總這樣，
19:54
and it doesn't have to be this way.
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也不必像現在這樣。
19:59
So there are examples like this in medicine --
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在醫學界也有這樣的例子-
20:02
doctors at Harvard
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在哈佛的醫生們
20:04
who are trying to transform medical education,
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正在嘗試醫學教育改革，
20:06
so that you don't get a kind of ethical erosion
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讓你不會像現在的醫學院學生一樣
20:08
and loss of empathy,
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在他們的接受專業訓練中
20:10
which characterizes most medical students
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紛紛多少道德腐化
20:12
in the course of their medical training.
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同情心磨滅。
20:14
And the way they do it is to give third-year medical students
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他們所採用的方法是： 給三年級的學生
20:17
patients who they follow for an entire year.
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分配他們要跟隨一整年的病人。
20:19
So the patients are not organ systems,
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所以病人並不是器官系統，
20:21
and they're not diseases;
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也不是疾病；
20:23
they're people, people with lives.
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他們也是人，有血有生命的活人。
20:25
And in order to be an effective doctor,
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所以想成為一個有效率的醫生，
20:27
you need to treat people who have lives and not just disease.
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你得對待有生命的而不只是有疾病的人。
20:30
In addition to which there's an enormous amount of back and forth,
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另外，這其中有許多來回反復，
20:33
mentoring of one student by another,
505
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學生之間相互幫助指導，
20:35
of all the students by the doctors,
506
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所有學生有醫生為導師，
20:38
and the result is a generation -- we hope -- of doctors
507
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結果將是-我們希望-新一代
20:41
who do have time for the people they treat.
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願意對醫治的病人付出時間的醫生。
20:43
We'll see.
509
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我們拭目以待。
20:45
So there are lots of examples like this that we talk about.
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所以有很多像我們今天討論一樣的例子。
20:48
Each of them shows that it is possible
511
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每一個例子都證明
20:50
to build on and nurture character
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建立和培養人格，同時
20:53
and keep a profession
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操守一個符合其使命-
20:55
true to its proper mission --
514
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-亞里斯多德的稱之為"正當的終極目的”
20:57
what Aristotle would have called its proper telos.
515
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的職業是完全有可能的.
21:01
And Ken and I believe
516
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Ken 和我相信
21:03
that this is what practitioners actually want.
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這也是實踐家真正想要的。
21:06
People want to be allowed
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人們想要被允許
21:08
to be virtuous.
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能是美德的。
21:10
They want to have permission to do the right thing.
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他們想得到做正確的事的允許。
21:13
They don't want to feel
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他們不希望感到
21:15
like they need to take a shower
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每日下班回家後，
21:17
to get the moral grime off their bodies everyday
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他們必須淋浴一下，
21:20
when they come home from work.
524
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才能清除他們身上的道德污穢。
21:23
Aristotle thought that practical wisdom
525
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亞里斯多德認為：實用智慧
21:25
was the key to happiness,
526
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幸福快樂的關鍵，
21:27
and he was right.
527
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他是對的。
21:30
There's now a lot of research being done in psychology
528
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有許多心理學研究都在探索
21:33
on what makes people happy,
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是什麽讓人快樂幸福，
21:35
and the two things that jump out in study after study --
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有兩樣東西反復被提及出現-
21:38
I know this will come as a shock to all of you --
531
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我知道這會讓你們所有人大吃一驚-
21:40
the two things that matter most to happiness
532
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最影響幸福的兩樣東西是
21:43
are love and work.
533
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愛和工作。
21:46
Love: managing successfully
534
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愛：即成功地保持與
21:49
relations with the people who are close to you
535
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和你親密的人以及
21:51
and with the communities of which you are a part.
536
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你所屬社區的關係。
21:54
Work: engaging in activities
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工作：參與那些
21:57
that are meaningful and satisfying.
538
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有意義和有滿足感的活動。
22:00
If you have that, good close relations with other people,
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如果你有，足夠的和他人親密的關係，
22:03
work that's meaningful and fulfilling,
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有意義令人滿足的工作，
22:06
you don't much need anything else.
541
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那你真不太需要其他什麽。
22:09
Well, to love well and to work well,
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所以呢，要想好好的愛，好好的工作，
22:12
you need wisdom.
543
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你必須要有智慧。
22:14
Rules and incentives don't tell you
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規則和激勵措施不會告訴你
22:16
how to be a good friend, how to be a good parent,
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怎麼當一個好朋友，好父母，
22:19
how to be a good spouse,
546
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好的配偶
22:21
or how to be a good doctor or a good lawyer
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或好的老師、好的律師
22:23
or a good teacher.
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好的老師。
22:25
Rules and incentives
549
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規則和激勵措施
22:27
are no substitutes for wisdom.
550
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不能替代智慧。
22:29
Indeed, we argue,
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實施上，我們堅信，
22:31
there is no substitute for wisdom.
552
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沒有什麽能代替智慧。
22:34
And so practical wisdom
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因而實用智慧
22:36
does not require
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不需要
22:38
heroic acts of self-sacrifice
555
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在實踐家身上
22:41
on the part of practitioners.
556
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自我犧牲的英雄作為。
22:44
In giving us the will and the skill
557
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給了我們做正確事，為別人做正確事
22:46
to do the right thing -- to do right by others --
558
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的願望和技巧，
22:49
practical wisdom also gives us
559
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實用智慧也給了我們
22:51
the will and the skill
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能獨立為自己
22:53
to do right by ourselves.
561
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做正確的事的願望和技巧。
22:56
Thanks.
562
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謝謝大家。
22:58
(Applause)
563
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Barry Schwartz - PsychologistBarry Schwartz studies the link between economics and psychology, offering startling insights into modern life. Lately, working with Ken Sharpe, he's studying wisdom.
Why you should listen
In his 2004 book The Paradox of Choice, Barry Schwartz tackles one of the great mysteries of modern life: Why is it that societies of great abundance — where individuals are offered more freedom and choice (personal, professional, material) than ever before — are now witnessing a near-epidemic of depression? Conventional wisdom tells us that greater choice is for the greater good, but Schwartz argues the opposite: He makes a compelling case that the abundance of choice in today's western world is actually making us miserable.
Infinite choice is paralyzing, Schwartz argues, and exhausting to the human psyche. It leads us to set unreasonably high expectations, question our choices before we even make them and blame our failures entirely on ourselves. His relatable examples, from consumer products (jeans, TVs, salad dressings) to lifestyle choices (where to live, what job to take, who and when to marry), underscore this central point: Too much choice undermines happiness.
Schwartz's previous research has addressed morality, decision-making and the varied inter-relationships between science and society. Before Paradox he published The Costs of Living, which traces the impact of free-market thinking on the explosion of consumerism -- and the effect of the new capitalism on social and cultural institutions that once operated above the market, such as medicine, sports, and the law.
Both books level serious criticism of modern western society, illuminating the under-reported psychological plagues of our time. But they also offer concrete ideas on addressing the problems, from a personal and societal level.
Schwartz is the author of the TED Book, Why We Work.
Barry Schwartz | Speaker | TED.com