TEDSalon NY2014
Laurel Braitman: Depressed dogs, cats with OCD — what animal madness means for us humans
勞洛‧布雷特曼: 患有強迫症的憂鬱貓狗 — 動物的精神病對人類的意義
Filmed:
Readability: 4.3
1,649,249 views
寵物影片裡的有趣畫面可能是因為某種精神疾病。勞洛‧布雷特曼研究那些看似心智狀況異常的寵物，從有強迫症的熊、自我毀滅的老鼠，到有著奇怪朋友的猴子。她讓大家思考，我們怎麼從動物處理這些憂鬱、悲傷或其他充滿「人性」的情緒中，借鏡、學習。
Laurel Braitman - Science Historian + Writer
Science historian Laurel Braitman is the author of Animal Madness, a book that takes a close look at our non-human friends and their mental anxieties. Full bio
Science historian Laurel Braitman is the author of Animal Madness, a book that takes a close look at our non-human friends and their mental anxieties. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
Oliver was an extremely dashing,
0
1089
4064
奧利佛是超級瀟灑、
00:17
handsome, charming and largely unstable male
1
5153
4821
帥氣、有魅力，
卻又「不安於室」的男性，
00:21
that I completely lost my heart to.
2
9974
3185
讓我深深著迷。
00:25
(Laughter)
3
13159
2921
00:28
He was a Bernese mountain dog,
4
16080
1666
牠是隻「伯恩山犬」。
00:29
and my ex-husband and I adopted him,
5
17746
3183
我和我前夫收養牠。
00:32
and about six months in,
6
20929
1689
但在不到6個月的相處，
00:34
we realized that he was a mess.
7
22618
2564
我們就發現牠大有問題，
00:37
He had such paralyzing separation anxiety
8
25182
2780
牠有非常嚴重的「分離焦慮症」，
00:39
that we couldn't leave him alone.
9
27962
1536
我們不能讓牠獨處。
00:41
Once, he jumped out of our third floor apartment.
10
29498
3128
牠有一次從3樓的家直接往下跳。
00:44
He ate fabric. He ate things, recyclables.
11
32626
4421
牠會吃布料、
或是其他回收物，
牠會去撲不存在的蒼蠅，
00:49
He hunted flies that didn't exist.
12
37047
1905
00:50
He suffered from hallucinations.
13
38952
1729
深受幻覺困擾。
00:52
He was diagnosed with a canine compulsive disorder
14
40681
3304
牠最後被診斷出「犬類強迫症」，
00:55
and that's really just the tip of the iceberg.
15
43985
3346
但這只是牠問題的冰山一角。
00:59
But like with humans,
16
47331
4101
當問題出現在人身上，
01:03
sometimes it's six months in
17
51432
3111
不用花6個月你就會發現，
01:06
before you realize that
18
54543
2037
你愛著的這個人有問題。
01:08
the person that you love has some issues.
19
56580
2947
01:11
(Laughter)
20
59527
1411
01:12
And most of us do not take the person we're dating
21
60938
3934
我們通常不會把那個人，
丟回當初認識的酒吧；
01:16
back to the bar where we met them
22
64872
2136
01:19
or give them back to the friend that introduced us,
23
67008
4336
或是叫介紹你們的朋友把他帶走，
01:23
or sign them back up on Match.com.
24
71344
2754
或幫他重新登相親網站。
01:26
(Laughter)
25
74098
2830
01:28
We love them anyway,
26
76928
1799
我們會愛他，而且繼續愛著他。
01:30
and we stick to it,
27
78727
1996
01:32
and that is what I did with my dog.
28
80723
4232
我也是這樣對我的狗。
01:36
And I was a — I'd studied biology.
29
84955
3802
我是念生物的，
01:40
I have a Ph.D. in history of science
30
88757
2620
我是MIT的科學史博士。
01:43
from MIT,
31
91377
1505
若你10年前問我，
01:44
and had you asked me 10 years ago
32
92882
1698
01:46
if a dog I loved, or just dogs generally,
33
94580
2409
我愛的狗或者就一般狗而言，
01:48
had emotions, I would have said yes,
34
96989
1836
牠們會不會有情緒，我的答案是「會」。
01:50
but I'm not sure that I would have told you
35
98825
1464
但那時候的我可能不知道，
01:52
that they can also wind up with an anxiety disorder,
36
100289
2298
他們會變成焦慮症，
01:54
a Prozac prescription and a therapist.
37
102587
4091
還要靠吃藥和醫生幫忙。
但我墜入愛河，
01:58
But then, I fell in love, and I realized that they can,
38
106678
3946
而且知道原來會變這樣，
02:02
and actually trying to help my own dog
39
110624
2626
然後我想幫牠
02:05
overcome his panic and his anxiety,
40
113250
2614
克服牠的恐慌和焦慮。
02:07
it just changed my life.
41
115864
2363
我的人生因此改變，
02:10
It cracked open my world.
42
118227
2537
視野因此開闊。
02:12
And I spent the last seven years, actually,
43
120764
2367
在過去的七年，
02:15
looking into this topic of
mental illness in other animals.
mental illness in other animals.
44
123131
2599
我開始研究動物的精神疾病。
02:17
Can they be mentally ill like people,
45
125730
1345
那些病跟人類的一樣嗎？
02:19
and if so, what does it mean about us?
46
127075
3005
如果是，對我們又有什麼意義？
02:22
And what I discovered is that I do believe
47
130080
2799
我發現到的是我相信
動物也深受精神疾病所苦。
02:24
they can suffer from mental illness,
48
132879
1940
02:26
and actually looking and trying
to identify mental illness in them
to identify mental illness in them
49
134819
4476
去試著理解牠們的這些病痛，
02:31
often helps us be better friends to them
50
139295
2082
讓人類成為牠們更稱職的朋友，
02:33
and also can help us better understand ourselves.
51
141377
4054
也幫助我們更加了解自己。
02:37
So let's talk about diagnosis for a minute.
52
145431
3446
簡單講一下診斷過程。
02:40
Many of us think that we can't know
53
148877
2681
我們大多認為我們不知道
02:43
what another animal is thinking,
54
151558
2463
其他動物在想什麼。
02:46
and that is true,
55
154021
1278
是這樣沒錯，
02:47
but any of you in relationships —
56
155299
2592
但無論友情愛情親情，
02:49
at least this is my case —
57
157891
1856
至少我的體會是，
02:51
just because you ask someone that you're with
58
159747
1800
不會只因為你問另一半、
02:53
or your parent or your child how they feel
59
161547
2194
你爸媽或小孩他們的感覺，
02:55
doesn't mean that they can tell you.
60
163741
1810
他們就跟你說。
02:57
They may not have words to explain
61
165551
2318
他們可能自己也不知道
02:59
what it is that they're feeling,
62
167869
1063
怎麼表達自己的感覺，
或根本沒察覺到那些情緒。
或根本沒察覺到那些情緒。
03:00
and they may not know.
63
168932
1843
03:02
It's actually a pretty recent phenomenon
64
170775
1865
這其實是最近才開始，
03:04
that we feel that we have to talk to someone
65
172640
1746
覺得我們必須要溝通
03:06
to understand their emotional distress.
66
174386
2404
才會發覺情緒低落的傾向。
03:08
Before the early 20th century,
67
176790
2427
在20世紀早期以前，
03:11
physicians often diagnosed emotional distress
68
179217
2520
心理醫生診斷精神疾病，
03:13
in their patients just by observation.
69
181737
3498
都只靠觀察。
03:17
It also turns out that thinking about
70
185235
1683
而且另一方面有人認為，
03:18
mental illness in other animals
71
186918
1595
動物的精神問題
03:20
isn't actually that much of a stretch.
72
188513
2193
也不見得是壞事。
03:22
Most mental disorders in the United States
73
190706
1913
在美國大部分人罹患的精神病，
是恐慌或是焦慮症。
是恐慌或是焦慮症。
03:24
are fear and anxiety disorders,
74
192619
2720
03:27
and when you think about it, fear and anxiety
75
195339
1969
但「恐慌」和「焦慮」，
03:29
are actually really extremely
helpful animal emotions.
helpful animal emotions.
76
197308
4192
其實是非常重要的動物本能。
03:33
Usually we feel fear and anxiety
in situations that are dangerous,
in situations that are dangerous,
77
201500
3100
通常我們在感到危險的時候，
才會有這種情緒反應。
才會有這種情緒反應。
03:36
and once we feel them,
78
204600
1297
而一旦有這種反應，
03:37
we then are motivated to move away
79
205897
1629
我們會想要遠離
03:39
from whatever is dangerous.
80
207526
1831
任何讓我們感到危險的東西。
03:41
The problem is when we begin to feel fear
and anxiety in situations that don't call for it.
and anxiety in situations that don't call for it.
81
209357
4969
問題是在沒有危險的時候，
我們也恐慌焦慮。
我們也恐慌焦慮。
03:46
Mood disorders, too, may actually just be
82
214326
3210
「情緒障礙」也可能是
03:49
the unfortunate downside of being a feeling animal,
83
217536
3506
有感覺的動物很麻煩的一點。
03:53
and obsessive compulsive disorders also
84
221042
3165
強迫症換個角度想，
03:56
are often manifestations of
a really healthy animal thing
a really healthy animal thing
85
224207
3409
其實是一種健康的表徵，
03:59
which is keeping yourself clean and groomed.
86
227616
2780
因為想讓自己乾淨整潔。
04:02
This tips into the territory of mental illness
87
230396
2148
但從精神疾病的角度看，
04:04
when you do things like
88
232544
1146
只會看到你
04:05
compulsively over-wash your hands or paws,
89
233690
2603
一直重複洗手，
04:08
or you develop a ritual that's so extreme
90
236293
2066
或是重複某個儀式，
04:10
that you can't sit down to a bowl of food
91
238359
2092
直到你覺得心滿意足，
04:12
unless you engage in that ritual.
92
240451
2992
才有辦法好好坐下來吃飯。
04:15
So for humans, we have the
"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual,"
"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual,"
93
243443
4331
所以我們有一本人類的
「診斷與統計手冊」，
「診斷與統計手冊」，
04:19
which is basically an atlas
94
247774
2127
基本上是一本集合
04:21
of the currently agreed-upon mental disorders.
95
249901
2733
現有精神疾病的手冊。
04:24
In other animals, we have YouTube.
96
252634
3251
那其他動物呢，
我們有「YouTube」。
我們有「YouTube」。
04:27
(Laughter)
97
255885
1606
04:29
This is just one search I did for "OCD dog"
98
257491
2647
這是我輸入「強迫症 狗」的畫面，
04:32
but I encourage all of you
99
260138
1788
但我比較推薦，去看「強迫症 貓」。
04:33
to look at "OCD cat."
100
261926
2951
04:36
You will be shocked by what you see.
101
264877
3394
保證驚奇不斷。
04:40
I'm going to show you just a couple examples.
102
268271
4499
這邊分享幾個例子：
04:44
This is an example of shadow-chasing.
103
272770
2722
這隻狗在和影子「玩」。
04:47
I know, and it's funny and in some ways it's cute.
104
275492
3076
雖然很有趣而且還蠻可愛的，
04:50
The issue, though, is that dogs
can develop compulsions like this
can develop compulsions like this
105
278568
3495
但狗狗若有強迫症，
04:54
that they then engage in all day.
106
282063
2902
就可能整天追著自己的影子。
04:56
So they won't go for a walk,
107
284965
1272
牠們會不想散步、不和朋友玩、
04:58
they won't hang out with their friends,
108
286237
1654
04:59
they won't eat.
109
287891
1586
不吃不喝，最後產生「固著」行為，
05:01
They'll develop fixations
110
289477
1533
05:03
like chasing their tails compulsively.
111
291010
3117
比如追著尾巴一直轉。
05:06
Here's an example of a cat named Gizmo.
112
294127
3401
這是隻叫「吉斯莫」貓，
05:09
He looks like he's on a stakeout
113
297528
3212
看起來牠在監視鄰居，
05:12
but he does this for many, many, many hours a day.
114
300740
3314
但牠一天會花上幾個小時這樣。
05:16
He just sits there and he will paw and paw and paw
115
304054
3504
牠就坐在那，
用前掌反覆地撥弄窗簾。
05:19
at the screen.
116
307558
1534
05:21
This is another example of what's considered
117
309092
2477
這個也是被視為理所當然的行為，
05:23
a stereotypic behavior.
118
311569
1784
05:25
This is a sun bear at the
Oakland Zoo named Ting Ting.
Oakland Zoo named Ting Ting.
119
313353
2707
這隻是在奧克蘭動物園，
叫做「丁丁」的馬來熊。
叫做「丁丁」的馬來熊。
05:28
And if you just sort of happened upon this scene,
120
316060
1765
如果你剛好看到這個畫面，
05:29
you might think that Ting Ting
121
317825
951
可能會覺得
05:30
is just playing with a stick,
122
318776
1714
丁丁只是在玩樹枝吧。
05:32
but Ting Ting does this all day,
123
320490
2046
但牠會玩一整天。
05:34
and if you pay close attention
124
322536
1596
如果你們願意，
05:36
and if I showed you guys
the full half-hour of this clip,
the full half-hour of this clip,
125
324132
3671
我可以播半個小時的錄影，
05:39
you'd see that he does the exact same thing
126
327803
2026
你會發現牠真的在做一樣的事，
05:41
in the exact same order, and he spins the stick
127
329829
2149
一樣的步驟，
和一樣的方式去轉那些樹枝。
05:43
in the exact same way every time.
128
331978
2350
05:46
Other super common behaviors that you may see,
129
334328
2492
另一個也很常見，
05:48
particularly in captive animals,
130
336820
1824
通常是受困動物，
05:50
are pacing stereotypies or swaying stereotypies,
131
338644
4560
用固定方式走或晃來晃去。
05:55
and actually, humans do this too,
132
343204
1676
其實人也會這樣，
05:56
and in us, we'll sway,
133
344880
1744
我們會動來動去、
05:58
we'll move from side to side.
134
346624
1587
從這邊晃到那邊。
06:00
Many of us do this, and sometimes
135
348211
2271
我們大多是為了
06:02
it's an effort to soothe ourselves,
136
350482
1546
放鬆一下。
06:04
and I think in other animals
that is often the case too.
that is often the case too.
137
352028
2650
對大部分的動物也是如此。
06:06
But it's not just stereotypic behaviors
138
354678
1686
但牠們做的，
06:08
that other animals engage in.
139
356364
1766
不只是這些重複的行為。
06:10
This is Gigi. She's a gorilla that lives
140
358130
2128
這是「琪琪」，住在波士頓
富蘭克林動物公園的黑猩猩。
富蘭克林動物公園的黑猩猩。
06:12
at the Franklin Park Zoo in Boston.
141
360258
1661
06:13
She actually has a Harvard psychiatrist,
142
361919
2208
牠有一個哈佛大學的精神醫師，
06:16
and she's been treated for a mood disorder
143
364127
1722
幫牠治療情緒障礙
06:17
among other things.
144
365849
1583
和其他問題。
06:19
Many animals develop mood disorders.
145
367432
2995
很多動物都有情緒障礙。
06:22
Lots of creatures —
146
370427
1428
有很多生物...
06:23
this horse is just one example —
147
371855
1535
比如說這隻馬，
06:25
develop self-destructive behaviors.
148
373390
1682
就有自我毀滅的行為。
06:27
They'll gnaw on things
149
375072
1285
牠會去亂啃東西，
06:28
or do other things that may also soothe them,
150
376357
2146
或做一些能舒緩情緒的事，
06:30
even if they're self-destructive,
151
378503
1698
就算這些事是在自我毀滅。
06:32
which could be considered similar
152
380201
1307
就和有些人
06:33
to the ways that some humans cut themselves.
153
381508
3741
會想要割手臂、手腕的道理一樣。
06:37
Plucking.
154
385249
1313
還有拔毛！
06:38
Turns out, if you have fur or feathers or skin,
155
386562
3757
如果你有皮毛、羽毛或皮膚，
06:42
you can pluck yourself compulsively,
156
390319
1975
你可能會一直去拔毛，
06:44
and some parrots actually have been studied
157
392294
2322
有些針對鸚鵡的研究，
06:46
to better understand trichotillomania,
or compulsive plucking in humans,
or compulsive plucking in humans,
158
394616
3098
試圖找出人類的「拔毛癖」
或拔毛強迫症的原因。
或拔毛強迫症的原因。
06:49
something that affects
159
397714
1447
因為現在有2千萬的美國人，
正在受這個病症折磨。
正在受這個病症折磨。
06:51
20 million Americans right now.
160
399161
2280
06:53
Lab rats pluck themselves too.
161
401441
2068
實驗室的老鼠也拔自己的毛，
06:55
In them, it's called barbering.
162
403509
2233
但那比較是在梳理。
06:57
Canine veterans of conflicts of Iraq and Afghanistan
163
405742
3077
從「以阿衝突」退役的軍犬，
07:00
are coming back with what's
considered canine PTSD,
considered canine PTSD,
164
408819
2981
回來之後被發現
患有「創傷後症候群」。
患有「創傷後症候群」。
07:03
and they're having a hard time reentering civilian life
165
411800
2712
對牠們從戰場融入普通生活，
07:06
when they come back from deployments.
166
414512
1285
是一大障礙。
07:07
They can be too scared to
approach men with beards
approach men with beards
167
415797
2606
牠們會害怕接近有鬍子的人，
07:10
or to hop into cars.
168
418403
2713
或不敢跳上車。
07:13
I want to be careful and be clear, though.
169
421116
2766
但在這邊我要強調，
07:15
I do not think that canine PTSD
170
423882
2677
我不認為狗的創傷後症候群，
07:18
is the same as human PTSD.
171
426559
2801
跟人的一樣；
07:21
But I also do not think that my PTSD
172
429360
2475
我也不覺得我的創傷後症候群，
07:23
is like your PTSD,
173
431835
1095
會跟你的一樣。
07:24
or that my anxiety or that my sadness is like yours.
174
432930
3702
或說我的焦慮或低潮跟你的一樣。
07:28
We are all different.
175
436632
1705
我們是不同的。
07:30
We also all have very different susceptibilities.
176
438337
2835
我們對每件事的感受也不同。
07:33
So two dogs, raised in the same household,
177
441172
3741
所以就算兩隻養在一起的狗，
07:36
exposed to the very same things,
178
444913
2347
接觸到相同的刺激，
07:39
one may develop, say, a
debilitating fear of motorcycles,
debilitating fear of motorcycles,
179
447260
3899
有一隻可能會怕機車
07:43
or a phobia of the beep of the microwave,
180
451159
2748
或微波爐的嗶嗶聲，
07:45
and another one is going to be just fine.
181
453907
1855
但另一隻就不會。
07:47
So one thing that people ask me pretty frequently:
182
455762
2833
所以我很常被問：
07:50
Is this just an instance of humans
183
458595
1943
會不會是因為主人
07:52
driving other animals crazy?
184
460538
1629
把他們的寵物逼瘋？
07:54
Or, is animal mental illness just
a result of mistreatment or abuse?
a result of mistreatment or abuse?
185
462167
3923
或問動物的精神疾病是不是
只是主人虐待、飼養方式有問題？
只是主人虐待、飼養方式有問題？
07:58
And it turns out we're actually
186
466090
1529
其實我們的角色，
比這些問題還要複雜許多。
比這些問題還要複雜許多。
07:59
so much more complicated than that.
187
467619
3555
08:03
So one great thing that has happened to me
188
471174
2987
最近我出版了一本
08:06
is recently I published a book on this,
189
474161
3249
跟這些問題有關的書。
08:09
and every day now that I open my email
190
477410
3945
然後從那之後，
我每天打開信箱、去演講、
08:13
or when I go to a reading
191
481355
1454
08:14
or even when I go to a cocktail party,
192
482809
2112
甚至只是去一個酒會，
08:16
people tell me their stories
193
484921
1901
都會有人跟我分享，
08:18
of the animals that they have met.
194
486822
1754
他們知道的動物故事。
08:20
And recently, I did a reading in California,
195
488576
2444
上次我在加州演講的時候，
08:23
and a woman raised her hand
after the talk and she said,
after the talk and she said,
196
491020
2430
有一個女生在會後舉手說：
08:25
"Dr. Braitman, I think my cat has PTSD."
197
493450
3676
「布雷特曼博士，
我覺得我的貓有創傷後症候群。」
我覺得我的貓有創傷後症候群。」
08:29
And I said, "Well, why? Tell me a little bit about it."
198
497126
3364
所以我說，
「怎麼說？再多講一點。」
「怎麼說？再多講一點。」
08:32
So, Ping is her cat. She was a rescue,
199
500490
3419
她的貓「萍」，是被救出來的。
08:35
and she used to live with an elderly man,
200
503909
2722
牠之前的主人是一位老先生。
08:38
and one day the man was vacuuming
201
506631
2271
有一天老先生在吸地板，
結果突然心臟病發過世了。
結果突然心臟病發過世了。
08:40
and he suffered a heart attack, and he died.
202
508902
2825
08:43
A week later, Ping was discovered in the apartment
203
511727
2934
一個禮拜之後才有人發現，
08:46
alongside the body of her owner,
204
514661
1994
萍就在遺體旁邊，
08:48
and the vacuum had been running the entire time.
205
516655
3387
而且吸塵器一直開著。
08:52
For many months, up to I think
two years after that incident,
two years after that incident,
206
520042
5308
好幾個月後，可能持續有2年之久，
08:57
she was so scared she couldn't be in
the house when anyone was cleaning.
the house when anyone was cleaning.
207
525350
2610
牠都還在怕，牠不能待在打掃中的房間。
08:59
She was quite literally a scaredy cat.
208
527960
1790
牠完全是一隻被嚇壞的貓。
09:01
She would hide in the closet.
209
529750
2440
牠會躲進衣櫃，
09:04
She was un-self-confident and shaky,
210
532190
1802
非常沒自信又一直顫抖。
09:05
but with the loving support of her family,
211
533992
2338
但還好家人的愛與支持，
09:08
a lot of a time, and their patience,
212
536330
2396
時間和大量的耐心，
09:10
now, three years later,
213
538726
1254
3年後的現在，
09:11
she's actually a happy, confident cat.
214
539980
3245
萍變成開心有自信的貓。
09:15
Another story of trauma and
recovery that I came across
recovery that I came across
215
543225
2955
另一個我遇到的
創傷和復原的故事，
創傷和復原的故事，
09:18
was actually a few years ago.
216
546180
1496
是幾年前，
09:19
I was in Thailand to do some research.
217
547676
2240
我在泰國做研究時，
09:21
I met a monkey named Boonlua,
218
549916
3094
遇到一隻叫「布魯瓦」的猴子。
09:25
and when Boonlua was a baby,
219
553010
2272
布魯瓦很小的時候，
09:27
he was attacked by a pack of dogs,
220
555282
2014
被一群狗攻擊。
09:29
and they ripped off both of his legs and one arm,
221
557296
4844
牠的雙腳還有一隻手臂被扯斷，
09:34
and Boonlua dragged himself to a monastery,
222
562140
3143
但牠拖著自己到一間佛寺，
09:37
where the monks took him in.
223
565283
1551
結果和尚就收留牠。
09:38
They called in a veterinarian,
who treated his wounds.
who treated his wounds.
224
566834
2611
他們幫牠找來獸醫，
讓牠接受治療。
讓牠接受治療。
09:41
Eventually, Boonlua wound up
225
569445
2215
最後布魯瓦到了一間
09:43
at an elephant facility,
226
571660
1793
大象的收容所。
09:45
and the keepers really decided
to take him under their wing,
to take him under their wing,
227
573453
2969
所長決定要收留布魯瓦。
09:48
and they figured out what he liked,
228
576422
1363
然後他們還發現牠喜歡
薄荷曼陀珠、獨角仙還有蛋。
薄荷曼陀珠、獨角仙還有蛋。
09:49
which, it turned out, was mint Mentos
229
577785
2019
09:51
and Rhinoceros beetles and eggs.
230
579804
3477
09:55
But they worried, because he
was social, that he was lonely,
was social, that he was lonely,
231
583281
3172
但他們很擔心牠，因為牠很寂寞。
09:58
and they didn't want to put
him in with another monkey,
him in with another monkey,
232
586453
1767
他們不想把牠跟其他猴子放在一起，
10:00
because they thought with just one arm,
233
588220
1203
因為他們擔心只有一隻手臂，
10:01
he wouldn't be able to defend himself or even play.
234
589423
2795
沒辦法保護自己或跟同伴玩。
10:04
And so they gave him a rabbit,
235
592218
2486
所以他們送牠一隻兔子朋友，
10:06
and Boonlua was immediately a different monkey.
236
594704
2813
結果布魯瓦完全變了個樣。
10:09
He was extremely happy to be with this rabbit.
237
597517
1982
牠好喜歡跟兔子膩在一起，
10:11
They groomed each other,
they become close friends,
they become close friends,
238
599499
2280
牠們會互相梳理、
變成很好的朋友。
變成很好的朋友。
10:13
and then the rabbit had bunnies,
239
601779
2703
之後兔子生了兔寶寶，
10:16
and Boonlua was even happier than he was before,
240
604482
2857
布魯瓦比之前更開心。
10:19
and it had in a way given him
241
607339
2250
這讓牠有理由
10:21
a reason to wake up in the morning,
242
609589
1845
每天很早起床，
10:23
and in fact it gave him such a reason to wake up
243
611434
1754
甚至因為太想起床，
10:25
that he decided not to sleep.
244
613188
2003
結果牠根本沒睡。
10:27
He became extremely protective of these bunnies,
245
615191
3619
牠超級照顧這些兔寶寶，
10:30
and he stopped sleeping,
246
618810
1248
不眠不休，
10:32
and he would sort of nod off
247
620058
1441
還會在照顧寶寶的時候打瞌睡。
10:33
while trying to take care of them.
248
621499
1891
10:35
In fact, he was so protective and so affectionate
249
623390
2443
因為牠真的太保護寶寶、
太有父愛，
太有父愛，
10:37
with these babies that the sanctuary
250
625833
1755
結果收容所不得不
讓小兔子和牠分開。
讓小兔子和牠分開。
10:39
eventually had to take them away from him
251
627588
2362
10:41
because he was so protective, he was worried
252
629950
1935
因為牠過度保護到
10:43
that their mother might hurt them.
253
631885
1879
擔心兔媽媽會傷害小兔子。
10:45
So after they were taken away, the sanctuary staff
254
633764
1844
把小兔子帶走以後，
10:47
worried that he would fall into a depression,
255
635608
1609
收容所擔心牠會難過，
為了不害牠傷心，
為了不害牠傷心，
10:49
and so to avoid that,
256
637217
1232
10:50
they gave him another rabbit friend.
257
638449
2998
他們送牠新的兔子朋友。
10:53
(Laughter)
258
641447
3357
10:56
My official opinion is that
he does not look depressed.
he does not look depressed.
259
644804
2705
我的專業判斷，
牠現在是真的很難過。
牠現在是真的很難過。
10:59
(Laughter)
260
647509
1950
11:01
So one thing that I would really like people to feel
261
649459
4362
我很想讓大家了解到，
11:05
is that you really should feel empowered
262
653821
3079
其實你可以比想像中更精準地
11:08
to make some assumptions
263
656900
2473
對那些你很了解的生物做出假設。
11:11
about the creatures that you know well.
264
659373
1823
11:13
So when it comes to your dog
265
661196
1800
所以無論是你的狗、
11:14
or your cat or maybe your one-armed monkey
266
662996
2318
你的貓、或是你剛好認識的獨臂猴，
11:17
that you happen to know,
267
665314
1428
11:18
if you think that they are traumatized or depressed,
268
666742
3795
當你覺得他們很受傷或很難過，
11:22
you're probably right.
269
670537
2126
通常你是對的。
11:24
This is extremely anthropomorphic,
270
672663
2808
這對非人的動物或東西而言
11:27
or the assignation of human characteristics
271
675471
2993
是很擬人、充滿人性的一種感覺。
11:30
onto non-human animals or things.
272
678464
3652
但我不覺得那會是問題。
11:34
I don't think, though, that that's a problem.
273
682116
2141
11:36
I don't think that we can not anthropomorphize.
274
684257
2092
我不反對去擬人化。
11:38
It's not as if you can take your
human brain out of your head
human brain out of your head
275
686349
2902
因為那不是叫你把大腦
從頭殼拿出來放進罐子裡，
11:41
and put it in a jar and then use it
276
689251
2104
11:43
to think about another animal thinking.
277
691355
2205
然後用它想其他動物在想什麼。
11:45
We will always be one animal wondering
278
693560
2598
而是人類做為動物的一種，
11:48
about the emotional experience of another animal.
279
696158
2520
去思考其他動物的情緒體會。
11:50
So then the choice becomes, how
do you anthropomorphize well?
do you anthropomorphize well?
280
698678
2993
所以問題是：
你要怎麼好好去擬人？
你要怎麼好好去擬人？
11:53
Or do you anthropomorphize poorly?
281
701671
2260
或是你是不是不會擬人？
11:55
And anthropomorphizing poorly
282
703931
2284
不會擬人的例子...
11:58
is all too common.
283
706215
2165
比比皆是。
12:00
(Laughter)
284
708380
1632
12:02
It may include dressing your corgis
up and throwing them a wedding,
up and throwing them a wedding,
285
710012
2604
這包括你幫柯基穿衣服、辦婚禮，
12:04
or getting too close to exotic wildlife because
286
712616
2656
或是靠野生動物太近，
12:07
you believe that you had a spiritual connection.
287
715272
1956
因為你相信你們有「靈的連結」，
或是類似的東西。
或是類似的東西。
12:09
There's all manner of things.
288
717228
1978
12:11
Anthropomorphizing well, however, I believe is based
289
719206
3906
要適當的擬人我認為
要去接受我們跟其他物種的相似性，
12:15
on accepting our animal
similarities with other species
similarities with other species
290
723112
2718
12:17
and using them to make assumptions
291
725830
2807
用這種相似去做假設，
12:20
that are informed about other
animals' minds and experiences,
animals' minds and experiences,
292
728637
3639
依據動物的想法和經歷。
12:24
and there's actually an entire industry
293
732276
2546
其實有這麼一個產業，
12:26
that is in some ways based
on anthropomorphizing well,
on anthropomorphizing well,
294
734822
2970
就建構在良好的擬人上，
12:29
and that is the psychopharmaceutical industry.
295
737792
3161
那就是「精神藥品製藥業」。
12:32
One in five Americans is currently
taking a psychopharmaceutical drug,
taking a psychopharmaceutical drug,
296
740953
4520
每5個美國人裡，
就有1個在吃精神藥物。
就有1個在吃精神藥物。
12:37
from the antidepressants
and antianxiety medications
and antianxiety medications
297
745473
2655
從抗憂鬱、抗焦慮，到治療精神疾病。
12:40
to the antipsychotics.
298
748128
1822
12:41
It turns out that we owe this
299
749950
1834
結果就是，
這個產業虧欠其他動物太多了。
這個產業虧欠其他動物太多了。
12:43
entire psychopharmaceutical arsenal
300
751784
2373
12:46
to other animals.
301
754157
1732
12:47
These drugs were tested in non-human animals first,
302
755889
2510
這些藥都會先在其他動物身上試驗，
12:50
and not just for toxicity but for behavioral effects.
303
758399
3936
不只看有沒有毒，
還看會不會影響行為。
還看會不會影響行為。
12:54
The very popular antipsychotic Thorazine
304
762335
3184
最有名的精神藥「冬眠靈」，
12:57
first relaxed rats before it relaxed people.
305
765519
3746
第一個緩解的是老鼠而不是人類。
13:01
The antianxiety medication Librium
306
769265
2161
抗焦慮的「利眠靈」，
13:03
was given to cats selected for
their meanness in the 1950s
their meanness in the 1950s
307
771426
3823
50年代是先在那些異常
「刻薄」的貓咪身上試驗，
「刻薄」的貓咪身上試驗，
13:07
and made them into peaceable felines.
308
775249
2391
讓牠們變的乖巧溫順。
13:09
And even antidepressants
were first tested in rabbits.
were first tested in rabbits.
309
777640
4560
就連抗憂鬱的藥
都先在兔子身上做實驗。
都先在兔子身上做實驗。
13:14
Today, however, we are not just giving these drugs
310
782200
2904
現在我們給這些動物藥，
13:17
to other animals as test subjects,
311
785104
2351
不是因為要試驗，
13:19
but they're giving them these drugs as patients,
312
787455
2491
而是要治療牠們。
13:21
both in ethical and much less ethical ways.
313
789946
4483
不管是用在合乎道德與否的理由。
13:26
SeaWorld gives mother orcas
antianxiety medications
antianxiety medications
314
794429
3870
「美國海洋世界」
在帶走殺人鯨寶寶的時候，
在帶走殺人鯨寶寶的時候，
13:30
when their calves are taken away.
315
798299
2644
會餵殺人鯨媽媽抗焦慮藥。
13:32
Many zoo gorillas have been given antipsychotics
316
800943
2283
很多動物園的大猩猩，
13:35
and antianxiety medications.
317
803226
2066
都會吃精神藥或抗焦慮。
13:37
But dogs like my own Oliver
318
805292
2873
而像我的奧利佛，
13:40
are given antidepressants and
some antianxiety medications
some antianxiety medications
319
808165
3239
吃這些抗憂鬱和抗焦慮是為了
13:43
to keep them from jumping out of buildings
320
811404
1736
防止牠又跳樓或衝進馬路撞車。
13:45
or jumping into traffic.
321
813140
2063
13:47
Just recently, actually, a study came out in "Science"
322
815203
3199
最近《科學》期刊上才有研究說
13:50
that showed that even crawdads
323
818402
1829
就連小龍蝦都對
抗焦慮藥有反應。
抗焦慮藥有反應。
13:52
responded to antianxiety medication.
324
820231
2224
13:54
It made them braver, less skittish,
325
822455
2275
讓牠們更勇敢、不怯懦，
而且更勇於探索周遭環境。
而且更勇於探索周遭環境。
13:56
and more likely to explore their environment.
326
824730
5050
14:01
It's hard to know how many
animals are on these drugs,
animals are on these drugs,
327
829780
2358
很難知道多少動物會上癮，
14:04
but I can tell you that the
animal pharmaceutical industry
animal pharmaceutical industry
328
832138
3464
但我知道動物的製藥業
14:07
is immense and growing,
329
835602
1788
是很龐大而且在成長的。
14:09
from seven billion dollars in 2011
330
837390
2723
從2011年的70億美元，
14:12
to a projected 9.25 billion by the year 2015.
331
840113
5579
預估會到2015年的92.5億美元。
14:17
Some animals are on these drugs indefinitely.
332
845692
3847
現在已知有些動物出現藥癮。
14:21
Others, like one bonobo who lives in Milwaukee
333
849539
4235
也有些，比如說在密爾沃基動物園，
本來以為一隻侏儒黑猩猩上癮了，
本來以為一隻侏儒黑猩猩上癮了，
14:25
at the zoo there was on them
334
853774
1586
14:27
until he started to save his Paxil prescription
335
855360
2151
結果發現牠會屯下「百可舒」，
然後當藥頭分給其他同伴。
然後當藥頭分給其他同伴。
14:29
and then distribute it among the other bonobos.
336
857511
2396
14:31
(Laughter) (Applause)
337
859907
5009
14:36
More than psychopharmaceuticals, though,
338
864916
2889
這已經有點超越精神藥的範圍了。
14:39
there are many, many, many other
339
867805
2515
但這之外還有很多很多，
14:42
therapeutic interventions that help other creatures.
340
870320
2648
幫助其他生物的治療方法。
14:44
And here is a place where I think actually
341
872968
2362
而我真的發現，
14:47
that veterinary medicine can teach something
342
875330
2442
人類診療可以和獸醫診療，
14:49
to human medicine,
343
877772
1686
借鏡的一個地方。
14:51
which is, if you take your dog, who is, say,
344
879458
1890
比如說當你帶你的狗，
14:53
compulsively chasing his tail,
345
881348
1800
假設牠強迫症追自己尾巴，
14:55
into the veterinary behaviorist,
346
883148
1778
去給動物行為治療師看。
14:56
their first action isn't to reach
for the prescription pad;
for the prescription pad;
347
884926
2804
醫生不會馬上就拿紙開處方，
14:59
it's to ask you about your dog's life.
348
887730
2956
而是會問你狗狗的生活。
15:02
They want to know how often your dog gets outside.
349
890686
2936
他們會問你的狗常出去嗎？
15:05
They want to know how much
exercise your dog is getting.
exercise your dog is getting.
350
893622
2654
看你的狗運動量是多少。
15:08
They want to know how much social time
351
896276
1485
會想知道牠和其他狗
15:09
with other dogs and other humans.
352
897761
2419
或是人類互動時間多不多。
15:12
They want to talk to you
about what sorts of therapies,
about what sorts of therapies,
353
900180
2210
也會想問你有沒有哪種治療，
15:14
largely behavior therapies,
354
902390
2515
特別是行為治療，
15:16
you've tried with that animal.
355
904905
2260
已經在牠身上試過。
15:19
Those are the things that
often tend to help the most,
often tend to help the most,
356
907165
2397
這些療法通常最有幫助，
15:21
especially when combined with
psychopharmaceuticals.
psychopharmaceuticals.
357
909562
3329
尤其和精神藥物雙管齊下。
15:24
The thing, though, I believe, that helps the most,
358
912891
2453
但我相信最有效的治療，
15:27
particularly with social animals,
359
915344
1957
特別是針對社會性動物，
15:29
is time with other social animals.
360
917301
3138
是多花時間和其他動物相處。
15:32
In many ways, I feel like I became a service animal
361
920439
3908
我常常覺得，
我好像在服侍、幫忙我的狗，
我好像在服侍、幫忙我的狗，
15:36
to my own dog,
362
924347
2504
15:38
and I have seen parrots do it for people
363
926851
4027
我也看過鸚鵡對人、
15:42
and people do it for parrots
364
930878
1710
人對鸚鵡、
15:44
and dogs do it for elephants
365
932588
1538
狗對大象、
15:46
and elephants do it for other elephants.
366
934126
3178
大象對大象等等。
我不知道你怎麼想，
但我在網路上找到很多，
但我在網路上找到很多，
15:49
I don't know about you;
367
937304
1333
15:50
I get a lot of Internet forwards
368
938637
2580
15:53
of unlikely animal friendships.
369
941217
2216
看起來不可思議的友情。
15:55
I also think it's a huge part of Facebook,
370
943433
3287
也有很多像在臉書上的例子：
15:58
the monkey that adopts the cat
371
946720
2877
「猴子收養了貓咪」、
16:01
or the great dane who adopted the orphaned fawn,
372
949597
4636
或「大丹犬收養了小鹿斑比」、
16:06
or the cow that makes friends with the pig,
373
954233
3004
「牛和豬成為朋友了」。
16:09
and had you asked me eight,
nine years ago, about these,
nine years ago, about these,
374
957237
3936
如果你8、9年前問我，
我可能會說這些人太神經，
16:13
I would have told you that they
were hopelessly sentimental
were hopelessly sentimental
375
961173
2490
16:15
and maybe too anthropomorphic in the wrong way
376
963663
3123
或是把擬人用錯地方了，
甚至覺得這些照片是假的；
甚至覺得這些照片是假的；
16:18
and maybe even staged, and what I can tell you now
377
966786
2779
但我現在要跟你說真實的、
16:21
is that there is actually something to this.
378
969565
2952
沒有造假的有趣發現：
16:24
This is legit. In fact, some interesting studies
379
972517
3595
16:28
have pointed to oxytocin levels,
380
976112
1926
哺乳動物的催產素
16:30
which are a kind of bonding hormone
381
978038
2596
是一種「結合激素」。
16:32
that we release when we're having sex or nursing
382
980634
2406
當我們在性愛或是哺育的時候，
16:35
or around someone that we care for extremely,
383
983040
2589
或是當我們和重要的對象在一起時，
16:37
oxytocin levels raising in both humans and dogs
384
985629
2492
人類或狗的催產素都會上升。
16:40
who care about each other
385
988121
1394
無論是因為互相關懷，
或是沉醉在相互的陪伴。
或是沉醉在相互的陪伴。
16:41
or who enjoy each other's company,
386
989515
1660
16:43
and beyond that, other studies show that oxytocin
387
991175
2309
而且研究還發現催產素，
16:45
raised even in other pairs of animals,
388
993484
2136
在不同種的動物配對上也有效果。
16:47
so, say, in goats and dogs who were
friends and played with each other,
friends and played with each other,
389
995620
3605
比如說山羊和狗是好朋友一起玩，
催產素也會因此上升。
催產素也會因此上升。
16:51
their levels spiked afterwards.
390
999225
4459
16:55
I have a friend who really showed me that
391
1003684
2767
我有一個朋友向我證明了，
16:58
mental health is in fact a two-way street.
392
1006451
2424
心理健康真的會相互影響。
17:00
His name is Lonnie Hodge,
and he's a veteran of Vietnam.
and he's a veteran of Vietnam.
393
1008875
3999
我朋友叫隆尼‧哈吉，
是一名越戰退役軍人。
是一名越戰退役軍人。
17:04
When he returned, he started working
394
1012874
2622
回來以後就跟大屠殺的倖存者，
和其他經歷戰爭創傷的人
和其他經歷戰爭創傷的人
17:07
with survivors of genocide and a lot of people
395
1015496
2643
17:10
who had gone through war trauma.
396
1018139
1528
一起工作。
17:11
And he had PTSD and also a fear of heights,
397
1019667
2484
他有創傷後症候群和懼高症。
17:14
because in Vietnam, he had been
398
1022151
1899
因為在越南他曾經
17:16
rappelling backwards out of helicopters
399
1024050
2245
失速從直升機向後垂降過。
17:18
over the skids,
400
1026295
1435
17:19
and he was givena service dog
named Gander, a labradoodle,
named Gander, a labradoodle,
401
1027730
3069
那時候他有被分到一隻
叫「甘德」的拉布拉多貴賓狗，
叫「甘德」的拉布拉多貴賓狗，
17:22
to help him with PTSD and his fear of heights.
402
1030799
3451
幫助他面對創傷後症候群和懼高症。
17:26
This is them actually on the first day that they met,
403
1034250
2660
這張照片是他們第一天見面拍的。
我覺得拍得很好。
我覺得拍得很好。
17:28
which is amazing, and since then,
404
1036910
2592
在那之後，他們幾乎都一起
17:31
they've spent a lot of time together
405
1039502
1765
17:33
visiting with other veterans
suffering from similar issues.
suffering from similar issues.
406
1041267
4250
拜訪有類似問題的退休軍人。
17:37
But what's so interesting to me about
Lonnie and Gander's relationship
Lonnie and Gander's relationship
407
1045517
3062
但我覺得有趣的是，
17:40
is about a few months in,
408
1048579
1778
在幾個月以後，
17:42
Gander actually developed a fear of heights,
409
1050357
3327
甘德也開始懼高了。
17:45
probably because he was
watching Lonnie so closely.
watching Lonnie so closely.
410
1053684
4297
可能是因為牠一直跟著隆尼。
17:49
What's pretty great about this, though,
is that he's still a fantastic service dog,
is that he's still a fantastic service dog,
411
1057981
3469
但這個故事最感人的地方，
是甘德帶來一些改變。
是甘德帶來一些改變。
17:53
because now, when they're both at a great height,
412
1061450
2535
因為如果他們都在很高的地方，
17:55
Lonnie is so concerned with Gander's well-being
413
1063985
3358
隆尼會擔心甘德的狀況，
17:59
that he forgets to be scared of the heights himself.
414
1067343
5974
以至於他忘記自己也怕高。
18:05
Since I've spent so much time with these stories,
415
1073317
3281
因為我花很多時間挖掘這些故事、
18:08
digging into archives,
416
1076598
1404
去翻檔案，
18:10
I literally spent years doing this research,
417
1078002
2454
我花好多年時間做研究，
18:12
and it's changed me.
418
1080456
2300
然後我有很大的改變。
18:14
I no longer look at animals at the species level.
419
1082756
3936
我不再用「物種」的角度去看動物，
18:18
I look at them as individuals,
420
1086692
2228
我重視牠們身為每個「個體」，
18:20
and I think about them as creatures
421
1088920
1572
有一套情緒系統，
會指引牠們的行為，
會指引牠們的行為，
18:22
with their own individual weather systems
422
1090492
2759
18:25
guiding their behavior and informing
423
1093251
1712
讓牠們去回應這個世界。
18:26
how they respond to the world.
424
1094963
2309
18:29
And I really believe that this has made me
425
1097272
2888
而且我相信這讓我
18:32
a more curious and a more empathetic person,
426
1100160
2364
變成一個更好奇、更具同理心的人。
18:34
both to the animals that share my bed
427
1102524
3443
不只是對和我同床共枕的寵物，
還有每天吃的動物；
還有每天吃的動物；
18:37
and occasionally wind up on my plate,
428
1105967
2126
18:40
but also to the people that I know
429
1108093
2850
還對那些我所知道，
18:42
who are suffering from anxiety
430
1110943
2951
深受焦慮、恐懼
或其他病症所苦的人。
或其他病症所苦的人。
18:45
and from phobias and all manner of other things,
431
1113894
2627
而且我相信，
18:48
and I really do believe that
432
1116521
1975
18:50
even though you can't know exactly
433
1118496
2248
就算你不能完全了解
18:52
what's going on in the mind of a pig
434
1120744
3387
豬的腦袋裡在想什麼，
或是你的寵物、你的伴侶在想什麼，
或是你的寵物、你的伴侶在想什麼，
18:56
or your pug or your partner,
435
1124131
2107
18:58
that that shouldn't stop you
from empathizing with them.
from empathizing with them.
436
1126248
3807
也不會停止你對他們發揮同理心。
19:02
The best thing that we could do for our loved ones
437
1130055
2489
我能對摯愛做的最好的事，
19:04
is, perhaps, to anthropomorphize them.
438
1132544
4296
應該就是去「擬人化」他們吧！
19:08
Charles Darwin's father once told him
439
1136840
3501
達爾文的爸爸曾跟他說：
19:12
that everybody could lose their mind at some point.
440
1140341
5219
「任何人都可能會喪失理智，
19:17
Thankfully, we can often find them again,
441
1145560
2831
但好險，我們大多都能把它重新找回來，
19:20
but only with each other's help.
442
1148391
2171
只要我們能夠互相幫忙。」
19:22
Thank you.
443
1150562
2056
謝謝！
19:24
(Applause)
444
1152618
3573
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Laurel Braitman - Science Historian + WriterScience historian Laurel Braitman is the author of Animal Madness, a book that takes a close look at our non-human friends and their mental anxieties.
Why you should listen
Laurel Braitman is a science historian who wants to know: Why is your cat so sad? For her book Animal Madness, the TED Fellow delves into the history of mental illness in animals, revealing a world of parrots that pluck themselves, cats with PTSD and donkeys with deep neuroses. Braitman holds a PhD in history and anthropology of science from MIT and works as an affiliate artist at the Headlands Center for the Arts.
More profile about the speakerLaurel Braitman | Speaker | TED.com