TEDGlobal 2013
Anant Agarwal: Why massive open online courses (still) matter
安納特．阿加瓦爾: 為何大規模網路開放課程仍有其重要性?
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MOOCs（大規模網路開放課程）在 2013 這一年可說十分熱門；不過儘管數據龐大，也受到高度期盼，初步結果卻教人失望。但 edX 的負責人安納特．阿加瓦爾提出理由說明 MOOCs 仍相當重要。也許不能取代傳統教室，卻能廣泛地提供進階學習的共享機會，還能補足教室不足之處。他還分享對混合學習的期望，還有教師可以此方式為 21 世紀的學生創造理想的學習經驗。
Anant Agarwal - Education innovator
Through blended courses Anant Agarwal is pairing online education with face-to-face student-faculty interactions, reshaping the university campus experience. Full bio
Through blended courses Anant Agarwal is pairing online education with face-to-face student-faculty interactions, reshaping the university campus experience. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
我要重新構想教育的樣子，
00:12
I'd like to reimagine education.
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00:15
The last year
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因為去年
00:17
has seen the invention of a new four-letter word.
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一個包含4個字母的新字誕生了；
00:20
It starts with an M.
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是M開頭的
00:21
MOOC: massive open online courses.
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「MOOC大規模網路開放課程」。
00:26
Many organizations
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目前有許多組織，
00:27
are offering these online courses
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為全球數以百萬的學生，
00:30
to students all over the world, in the millions, for free.
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提供這樣的免費網路課程。
00:34
Anybody who has an Internet connection
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任何人只要有網路連線，
00:36
and the will to learn can access these great courses
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和學習意願，就能利用
頂尖大學提供的絕佳課程，
00:38
from excellent universities
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00:40
and get a credential at the end of it.
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修畢後還能取得證書。
00:44
Now, in this discussion today,
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今天這場討論中，
00:46
I'm going to focus
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我想專注在
00:47
on a different aspect of MOOCs.
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MOOCs的另一面。
我們要應用目前所學，
00:51
We are taking what we are learning
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00:53
and the technologies we are developing in the large
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及大量開發的技術，
並小幅度地用在
00:56
and applying them in the small
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00:58
to create a blended model of education
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發展一套多元教育模式。
藉此重塑並重新構想
01:01
to really reinvent and reimagine
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01:03
what we do in the classroom.
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課堂教學活動。
目前的課堂教學需要改革。
01:05
Now, our classrooms could use change.
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01:07
So, here's a classroom
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現在你們看到的是一間教室，
01:10
at this little three-letter institute
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這個小學校的名稱有3個字母，
01:12
in the Northeast of America, MIT.
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就是美國東北部的麻省理工學院(MIT)，
01:15
And this was a classroom about 50 or 60 years ago,
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拍攝時間是五、六十年前。
01:17
and this is a classroom today.
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再來這張是目前的教室，
01:20
What's changed?
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有何不同?
椅子變成彩色的了!
01:24
The seats are in color.
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隨你怎麼說啦!(會心一笑)
01:26
Whoop-de-do.
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01:29
Education really hasn't changed
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半世紀以來，
教育並無顯著改變；
01:32
in the past 500 years.
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01:34
The last big innovation in education
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最近的重大教育革新，
乃是印刷機與教科書。
01:36
was the printing press and the textbooks.
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01:40
Everything else has changed around us.
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儘管生活環境已大不相同，
01:41
You know, from healthcare to transportation,
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從健保到運輸系統莫不如此；
01:43
everything is different,
but education hasn't changed.
but education hasn't changed.
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但教育不然，
01:47
It's also been a real issue in terms of access.
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而取得性也始終是一大問題。
01:50
So what you see here
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你們現在看到的畫面，
01:52
is not a rock concert.
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不是搖滾演唱會；
01:54
And the person you see at the end of the stage
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在舞台另一頭你所看到的，
01:57
is not Madonna.
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也不是瑪丹娜。
01:59
This is a classroom
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這是奈及利亞
02:00
at the Obafemi Awolowo University in Nigeria.
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奧巴費米•亞沃洛沃大學
(Obafemi Awolowo University)的教室
(Obafemi Awolowo University)的教室
02:05
Now, we've all heard of distance education,
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我們都聽過「遠距教學」，
02:09
but the students way in the back,
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不過遠在教室後方的學生，
02:10
200 feet away from the instructor,
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跟講師相距200英尺，
02:12
I think they are undergoing long-distance education.
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我想他們當下已親身領教「遠距教學」。
02:17
Now, I really believe
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我確信
02:19
that we can transform education,
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透過科技，
我們是可以改變教育的，
02:21
both in quality and scale and access,
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包括品質、規模和取得性。
02:24
through technology.
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02:26
For example, at edX,
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以edX網路課程平台為例，
02:30
we are trying to transform education
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目前我們嘗試以網路科技，
02:32
through online technologies.
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改造教育。
02:35
Given education has been calcified for 500 years,
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由於500年來教育僵化，
02:38
we really cannot think about reengineering it,
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我們實在不敢奢望體制改革
02:41
micromanaging it.
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或有嚴密監督，
02:42
We really have to completely reimagine it.
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我們確實需要重新構想。
02:44
It's like going from ox carts to the airplane.
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這就好比從牛車進化到飛機，
02:48
Even the infrastructure has to change.
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甚至連基礎建設都必須改變，
02:50
Everything has to change.
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每樣都要改。
02:51
We need to go from lectures on the blackboard
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我們要從靠黑板講課，
02:55
to online exercises, online videos.
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往線上練習與影片邁進；
02:57
We have to go to interactive virtual laboratories
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再加入互動情境實驗室，
03:00
and gamification.
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並融入遊戲。
03:01
We have to go to completely online grading
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完全的線上評分機制、同儕互動
03:03
and peer interaction and discussion boards.
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以及討論版都是我們必須努力的。
03:06
Everything really has to change.
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每件事真的都得改，
所以透過edX和其他組織，
03:08
So at edX and a number of other organizations,
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03:11
we are applying these technologies to education
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我們把這些技術應用於教育，
03:13
through MOOCs to really
increase access to education.
increase access to education.
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透過MOOCs平台大幅普及教育。
03:16
And you heard of this example,
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各位應該都聽過這案例，
03:18
where, when we launched our very first course --
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當我們推出第一堂
難度已達MIT程度的課---
03:20
and this was an MIT-hard
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03:22
circuits and electronics course --
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電路與電子學---
03:24
about a year and a half ago,
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這大約是1年半前的事，
03:27
155,000 students from 162 countries
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有15萬5千名
來自162國的學生報名，
03:32
enrolled in this course.
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03:34
And we had no marketing budget.
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當時我們毫無行銷預算，
03:36
Now, 155,000 is a big number.
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15萬5千人算很多了。
03:40
This number is bigger
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這數字，
比MIT 150年來，
03:41
than the total number of alumni of MIT
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累積的校友人數還多。
03:44
in its 150-year history.
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03:48
7,200 students passed the course,
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雖只有7千2百人及格，
03:50
and this was a hard course.
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這課程還頗難的，
03:53
7,200 is also a big number.
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7千2百人也已經很不簡單了！
03:56
If I were to teach at MIT two semesters every year,
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假設在MIT，我每年兩學期都有課，
得教40年
04:00
I would have to teach for 40 years
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04:02
before I could teach this many students.
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才能累積那麼多學生。
04:05
Now these large numbers
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不過這些大數字，
04:07
are just one part of the story.
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只是事情發展的一部分。
04:09
So today, I want to discuss a different aspect,
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今天我要談點別的，
04:11
the other side of MOOCs,
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MOOCs的另一面，
04:13
take a different perspective.
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從不同的觀點切入。
04:15
We are taking what we develop
and learn in the large
and learn in the large
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我們要大幅採用開發習得的技術，
04:18
and applying it in the small
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並小幅度地應用在課堂中，
04:19
to the classroom, to create
a blended model of learning.
a blended model of learning.
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來創造一種多元教育模式，
04:23
But before I go into that, let me tell you a story.
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但在那之前，容我先說一事；
04:28
When my daughter turned 13, became a teenager,
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小女13歲時，步入少年時期，
04:32
she stopped speaking English,
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這時她不再說英語，
04:35
and she began speaking this new language.
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改說起另一種新語言，
04:38
I call it teen-lish.
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我稱之為「少年語」。
04:41
It's a digital language.
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那是一種數位語言，
04:43
It's got two sounds: a grunt and a silence.
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只包含兩種聲音:悶哼和沉默。(哄堂大笑)
04:50
"Honey, come over for dinner."
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「寶貝!來吃晚飯囉!」
「嗯!」
04:53
"Hmm."
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04:55
"Did you hear me?"
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「妳聽到了沒?」
「…….」(會心一笑)
04:57
Silence. (Laughter)
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04:59
"Can you listen to me?"
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「聽我說好嗎?」
05:01
"Hmm."
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「嗯!」
05:02
So we had a real issue with communicating,
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那時我們之間真的有問題了!
05:04
and we were just not communicating,
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根本無法溝通!
05:06
until one day I had this epiphany.
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直到有天我靈機一動，
05:09
I texted her. (Laughter)
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我發簡訊給她(笑聲) ，
05:12
I got an instant response.
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結果立刻就有回應。
05:14
I said, no, that must have been by accident.
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我本想這一定是巧合，
05:16
She must have thought, you know,
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她一定以為
05:17
some friend of hers was calling her.
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是朋友找她。
05:19
So I texted her again. Boom, another response.
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因此我再發一封，咻地就回覆了!
05:22
I said, this is great.
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我想這太棒了!
05:24
And so since then, our life has changed.
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此後我們的生活就改變了，
05:26
I text her, she responds.
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我發簡訊，她回應，
05:28
It's just been absolutely great.
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簡直妙不可喻!
05:30
(Applause)
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(觀眾報以掌聲)
05:36
So our millennial generation
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千禧世代
05:38
is built differently.
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他們的成長經歷不同，
05:40
Now, I'm older, and my
youthful looks might belie that,
youthful looks might belie that,
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我看來沒那麼老，不過不年輕了，
05:42
but I'm not in the millennial generation.
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也算不上千禧世代；
05:46
But our kids are really different.
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不過我們的下一代的確不同，
05:48
The millennial generation is completely comfortable
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千禧世代對網路科技，
05:50
with online technology.
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可說得心應手。
那我們為何在課堂上要加以排斥呢?
05:51
So why are we fighting it in the classroom?
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05:53
Let's not fight it. Let's embrace it.
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別再抗拒了，接受它吧!
05:55
In fact, I believe -- and I have two fat thumbs,
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因為拇指太粗，我發簡訊不太順，
05:56
I can't text very well --
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但我真的認為，
05:58
but I'm willing to bet that with evolution,
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也敢打包票，
我們的子孫後代，
06:00
our kids and their grandchildren
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會演化出纖纖細指，
06:02
will develop really, really little, itty-bitty thumbs
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06:04
to text much better,
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以便更流暢地發簡訊。
06:06
that evolution will fix all of that stuff.
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這樣的演化會讓事情更容易，
06:08
But what if we embraced technology,
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若大家欣然接納，
06:10
embraced the millennial generation's
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這類千禧世代
頗有好感的科技，
06:13
natural predilections,
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06:14
and really think about creating
these online technologies,
these online technologies,
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就認真考慮建置這類網路科技，
06:17
blend them into their lives.
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將之融入未來生活，
06:19
So here's what we can do.
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這便是我們能做的。
06:20
So rather than driving our kids into a classroom,
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而不是把孩子趕進教室，
06:23
herding them out there at 8 o'clock in the morning --
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早上8點就把他們趕去上學而已。
我當年便痛恨8點上學，
06:25
I hated going to class at 8 o'clock in the morning,
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06:28
so why are we forcing our kids to do that?
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所以何必強迫孩子蕭規曹隨?
06:30
So instead what you do
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改變一下做法，
06:31
is you have them watch videos
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讓他們在宿舍房間或臥房，
06:33
and do interactive exercises
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輕鬆地看影片，
06:35
in the comfort of their dorm rooms, in their bedroom,
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做互動練習，
06:38
in the dining room, in the bathroom,
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飯廳浴室也行，
06:40
wherever they're most creative.
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只要是能讓他們發揮創意的地方。
之後便可回歸教室課堂，
06:42
Then they come into the classroom
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06:44
for some in-person interaction.
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進行人際互動，
06:48
They can have discussions amongst themselves.
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學生可與同儕討論，
06:50
They can solve problems together.
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共同解決問題；
06:51
They can work with the professor
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也可與教授合作，
06:52
and have the professor answer their questions.
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並向之請益。
06:55
In fact, with edX, when we
were teaching our first course
were teaching our first course
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當我們實際在edX開設第一堂，
06:59
on circuits and electronics around the world,
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電路與電子學的全球課程時，
07:02
this was happening unbeknownst to us.
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事情發展完全出乎預料!
07:04
Two high school teachers
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2名蒙古國
07:06
at the Sant High School in Mongolia
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桑特中學(Sant High School)的老師，
07:09
had flipped their classroom,
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顛覆了課堂教室，
07:11
and they were using our video lectures
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他們用的就是我們的教學影片，
07:14
and interactive exercises,
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還有互動練習。
07:16
where the learners in the high school,
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別看這些中學生，
07:17
15-year-olds, mind you,
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不過15歲，
07:19
would go and do these things in their own homes
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但他們會把這些事帶回家做呢!
07:21
and they would come into class,
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而他們再度回到課堂時，
07:22
and as you see from this image here,
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如圖所見的，
07:24
they would interact with each other
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會彼此交流，
07:25
and do some physical laboratory work.
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做些物理實驗。
07:27
And the only way we discovered this
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我們也是無意間，
07:29
was they wrote a blog
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讀了他們的網誌，
07:30
and we happened to stumble upon that blog.
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才恍然大悟的!
07:34
We were also doing other pilots.
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當時我們也做過其他實驗計畫，
07:36
So we did a pilot experimental blended courses,
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像嘗試與加州聖荷西州立大學
合作電路與電子學的
07:39
working with San Jose State University in California,
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多元教育課程。
07:42
again, with the circuits and electronics course.
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未來你們會更常聽到這門課，
07:44
You'll hear that a lot. That course has become
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這儼然已是我們促進學習的法寶，
07:46
sort of like our petri dish of learning.
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07:49
So there, the students would, again,
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這樣的課堂上，學生一樣
07:52
the instructors flipped the classroom,
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經由設計過的課程，顛覆課堂學習，
07:54
blended online and in person,
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而且藉網路教學與親授並進，
07:56
and the results were staggering.
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成效卓著。
07:58
Now don't take these results to the bank just yet.
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不過這些結果還不足以定論，
08:01
Just wait a little bit longer as we
experiment with this some more,
experiment with this some more,
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儘管初步結果挺驚人的!
08:04
but the early results are incredible.
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但還需更長期的實驗佐證。
08:06
So traditionally, semester upon semester,
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過去數年來，
這堂頗難的課，
08:08
for the past several years, this course,
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每學期
08:11
again, a hard course,
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總是會當掉
08:12
had a failure rate of about 40 to 41 percent
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大約40 – 41%的人。
08:15
every semester.
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08:17
With this blended class late last year,
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去年稍晚，這門多元教育課程，
08:20
the failure rate fell to nine percent.
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不及格率降至9 %，
08:23
So the results can be extremely, extremely good.
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成效可說十分良好。
不過在更深入前，
08:27
Now before we go too far into this,
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08:30
I'd like to spend some time discussing
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我想撥點時間討論，
一些重要的概念，
08:33
some key ideas.
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08:34
What are some key ideas
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是甚麼樣的重大觀念，
08:35
that makes all of this work?
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讓這樣的課程有效?
08:38
One idea is active learning.
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其中之一就是主動學習，
08:41
The idea here is, rather than have students
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內蘊的理念就是：
與其要學生進教室看教學影片，
08:43
walk into class and watch lectures,
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08:45
we replace this with what we call lessons.
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我們改採所謂的「課程」；
08:48
Lessons are interleaved sequences
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在順序進度上
08:50
of videos and interactive exercises.
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交錯參雜影片與互動練習，
08:53
So a student might watch a five-, seven-minute video
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學生可看一段5到7分鐘的影片，
08:56
and follow that with an interactive exercise.
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接著做互動練習，
08:59
Think of this as the ultimate
Socratization of education.
Socratization of education.
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就當這是極致的蘇格拉底式教育，
以反詰來教學。
09:03
You teach by asking questions.
216
531027
1980
09:05
And this is a form of learning
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這種方式就是，
09:06
called active learning,
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主動學習。
09:07
and really promoted by a very early paper, in 1972,
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克雷克(Fergus I. M. Craik)
和洛克哈特(Lockhart)，
和洛克哈特(Lockhart)，
早在1972時便倡導這種方式，
09:11
by Craik and Lockhart,
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1518
09:12
where they said and discovered
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在論文中他們發現並主張
09:14
that learning and retention really relates strongly
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學習與記憶密切相關。
09:16
to the depth of mental processing.
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09:18
Students learn much better
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使用教材時，
涉入的心智歷程越深，
09:19
when they are interacting with the material.
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學習成效越好。
09:22
The second idea is self-pacing.
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再來談自主學習的概念，
09:25
Now, when I went to a lecture hall,
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進入課堂的時候，
假設你們和我一樣，
09:27
and if you were like me,
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1290
09:28
by the fifth minute I would lose the professor.
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1966
不到5分鐘就聽不懂了；
09:30
I wasn't all that smart, and I would
be scrambling, taking notes,
be scrambling, taking notes,
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因不夠聰明，所以拼命做筆記，
結果接下來的課跟不上。
09:34
and then I would lose the lecture
for the rest of the hour.
for the rest of the hour.
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3191
09:37
Instead, wouldn't it be nice with online technologies,
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反觀網路科技在這方面不就很好?
09:39
we offer videos and interactive
engagements to students?
engagements to students?
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學生有影片和互動成分可用；
09:43
They can hit the pause button.
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可暫停；
09:45
They can rewind the professor.
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可倒帶讓教授再說一次；
09:47
Heck, they can even mute the professor.
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還可按靜音要教授閉嘴。
09:51
So this form of self-pacing
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這樣的自主方式，
09:53
can be very helpful to learning.
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對學習很有幫助，
09:55
The third idea that we have is instant feedback.
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第三個概念是立即回饋，
09:59
With instant feedback,
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有了這個技術，
10:00
the computer grades exercises.
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電腦就可批閱習題，
10:02
I mean, how else do you teach 150,000 students?
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不然要怎樣教15萬名學生呢?
10:04
Your computer is grading all the exercises.
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而電腦則可勝任所有評分工作。
10:06
And we've all submitted homeworks,
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以前我們交作業後，
10:08
and your grades come back two weeks later,
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2041
兩週後才會收到成績，
10:10
you've forgotten all about it.
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1624
到時早忘了這回事。
10:12
I don't think I've still received
some of my homeworks
some of my homeworks
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我認為大學時交出去的作業，
10:14
from my undergraduate days.
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有些沒發回來，
10:15
Some are never graded.
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有些甚至根本沒批改過。
10:17
So with instant feedback,
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1494
藉由立即回饋，
10:18
students can try to apply answers.
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學生可查看成績；
10:20
If they get it wrong, they can get instant feedback.
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2409
若答錯了也能立刻知道，
10:22
They can try it again and try it again,
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能反覆嘗試練習，
10:24
and this really becomes much more engaging.
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還有立即回饋，
10:26
They get the instant feedback,
255
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1583
這樣學更有趣。
10:27
and this little green check mark that you see here
256
615634
2919
這個綠色勾選記號，
10:30
is becoming somewhat of a cult symbol at edX.
257
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3590
已有edX精神象徵的態勢。
10:34
Learners are telling us that they go to bed at night
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2888
學生跟我們說，他們晚上就寢時，
腦中縈繞的都是這個記號。
10:37
dreaming of the green check mark.
259
625047
3444
10:40
In fact, one of our learners
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1802
真的，一位去年稍早
10:42
who took the circuits course early last year,
261
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2781
修過電路學的學生，
10:45
he then went on to take a software course
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1932
去年底又去修柏克萊大學的
10:47
from Berkeley at the end of the year,
263
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2301
軟體課程。
10:49
and this is what the learner had to say
264
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2146
這學生剛開始上課時，
10:51
on our discussion board
265
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1272
曾對綠色答對記號
在課程討論區
10:52
when he just started that course
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1526
發表過這樣的看法：
10:54
about the green check mark:
267
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2521
10:56
"Oh god; have I missed you."
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2057
「天啊！我開始懷念起答對記號了！」
10:58
When's the last time you've seen students
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各位何曾見過學生，
在網上發表對作業的看法？
11:01
posting comments like this about homework?
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4461
11:05
My colleague Ed Bertschinger,
271
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2396
我的同事艾迪．白辛格（Ed Bertschinger）
11:08
who heads up the physics department at MIT,
272
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2170
也就是MIT物理系系主任，
11:10
has this to say about instant feedback:
273
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2844
對即時回饋是這麼形容的。
11:13
He indicated that instant feedback
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3001
他表示即時回饋
在教學當下便能產生學習效果。
11:16
turns teaching moments into learning outcomes.
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5775
11:22
The next big idea is gamification.
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2292
我們接著要談的重要概念是寓教於樂，
11:24
You know, all learners engage really well
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1901
對互動影片一類的東西，
11:26
with interactive videos and so on.
278
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1509
所有學生都能融入其中。
11:27
You know, they would sit down and shoot
279
675876
1265
他們願意整天坐在那，
11:29
alien spaceships all day long until they get it.
280
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2344
打外星艦隊的射擊遊戲，直到破關。
11:31
So we applied these gamification
techniques to learning,
techniques to learning,
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2787
因此我們把學習融入遊戲中，
11:34
and we can build these online laboratories.
282
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2223
像是網路實驗室。
11:36
How do you teach creativity?
How do you teach design?
How do you teach design?
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2247
至於創意和設計該怎麼教，
11:38
We can do this through online labs
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1669
網路實驗室便派得上用場。
11:40
and use computing power
285
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1277
就可建構這些網路實驗室。
11:41
to build these online labs.
286
689698
1589
就可建構這些網路實驗室。
11:43
So as this little video shows here,
287
691287
2388
如同短片中看到的，
11:45
you can engage students
288
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1465
學生能夠參與其中，
11:47
much like they design with Legos.
289
695140
1607
就很像他們排列樂高積木一樣。
11:48
So here, the learners are building a circuit
290
696747
1918
這是學生在作電路規劃，
11:50
with Lego-like ease.
291
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1891
感覺就像玩樂高一樣輕鬆，
11:52
And this can also be graded by the computer.
292
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4091
而且同樣能以電腦評分。
11:56
Fifth is peer learning.
293
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2934
第五點是同伴協同學習，
11:59
So here, we use discussion forums and discussions
294
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2835
這部分我們用的是論壇、相互討論
12:02
and Facebook-like interaction
295
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2100
以及類似臉書的互動機制。
12:04
not as a distraction,
296
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1864
這不是要讓學生分心，
12:06
but to really help students learn.
297
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2847
而是有效促進學習。
12:09
Let me tell you a story.
298
717227
1717
讓我說個故事，
12:10
When we did our circuits course
299
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3226
電路學有15萬5千名學生，
12:14
for the 155,000 students,
300
722170
1866
12:16
I didn't sleep for three nights
301
724036
1665
快要開課時，
為了備課，
12:17
leading up to the launch of the course.
302
725701
1887
我熬夜3天。
12:19
I told my TAs, okay, 24/7,
303
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2559
我跟助教說，
為了主持論壇和回覆問題等，
12:22
we're going to be up
304
730147
1266
我們會需要全天待命。
12:23
monitoring the forum, answering questions.
305
731413
1874
12:25
They had answered questions for 100 students.
306
733287
1973
他們幫100位學生解答過問題，
12:27
How do you do that for 150,000?
307
735260
2861
不過15萬名學生要怎麽應付？
12:30
So one night I'm sitting up there, at 2 a.m. at night,
308
738121
2336
話說有一晚我半夜2點還脫不了身，
12:32
and I think there's this question
309
740457
1221
我記得當時有人問了個問題，
12:33
from a student from Pakistan,
310
741678
1971
是一名巴基斯坦的學生問的。
12:35
and he asked a question, and I said,
311
743649
1328
既然他問了，我心想，
12:36
okay, let me go and type up an answer,
312
744977
1456
好吧！讓我把答案打上去。
不過我打字不算快。
12:38
I don't type all that fast,
313
746433
1608
12:40
and I begin typing up the answer,
314
748041
1564
於是我開始輸入答案，
12:41
and before I can finish,
315
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1694
不過我還沒完成，
12:43
another student from Egypt
popped in with an answer,
popped in with an answer,
316
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2674
一位埃及學生就上線解答了。
12:45
not quite right, so I'm fixing the answer,
317
753973
1918
只不過並非完全正確，所以我加以修正，
12:47
and before I can finish, a student from the U.S.
318
755891
1968
同樣地，一位美國的學生,
12:49
had popped in with a different answer.
319
757859
1609
搶在我完成前提供另一個答案。
12:51
And then I sat back, fascinated.
320
759468
2800
我索性袖手旁觀，但覺十分有趣。
12:54
Boom, boom, boom, boom, the students were
321
762268
1947
眼看線上學生數激增，
12:56
discussing and interacting with each other,
322
764215
1951
且彼此互動討論
12:58
and by 4 a.m. that night, I'm totally fascinated,
323
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2518
深夜還不到4點，我已完全投入其中，
13:00
having this epiphany,
324
768684
1468
為此深受啟發。
13:02
and by 4 a.m. in the morning,
325
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1256
而學生也在凌晨4點前，
13:03
they had discovered the right answer.
326
771408
1753
就找出正確答案。
13:05
And all I had to do was go and bless it,
327
773161
1727
我只需表示肯定，說聲:
「答得好」就夠了！
13:06
"Good answer."
328
774888
1966
13:08
So this is absolutely amazing,
329
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2352
學生籍機彼此學習，
13:11
where students are learning from each other,
330
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1810
這點真的令人非常驚喜。
13:13
and they're telling us that they are learning
331
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2817
何況學生還告訴我們，
教同學也讓他們學到不少。
13:15
by teaching.
332
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2297
13:18
Now this is all not just in the future.
333
786130
1980
我現在說的不只是未來，
13:20
This is happening today.
334
788110
1752
現在就已經實現了。
13:21
So we are applying these blended learning pilots
335
789862
2317
目前我們聯合全球許多高中和大學，
13:24
in a number of universities and
high schools around the world,
high schools around the world,
336
792179
2741
試行這些多元學習計劃。
13:26
from Tsinghua in China
337
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1786
包括中國的清華大學、以及
13:28
to the National University of Mongolia in Mongolia
338
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2432
蒙古的國立蒙古大學，還有
美國加州的柏克萊大學，
13:31
to Berkeley in California --
339
799138
1611
13:32
all over the world.
340
800749
1359
其應用可謂遍布全球。
13:34
And these kinds of technologies really help,
341
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2024
這類科技真的幫了不少忙，
13:36
the blended model can really help
342
804132
1549
而多元教育模式
確實能大幅改革教育，
13:37
revolutionize education.
343
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2098
13:39
It can also solve a practical problem of MOOCs,
344
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3411
還能解決MOOCs所面臨的一項實際問題，
13:43
the business aspect.
345
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1680
也就是營運。
13:44
We can also license these MOOC courses
346
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2316
我們還可對其他大學
開放MOOC的授權，
13:47
to other universities,
347
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1739
13:48
and therein lies a revenue model for MOOCs,
348
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2564
這樣MOOCs就有盈利方式了。
13:51
where the university that
licenses it with the professor
licenses it with the professor
349
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2389
取得授權的任課教授，
就可把這些線上課程
13:53
can use these online courses
350
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1837
當成新版教課書，
13:55
like the next-generation textbook.
351
823715
2201
13:57
They can use as much or as little as they like,
352
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2455
且可自行決定使用率，
14:00
and it becomes a tool in the teacher's arsenal.
353
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5486
教材資源也會更豐富。
14:05
Finally, I would like to have you
354
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2050
最後我想請大家
14:07
dream with me for a little bit.
355
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2841
和我共享一點夢想；
14:10
I would like us to really reimagine education.
356
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4169
讓我們再次想像教育的樣貌,
14:14
We will have to move from lecture halls to e-spaces.
357
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4125
教育將由實體課堂延伸到虛擬空閒，
14:19
We have to move from books to tablets
358
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2675
我們該嘗試書本以外的平板了。
14:21
like the Aakash in India
359
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1826
像印度推行的，
Aakash平板，
14:23
or the Raspberry Pi, 20 dollars.
360
851543
2348
或是20美元的樹莓派電腦（Raspberry Pi）；
14:25
The Aakash is 40 dollars.
361
853891
2007
Aakash要價40美元。
14:27
We have to move from
bricks-and-mortar school buildings
bricks-and-mortar school buildings
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我們必須從學校建築
14:30
to digital dormitories.
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延伸到數位化的寢室。
14:33
But I think at the end of the day,
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不過我認為到頭來，
14:34
I think we will still need one lecture hall
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大學中的教室，
14:37
in our universities.
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還是有其必要性。
14:39
Otherwise, how else do we tell our grandchildren
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不然怎能跟自己的孫兒輩說，
14:42
that your grandparents sat in that room
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爺爺奶奶曾在那間教室，
14:45
in neat little rows like cornstalks
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像玉米稈一般整齊端坐，
14:49
and watched this professor at the end
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看著彼端的教授，
14:51
talk about content and, you know,
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而且說到課堂內容，
當時連倒帶鍵都沒有。
14:54
you didn't even have a rewind button?
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謝謝大家！
14:56
Thank you.
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（掌聲）
14:59
(Applause)
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謝謝！謝謝！（觀眾紛紛起立鼓掌）
15:01
Thank you. Thank you. (Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Anant Agarwal - Education innovatorThrough blended courses Anant Agarwal is pairing online education with face-to-face student-faculty interactions, reshaping the university campus experience.
Why you should listen
In the spring of 2012, Anant Agarwal, a professor of computer science at MIT, taught a course called “Circuits and Electronics.” As usual, it was MIT-level challenging, requiring knowledge of differential equations and calculus. Unlike in the past, though, the course enrolled 155,000 students from 162 countries around the world.
It was the inaugural offering of what is now edX , an online learning venture of MIT and Harvard, which Agarwal helms. Through this nonprofit -- one of the leading forces of the massive open online course (MOOC) movement -- Agarwal aims to make higher education globally available, for free.
Which does not preclude in-person education. On campus, Agarwal is pushing for what he calls blended courses, which interweave digital content and face-to-face interactions. "I see online learning as a rising tide that will lift all boats,” Agarwal says.
Agarwal holds the Guinness World Record for the largest microphone array, and was named one of Forbes' top education innovators in 2012. Find him on Twitter at @agarwaledu.
Anant Agarwal | Speaker | TED.com