TED Studio
Steven Johnson: The playful wonderland behind great inventions
Steven Johnson: Razigrana zemlja čuda iza velikih izuma
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Nužda je temelj izuma, zar ne? Pa, ne uvijek. Steven Johnson pokazuje nam kako se neke od najvažnijih novih ideja i tehnologija, kao što su računala, uopće ne javljaju iz nužde ili potrebe, već iz neobičnog užitka igre. Pogledajte ovo zadivljujuće, ilustrirano istraživanje povijesti izuma. Vidjet ćete da budućnost dolazi iz onih situacija u kojima se ljudi najbolje zabavljaju.
Steven Johnson - Writer
Steven Berlin Johnson examines the intersection of science, technology and personal experience. Full bio
Steven Berlin Johnson examines the intersection of science, technology and personal experience. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
(Music)
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(Glazba)
00:16
Roughly 43,000 years ago,
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Prije otprilike 43,000 godina,
00:19
a young cave bear
died in the rolling hills
died in the rolling hills
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mladi špiljski medvjed
poginuo je u brdima
poginuo je u brdima
00:22
on the northwest border
of modern day Slovenia.
of modern day Slovenia.
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na sjeverozapadnoj granici
današnje Slovenije.
današnje Slovenije.
00:25
A thousand years later,
a mammoth died in southern Germany.
a mammoth died in southern Germany.
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Tisuću godina kasnije, mamut je
uginuo u južnoj Njemačkoj
uginuo u južnoj Njemačkoj
00:29
A few centuries after that,
a griffon vulture also died
a griffon vulture also died
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Nakon par stoljeća,
i bjeloglavi sup je uginuo
i bjeloglavi sup je uginuo
00:33
in the same vicinity.
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na istom području.
00:35
And we know almost nothing
about how these animals met their deaths,
about how these animals met their deaths,
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A mi ništa ne znamo o tome
kako su te životinje dočekale smrt,
kako su te životinje dočekale smrt,
00:39
but these different creatures
dispersed across both time and space
dispersed across both time and space
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ali sva ta različita stvorenja
iz raznih vremena i prostora
iz raznih vremena i prostora
00:43
did share one remarkable fate.
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dijele jednu te istu, iznimnu sudbinu.
00:46
After their deaths,
a bone from each of their skeletons
a bone from each of their skeletons
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Nakon njihove smrti,
jednu kost njihovih kostura
jednu kost njihovih kostura
00:50
was crafted by human hands
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ljudske ruke su pretvorile
00:52
into a flute.
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u sviralu.
00:54
Think about that for a second.
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Razmislite o tome na trenutak.
00:56
Imagine you're a caveman,
40,000 years ago.
40,000 years ago.
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Zamislite da ste pračovjek,
prije 40,000 godina
prije 40,000 godina
00:59
You've mastered fire.
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Naučili ste se služiti vatrom.
01:00
You've built simple tools for hunting.
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Izradili ste jednostavna lovačka oruđa.
01:02
You've learned how to craft
garments from animal skins
garments from animal skins
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Naučili ste kako napraviti
odjeću od životinjskih koža
odjeću od životinjskih koža
01:05
to keep yourself warm in the winter.
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da bi vam bilo toplo zimi.
01:07
What would you choose to invent next?
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Što biste sljedeće htjeli izumiti?
01:10
It seems preposterous
that you would invent the flute,
that you would invent the flute,
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Čini se nečuvenim
da biste napravili sviralu,
da biste napravili sviralu,
01:13
a tool that created
useless vibrations in air molecules.
useless vibrations in air molecules.
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oruđe koje stvara
beskorisne vibracije u molekulama zraka.
beskorisne vibracije u molekulama zraka.
01:17
But that is exactly
what our ancestors did.
what our ancestors did.
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Ali to je upravo ono
što su naši preci učinili.
što su naši preci učinili.
01:21
Now this turns out
to be surprisingly common
to be surprisingly common
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Zapravo, ispada da je to
začuđujuće uobičajena pojava
začuđujuće uobičajena pojava
01:24
in the history of innovation.
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u povijesti izuma.
01:26
Sometimes people invent things
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Ponekad ljudi izmisle stvari
01:28
because they want to stay alive
or feed their children
or feed their children
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potrebne za opstanak
ili za prehranjivanje svoje djece
ili za prehranjivanje svoje djece
01:31
or conquer the village next door.
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ili za osvajanje susjednog sela.
01:33
But just as often,
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Ali jednako često,
01:34
new ideas come into the world
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nove ideje se rađaju
01:36
simply because they're fun.
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jednostavno zato što su zabavne.
01:39
And here's the really strange thing:
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Posebno je zanimljiva jedna stvar:
01:41
many of those playful
but seemingly frivolous inventions
but seemingly frivolous inventions
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mnogi od tih zabavnih,
ali naizgled bespotrebnih izuma
ali naizgled bespotrebnih izuma
01:45
ended up sparking
momentous transformations
momentous transformations
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na kraju su pokrenuli
trenutačnu promjenu
trenutačnu promjenu
01:47
in science, in politics and society.
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u znanosti, politici i društvu.
01:51
Take what may be the most
important invention of modern times:
important invention of modern times:
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Uzmimo za primjer jedan od najvažnijih
izuma modernih vremena:
izuma modernih vremena:
01:54
programmable computers.
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Računala koja se mogu programirati.
01:56
Now, the standard story is that computers
descend from military technology,
descend from military technology,
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Uobičajena priča kaže da su računala
proizvod vojne tehnologije,
proizvod vojne tehnologije,
02:01
since many of the early computers
were designed specifically
were designed specifically
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budući da su mnoga rana računala
bila osmišljena posebno
bila osmišljena posebno
02:04
to crack wartime codes
or calculate rocket trajectories.
or calculate rocket trajectories.
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za razbijanje ratnih šifri
ili za izračunavanje putanja projektila.
ili za izračunavanje putanja projektila.
02:07
But in fact, the origins
of the modern computer
of the modern computer
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Ali zapravo, porijeklo
modernih računala
modernih računala
02:11
are much more playful,
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je puno više vezano uz igru,
02:12
even musical,
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pa čak i uz glazbu,
02:14
than you might imagine.
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nego što bismo pomislili.
02:15
The idea behind the flute,
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Smisao svirale,
02:16
of just pushing air through tubes
to make a sound,
to make a sound,
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ispuhivanje zraka u cijev
da bismo dobili zvuk,
da bismo dobili zvuk,
02:19
was eventually modified
to create the first organ
to create the first organ
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s vremenom se promijenio
da bi se proizvele prve orgulje
da bi se proizvele prve orgulje
02:22
more than 2,000 years ago.
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prije više od 2000 godina.
02:24
Someone came up with the brilliant idea
of triggering sounds
of triggering sounds
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Netko se dosjetio sjajne ideje
proizvodnje zvukova
proizvodnje zvukova
02:27
by pressing small levers with our fingers,
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pritiskanjem malih tipki našim prstima,
02:30
inventing the first musical keyboard.
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i tako je izmišljena
prva glazbena tipkovnica.
prva glazbena tipkovnica.
02:33
Now, keyboards evolved
from organs to clavichords to harpsichords
from organs to clavichords to harpsichords
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Zatim je tipkovnica prerasla s orgulja
na klavikord, pa čembalo
na klavikord, pa čembalo
02:37
to the piano,
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i zatim na piano,
02:38
until the middle of the 19th century,
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do sredine 19. stoljeća,
02:41
when a bunch of inventors
finally hit on the idea
finally hit on the idea
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kad je grupa izumitelja
konačno došla na ideju
konačno došla na ideju
02:44
of using a keyboard
to trigger not sounds but letters.
to trigger not sounds but letters.
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upotrebe tipkovnice
ne za proizvodnju zvuka, nego za slova.
ne za proizvodnju zvuka, nego za slova.
02:48
In fact, the very first typewriter
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U biti, prvi pisaći stroj
02:50
was originally called
"the writing harpsichord."
"the writing harpsichord."
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se originalno zvao
"pisaći čembalo".
"pisaći čembalo".
02:55
Flutes and music led
to even more powerful breakthroughs.
to even more powerful breakthroughs.
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Svirale i glazba dovele su
do još značajnijeg otkrića.
do još značajnijeg otkrića.
02:59
About a thousand years ago,
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Prije tisuću godina,
03:01
at the height of the Islamic Renaissance,
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na vrhuncu islamske renesanse,
03:03
three brothers in Baghdad
designed a device
designed a device
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trojica braće u Bagdadu
izradila su napravu
izradila su napravu
03:05
that was an automated organ.
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koja je predstavljala automatske orgulje.
03:08
They called it "the instrument
that plays itself."
that plays itself."
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Nazvali su ga "instrument
koji sam svira."
koji sam svira."
03:11
Now, the instrument
was basically a giant music box.
was basically a giant music box.
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Taj je instrument
zapravo bio ogromna muzička kutija,
zapravo bio ogromna muzička kutija,
03:15
The organ could be trained to play
various songs by using instructions
various songs by using instructions
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Takve orgulje su mogle odsvirati
razne pjesme putem korištenja naredbi
razne pjesme putem korištenja naredbi
03:19
encoded by placing pins
on a rotating cylinder.
on a rotating cylinder.
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zabilježenih postavljanjem iglica
na rotirajuće valjke.
na rotirajuće valjke.
03:23
And if you wanted the machine
to play a different song,
to play a different song,
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Ako biste htjeli da stroj
odsvira drugu pjesmu,
odsvira drugu pjesmu,
03:26
you just swapped a new cylinder in
with a different code on it.
with a different code on it.
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jednostavno biste uzeli drugi valjak,
s drugačijim podacima.
s drugačijim podacima.
03:29
This instrument was the first of its kind.
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Bio je to prvi stroj svoje vrste.
03:33
It was programmable.
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Stroj koji se mogao programirati.
03:35
Now, conceptually,
this was a massive leap forward.
this was a massive leap forward.
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Idejno,
to je bio ogroman skok unaprijed.
to je bio ogroman skok unaprijed.
03:38
The whole idea of hardware and software
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Čitava ideja hardvera i softvera
03:41
becomes thinkable for the first time
with this invention.
with this invention.
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ovim je izumom po prvi put
postala zamisliva.
postala zamisliva.
03:44
And that incredibly powerful concept
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Taj nevjerojatno moćan koncept
03:47
didn't come to us as an instrument
of war or of conquest,
of war or of conquest,
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nije se pojavio kao oruđe
rata ili osvajanja,
rata ili osvajanja,
03:50
or necessity at all.
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ili bilo kakve potrebe.
03:52
It came from the strange delight
of watching a machine play music.
of watching a machine play music.
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Proizašao je iz čudnog oduševljenja
zbog gledanja kako mašina svira glazbu.
zbog gledanja kako mašina svira glazbu.
03:57
In fact, the idea of programmable machines
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Zapravo, ta ideja o mašinama koje se
mogu programirati
mogu programirati
04:00
was exclusively kept alive by music
for about 700 years.
for about 700 years.
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preživjela je samo zahvaljujući glazbi
punih 700 godina.
punih 700 godina.
04:05
In the 1700s, music-making machines
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U 1700-tima, mašine koje sviraju
04:07
became the playthings
of the Parisian elite.
of the Parisian elite.
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postale su igračke
pariške elite.
pariške elite.
04:11
Showmen used the same coded cylinders
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Zabavljači su koristili
iste kodirane valjke
iste kodirane valjke
04:14
to control the physical movements
of what were called automata,
of what were called automata,
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kako bi kontrolirali pokrete
onog što su nazivali automatama,
onog što su nazivali automatama,
04:18
an early kind of robot.
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rane verzije robota.
04:20
One of the most famous of those robots
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Jedan od najslavnijih takvih robota
04:22
was, you guessed it,
an automated flute player
an automated flute player
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bio je, pogađate,
automatizirani svirač flaute,
automatizirani svirač flaute,
04:25
designed by a brilliant French inventor
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odličnog francuskog izumitelja
04:27
named Jacques de Vaucanson.
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Jacquesa de Vaucansona.
04:30
And as de Vaucanson
was designing his robot musician,
was designing his robot musician,
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Dok je Vaucanson
smišljao svog robota svirača,
smišljao svog robota svirača,
04:33
he had another idea.
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pala mu je na pamet druga ideja.
04:35
If you could program a machine
to make pleasing sounds,
to make pleasing sounds,
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Ako možeš programirati mašinu
da izvodi ugodne zvukove,
da izvodi ugodne zvukove,
04:39
why not program it to weave
delightful patterns of color out of cloth?
delightful patterns of color out of cloth?
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zašto je ne programirati da tka
prekrasne uzorke boja na platnu?
prekrasne uzorke boja na platnu?
04:44
Instead of using the pins of the cylinder
to represent musical notes,
to represent musical notes,
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Umjesto da iglice na valjcima
predstavljaju glazbene note,
predstavljaju glazbene note,
04:49
they would represent
threads with different colors.
threads with different colors.
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predstavljale su niti
različitih boja
različitih boja
04:52
If you wanted a new pattern
for your fabric,
for your fabric,
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Ako ste htjeli novi uzorak
za svoju tkaninu,
za svoju tkaninu,
04:54
you just programmed a new cylinder.
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samo ste programirali novi valjak.
04:57
This was the first programmable loom.
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To je bio prvi tkalački stan
na programiranje.
na programiranje.
05:00
Now, the cylinders were too expensive
and time-consuming to make,
and time-consuming to make,
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Nažalost, valjci su bili preskupi
i preteški za izradu,
i preteški za izradu,
05:04
but a half century later,
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ali pola stoljeća kasnije,
05:06
another French inventor named Jacquard
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drugi francuski izumitelj Jacquard
05:08
hit upon the brilliant idea
of using paper-punched cards
of using paper-punched cards
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dosjetio se izvrsne ideje
korištenja bušenih papirnatih kartica
korištenja bušenih papirnatih kartica
05:13
instead of metal cylinders.
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umjesto metalnih valjaka.
05:15
Paper turned out to be
much cheaper and more flexible
much cheaper and more flexible
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Pokazalo se da je papir
puno jeftiniji i jednostavniji
puno jeftiniji i jednostavniji
05:18
as a way of programming the device.
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način programiranja uređaja.
05:20
That punch card system inspired
Victorian inventor Charles Babbage
Victorian inventor Charles Babbage
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Bušene kartice nadahnule su viktorijanskog
izumitelja Charlesa Babbagea
izumitelja Charlesa Babbagea
05:25
to create his analytical engine,
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za izradu njegove analitičke mašine,
05:27
the first true programmable computer
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prvog pravog računala
koje se moglo programirati
koje se moglo programirati
05:30
ever designed.
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u povijesti.
05:31
And punch cards were used
by computer programmers
by computer programmers
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Računalni programeri su koristili
bušene kartice
bušene kartice
05:34
as late as the 1970s.
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sve to 1970-ih.
05:37
So ask yourself this question:
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I sad se zapitajte sljedeće:
05:39
what really made
the modern computer possible?
the modern computer possible?
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Što je bilo to što je omogućilo
pojavu modernih računala?
pojavu modernih računala?
05:43
Yes, the military involvement
is an important part of the story,
is an important part of the story,
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Da, vojska i njene potrebe
su bitan dio cijele priče,
su bitan dio cijele priče,
05:47
but inventing a computer
also required other building blocks:
also required other building blocks:
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ali u nastanak računala
ugrađene su još neke cigle:
ugrađene su još neke cigle:
05:51
music boxes,
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muzičke kutije,
05:52
toy robot flute players,
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robot-igračka koji svira flautu,
05:54
harpsichord keyboards,
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klavijatura čembala,
05:55
colorful patterns woven into fabric,
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živopisni tkani uzorci,
05:58
and that's just a small part of the story.
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a sve to je još uvijek samo mali do priče.
06:01
There's a long list of world-changing
ideas and technologies
ideas and technologies
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Postoji dugačak popis ideja i tehnologija
koje mijenjaju svijet,
koje mijenjaju svijet,
06:04
that came out of play:
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a koje su proizašle iz igre:
06:06
public museums, rubber,
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javni muzeji, guma,
06:08
probability theory, the insurance business
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teorija vjerojatnosti, osiguranja
06:10
and many more.
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i još mnogo toga.
06:11
Necessity isn't always
the mother of invention.
the mother of invention.
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Potreba nije uvijek izvor
nekog izuma.
nekog izuma.
06:15
The playful state of mind
is fundamentally exploratory,
is fundamentally exploratory,
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Zaigrano stanje uma
je u svojoj osnovi istraživačko,
je u svojoj osnovi istraživačko,
06:19
seeking out new possibilities
in the world around us.
in the world around us.
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jer traži nove mogućnosti
u svijetu oko sebe.
u svijetu oko sebe.
06:22
And that seeking
is why so many experiences
is why so many experiences
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I ta potraga je razlog
zbog čega brojna iskustva
zbog čega brojna iskustva
06:26
that started with simple
delight and amusement
delight and amusement
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koja su počela kao
oduševljenje i zabava
oduševljenje i zabava
06:29
eventually led us
to profound breakthroughs.
to profound breakthroughs.
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na kraju dovode do
temeljnih otkrića.
temeljnih otkrića.
06:33
Now, I think this has implications
for how we teach kids in school
for how we teach kids in school
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Mislm da je sve ovo bitno
za naš način podučavanja djece u školama
za naš način podučavanja djece u školama
06:37
and how we encourage innovation
in our workspaces,
in our workspaces,
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i poticanja inovacija
na radnim mjestima,
na radnim mjestima,
06:40
but thinking about play
and delight this way
and delight this way
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ali shvaćanje ovog značenja
igre i oduševljenja
igre i oduševljenja
06:43
also helps us detect what's coming next.
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također nam pomaže da se pripremimo
za ono što slijedi.
za ono što slijedi.
06:47
Think about it: if you were
sitting there in 1750
sitting there in 1750
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Zamislite ovo:
da ste sjedili ovdje 1750.
da ste sjedili ovdje 1750.
06:49
trying to figure out
the big changes coming to society
the big changes coming to society
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i pokušavali zamisliti
velike promjene koje će zahvatiti društvo
velike promjene koje će zahvatiti društvo
06:53
in the 19th, the 20th centuries,
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u 19. i 20. stoljeću,
06:55
automated machines, computers,
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razne uređaje, računala,
06:57
artificial intelligence,
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umjetnu inteligenciju,
06:59
a programmable flute
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ona flauta koja se može isprogramirati
07:00
entertaining the Parisian elite
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i zabavljati parišku elitu
07:03
would have been as powerful a clue
as anything else at the time.
as anything else at the time.
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bila bi jednako bitna smjernica
kao i bilo koja druga iz tog vremena.
kao i bilo koja druga iz tog vremena.
07:07
It seemed like an amusement at best,
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Činila se kao zabavna stvar
u najboljem slučaju,
u najboljem slučaju,
07:10
not useful in any serious way,
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i ništa ozbiljno niti korisno,
07:13
but it turned out to be
the beginning of a tech revolution
the beginning of a tech revolution
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ali se ispostavilo da je to
početak tehnološke revolucije
početak tehnološke revolucije
07:17
that would change the world.
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koja je promijenila svjet.
07:18
You'll find the future
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Otkrit ćete budućnost
ondje gdje se ljudi nabolje zabavljaju.
07:20
wherever people are having the most fun.
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Steven Johnson - WriterSteven Berlin Johnson examines the intersection of science, technology and personal experience.
Why you should listen
Steven Johnson is a leading light of today's interdisciplinary and collaborative approach to innovation. His writings have influenced everything from cutting-edge ideas in urban planning to the battle against 21st-century terrorism. Johnson was chosen by Prospect magazine as one of the top ten brains of the digital future, and The Wall Street Journal calls him "one of the most persuasive advocates for the role of collaboration in innovation."
Johnson's work on the history of innovation inspired the Emmy-nominated six-part series on PBS, "How We Got To Now with Steven Johnson," which aired in the fall of 2014. The book version of How We Got To Now was a finalist for the PEN/E.O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award. His new book, Wonderland: How Play Made the Modern World, revolves around the creative power of play and delight: ideas and innovations that set into motion many momentous changes in science, technology, politics and society.
Johnson is also the author of the bestselling Where Good Ideas Come From: The Natural History of Innovation, one of his many books celebrating progress and innovation. Others include The Invention of Air and The Ghost Map. Everything Bad Is Good For You, one of the most discussed books of 2005, argued that the increasing complexity of modern media is training us to think in more complex ways. Emergence and Future Perfect explore the power of bottom-up intelligence in both nature and contemporary society.
An innovator himself, Johnson has co-created three influential sites: the pioneering online magazine FEED, the Webby-Award-winning community site, Plastic.com, and the hyperlocal media site outside.in, which was acquired by AOL in 2011.
Johnson is a regular contributor to WIRED magazine, as well as the New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and many other periodicals. He has appeared on many high-profile television programs, including "The Charlie Rose Show," "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart" and "The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer."
Steven Johnson | Speaker | TED.com