TED Studio
Steven Johnson: The playful wonderland behind great inventions
Stīvens Džonsons: Varenu izgudrojumu rotaļīgā izcelsme
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Readability: 5.3
1,351,401 views
Vajadzība ir jaunrades māte, vai ne? Nu, ne vienmēr. Stīvens Džonsons parāda, kā dažas no idejām un tehnoloģijām, kas nesušas vislielākās pārmaiņas, piemēram, datori, nebūt neradās vajadzības dēļ, bet gan no dīvaina rotaļāšanās prieka. Dalies ar šo aizraujošo, ilustrēto jaunrades vēstures pētījumu. Izrādās, nākotne atrodama jebkur, kur cilvēkiem iet visjautrāk.
Steven Johnson - Writer
Steven Berlin Johnson examines the intersection of science, technology and personal experience. Full bio
Steven Berlin Johnson examines the intersection of science, technology and personal experience. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
(Music)
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(Mūzika)
00:16
Roughly 43,000 years ago,
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Pirms aptuveni 43 000 gadu
00:19
a young cave bear
died in the rolling hills
died in the rolling hills
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kāds jauns alu lācis nomira kalnienē
00:22
on the northwest border
of modern day Slovenia.
of modern day Slovenia.
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pie mūsdienu Slovēnijas
ziemeļrietumu robežas.
ziemeļrietumu robežas.
00:25
A thousand years later,
a mammoth died in southern Germany.
a mammoth died in southern Germany.
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Tūkstoš gadu vēlāk
Vācijas dienvidos nomira mamuts.
Vācijas dienvidos nomira mamuts.
00:29
A few centuries after that,
a griffon vulture also died
a griffon vulture also died
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Vēl dažus gadsimtus vēlāk
tajā pašā apkārtnē nomira
arī baltgalvas grifs.
arī baltgalvas grifs.
00:33
in the same vicinity.
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00:35
And we know almost nothing
about how these animals met their deaths,
about how these animals met their deaths,
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Mēs gandrīz neko nezinām
par to, kā šie dzīvnieki gāja bojā,
par to, kā šie dzīvnieki gāja bojā,
00:39
but these different creatures
dispersed across both time and space
dispersed across both time and space
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tomēr šīm dažādajām,
laikā un telpā nošķirtajām radībām
laikā un telpā nošķirtajām radībām
00:43
did share one remarkable fate.
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bija viena kopīga likteņa iezīme.
00:46
After their deaths,
a bone from each of their skeletons
a bone from each of their skeletons
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Pēc nāves pa kaulam no to skeletiem
00:50
was crafted by human hands
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cilvēka rokas pārvērta stabulē.
00:52
into a flute.
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00:54
Think about that for a second.
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Aizdomājies par to!
Iztēlojieties, ka esat alu cilvēks
pirms 40 000 gadu.
pirms 40 000 gadu.
00:56
Imagine you're a caveman,
40,000 years ago.
40,000 years ago.
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00:59
You've mastered fire.
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Esat iemācījies iegūt uguni.
01:00
You've built simple tools for hunting.
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Pagatavojis vienkāršus medību rīkus.
01:02
You've learned how to craft
garments from animal skins
garments from animal skins
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Esat iemācījies no dzīvnieku ādām
pagatavot apģērbu,
pagatavot apģērbu,
01:05
to keep yourself warm in the winter.
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lai ziemā būtu silti.
01:07
What would you choose to invent next?
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Ko jūs izvēlētos izgudrot kā nākamo?
01:10
It seems preposterous
that you would invent the flute,
that you would invent the flute,
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Šķiet pilnīgi bezjēdzīgi
izgudrot stabuli –
izgudrot stabuli –
01:13
a tool that created
useless vibrations in air molecules.
useless vibrations in air molecules.
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rīku, kas rada nekam nederīgas
gaisa molekulu vibrācijas.
gaisa molekulu vibrācijas.
01:17
But that is exactly
what our ancestors did.
what our ancestors did.
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Taču tieši to izdarīja mūsu senči.
01:21
Now this turns out
to be surprisingly common
to be surprisingly common
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Izrādās jaunrades vēsturē
kas tāds notiek pārsteidzoši bieži.
kas tāds notiek pārsteidzoši bieži.
01:24
in the history of innovation.
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01:26
Sometimes people invent things
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Reizēm cilvēki kaut ko izgudro,
01:28
because they want to stay alive
or feed their children
or feed their children
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jo grib palikt dzīvi
vai pabarot savus bērnus,
vai pabarot savus bērnus,
01:31
or conquer the village next door.
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vai iekarot kaimiņu ciemu.
01:33
But just as often,
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Tomēr tikpat bieži
01:34
new ideas come into the world
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jaunas idejas pasaulē rodas,
01:36
simply because they're fun.
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vienkārši tāpēc ka tās rada prieku.
01:39
And here's the really strange thing:
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Un, lūk, dīvainākais:
01:41
many of those playful
but seemingly frivolous inventions
but seemingly frivolous inventions
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daudzi no šiem rotaļīgajiem,
bet šķietami nenozīmīgajiem izgudrojumiem
bet šķietami nenozīmīgajiem izgudrojumiem
01:45
ended up sparking
momentous transformations
momentous transformations
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galu galā ir rosinājuši
nozīmīgas pārmaiņas
nozīmīgas pārmaiņas
01:47
in science, in politics and society.
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zinātnē, politikā un sabiedrībā.
01:51
Take what may be the most
important invention of modern times:
important invention of modern times:
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Apskatīsim, iespējams, svarīgāko
mūslaiku izgudrojumu –
mūslaiku izgudrojumu –
01:54
programmable computers.
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programmējamus datorus.
01:56
Now, the standard story is that computers
descend from military technology,
descend from military technology,
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Vispārpieņemtais stāsts vēsta, ka datori
cēlušies no militārajām tehnoloģijām,
cēlušies no militārajām tehnoloģijām,
02:01
since many of the early computers
were designed specifically
were designed specifically
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jo daudzi agrīnie datori
bija īpaši radīti,
bija īpaši radīti,
lai uzlauztu kara laika kodus
vai aprēķinātu raķešu trajektorijas.
vai aprēķinātu raķešu trajektorijas.
02:04
to crack wartime codes
or calculate rocket trajectories.
or calculate rocket trajectories.
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02:07
But in fact, the origins
of the modern computer
of the modern computer
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Taču patiesībā mūsdienu datora izcelsme
02:11
are much more playful,
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ir daudz rotaļīgāka,
02:12
even musical,
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pat muzikāla,
02:14
than you might imagine.
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nekā varbūt iedomājaties.
02:15
The idea behind the flute,
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Ideju stabules pamatā
– gaisa pūšanu caurulē, lai radītu skaņu –
– gaisa pūšanu caurulē, lai radītu skaņu –
02:16
of just pushing air through tubes
to make a sound,
to make a sound,
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02:19
was eventually modified
to create the first organ
to create the first organ
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galu galā pārveidoja,
lai radītu pirmās ērģeles
lai radītu pirmās ērģeles
02:22
more than 2,000 years ago.
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pirms vairāk nekā 2000 gadiem.
02:24
Someone came up with the brilliant idea
of triggering sounds
of triggering sounds
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Kādam ienāca prātā
žilbinošā ideja radīt skaņas,
žilbinošā ideja radīt skaņas,
02:27
by pressing small levers with our fingers,
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ar pirkstiem spiežot sviriņas,
02:30
inventing the first musical keyboard.
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tā izgudrojot pirmo muzikālo klaviatūru.
02:33
Now, keyboards evolved
from organs to clavichords to harpsichords
from organs to clavichords to harpsichords
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Klaviatūras attīstījās
no ērģelēm līdz klavihordiem,
no ērģelēm līdz klavihordiem,
tālāk klavesīniem un klavierēm
02:37
to the piano,
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02:38
until the middle of the 19th century,
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līdz 19. gadsimta vidū
02:41
when a bunch of inventors
finally hit on the idea
finally hit on the idea
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dažiem izgudrotājiem beidzot iešāvās prātā
02:44
of using a keyboard
to trigger not sounds but letters.
to trigger not sounds but letters.
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izmantot klaviatūru nevis skaņu,
bet burtu radīšanai.
bet burtu radīšanai.
02:48
In fact, the very first typewriter
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Patiesībā pašu pirmo rakstāmmašīnu
02:50
was originally called
"the writing harpsichord."
"the writing harpsichord."
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sākotnēji sauca par rakstīšanas klavesīnu.
02:55
Flutes and music led
to even more powerful breakthroughs.
to even more powerful breakthroughs.
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Stabules un mūzika noveda
pie vēl varenākiem atklājumiem.
pie vēl varenākiem atklājumiem.
02:59
About a thousand years ago,
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Pirms aptuveni tūkstoš gadiem,
03:01
at the height of the Islamic Renaissance,
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islāma renesanses virsotnē,
03:03
three brothers in Baghdad
designed a device
designed a device
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trīs brāļi Bagdādē uzbūvēja iekārtu –
03:05
that was an automated organ.
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automatizētas ērģeles.
03:08
They called it "the instrument
that plays itself."
that plays itself."
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Viņi to nosauca par instrumentu,
kas pats sevi spēlē.
kas pats sevi spēlē.
03:11
Now, the instrument
was basically a giant music box.
was basically a giant music box.
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Šis instruments būtībā bija
milzīga mūzikas kastīte.
milzīga mūzikas kastīte.
03:15
The organ could be trained to play
various songs by using instructions
various songs by using instructions
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Šīm ērģelēm varēja iemācīt
spēlēt dažādas dziesmas,
spēlēt dažādas dziesmas,
izmantojot instrukcijas, kas iekodētas
rēdžu novietojumā uz rotējoša cilindra.
rēdžu novietojumā uz rotējoša cilindra.
03:19
encoded by placing pins
on a rotating cylinder.
on a rotating cylinder.
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03:23
And if you wanted the machine
to play a different song,
to play a different song,
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Ja gribēji, lai mašīna
nospēlē citu dziesmu,
nospēlē citu dziesmu,
atlika vien ielikt cilindru ar citu kodu.
03:26
you just swapped a new cylinder in
with a different code on it.
with a different code on it.
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03:29
This instrument was the first of its kind.
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Tas bija pirmais šāda veida instruments.
03:33
It was programmable.
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Tas bija programmējams.
03:35
Now, conceptually,
this was a massive leap forward.
this was a massive leap forward.
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Konceptuāli tas bija
milzīgs lēciens uz priekšu.
milzīgs lēciens uz priekšu.
03:38
The whole idea of hardware and software
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Pati ideja par aparatūru un programmatūru
03:41
becomes thinkable for the first time
with this invention.
with this invention.
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pirmoreiz kļūst iedomājama,
pateicoties šim izgudrojumam.
pateicoties šim izgudrojumam.
03:44
And that incredibly powerful concept
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Un šis ārkārtīgi varenais koncepts
03:47
didn't come to us as an instrument
of war or of conquest,
of war or of conquest,
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neradās kā kara vai pakļaušanas rīks,
03:50
or necessity at all.
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to neradīja vajadzība.
03:52
It came from the strange delight
of watching a machine play music.
of watching a machine play music.
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Tas rādās no dīvaina prieka,
vērojot mašīnu spēlējam mūziku.
vērojot mašīnu spēlējam mūziku.
03:57
In fact, the idea of programmable machines
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Patiesībā ideju par programmējamām mašīnām
04:00
was exclusively kept alive by music
for about 700 years.
for about 700 years.
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700 gadus pie dzīvības noturēja
tikai un vienīgi mūzika.
tikai un vienīgi mūzika.
04:05
In the 1700s, music-making machines
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1700. gados muzicējošās mašīnas
04:07
became the playthings
of the Parisian elite.
of the Parisian elite.
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kļuva par Parīzes elites rotaļlietu.
04:11
Showmen used the same coded cylinders
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Izklaidētāji izmantoja
tos pašu kodētos cilindrus,
tos pašu kodētos cilindrus,
04:14
to control the physical movements
of what were called automata,
of what were called automata,
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lai kontrolētu tā dēvētā automāta,
agrīnā robota, fiziskās kustības.
agrīnā robota, fiziskās kustības.
04:18
an early kind of robot.
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Viens no slavenākajiem
šāda veida robotiem bija
šāda veida robotiem bija
04:20
One of the most famous of those robots
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04:22
was, you guessed it,
an automated flute player
an automated flute player
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– uzminējāt – automatizēts stabulnieks,
ko uzbūvēja lieliskais franču izgudrotājs
04:25
designed by a brilliant French inventor
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04:27
named Jacques de Vaucanson.
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vārdā Žaks de Vokansons.
04:30
And as de Vaucanson
was designing his robot musician,
was designing his robot musician,
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Un, taisot savu robotmuzikantu,
04:33
he had another idea.
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viņam radās vēl viena ideja.
04:35
If you could program a machine
to make pleasing sounds,
to make pleasing sounds,
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Ja mašīnu var ieprogrammēt
radīt patīkamas skaņas,
radīt patīkamas skaņas,
04:39
why not program it to weave
delightful patterns of color out of cloth?
delightful patterns of color out of cloth?
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kāpēc gan to neieprogrammēt
aust burvīgus, krāsainus auduma rakstus?
aust burvīgus, krāsainus auduma rakstus?
04:44
Instead of using the pins of the cylinder
to represent musical notes,
to represent musical notes,
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Tā vietā, lai cilindra rēdzes
izmantotu nošu atainošanai,
izmantotu nošu atainošanai,
04:49
they would represent
threads with different colors.
threads with different colors.
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tās atainotu dažādu krāsu diegus.
04:52
If you wanted a new pattern
for your fabric,
for your fabric,
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Ja gribējāt jaunu auduma rakstu,
04:54
you just programmed a new cylinder.
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vajadzēja vien ieprogrammēt
jaunu cilindru.
jaunu cilindru.
04:57
This was the first programmable loom.
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Tās bija pirmās programmējamās stelles.
05:00
Now, the cylinders were too expensive
and time-consuming to make,
and time-consuming to make,
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Tiesa, cilindri bija pārāk dārgi
un to pagatavošana prasīja laiku,
un to pagatavošana prasīja laiku,
05:04
but a half century later,
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taču pusgadsimtu vēlāk
05:06
another French inventor named Jacquard
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citam franču izgudrotājam vārdā Žakards
05:08
hit upon the brilliant idea
of using paper-punched cards
of using paper-punched cards
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radās žilbinoša ideja
metāla cilindru vietā izmantot
perforētas papīra kartītes.
perforētas papīra kartītes.
05:13
instead of metal cylinders.
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05:15
Paper turned out to be
much cheaper and more flexible
much cheaper and more flexible
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Papīrs izrādījās
daudz lētāks un elastīgāks
daudz lētāks un elastīgāks
05:18
as a way of programming the device.
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iekārtas programmēšanas veids.
05:20
That punch card system inspired
Victorian inventor Charles Babbage
Victorian inventor Charles Babbage
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Šī perfokaršu sistēma iedvesmoja
Viktorijas laika izgudrotāju
Čārlzu Bebidžu
Čārlzu Bebidžu
05:25
to create his analytical engine,
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radīt savu analītisko mašīnu,
05:27
the first true programmable computer
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visu laiku pirmo īsto
programmējamo datoru.
programmējamo datoru.
05:30
ever designed.
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05:31
And punch cards were used
by computer programmers
by computer programmers
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Perfokartes datoru programmētāji izmantoja
05:34
as late as the 1970s.
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līdz pat 1970. gadiem.
05:37
So ask yourself this question:
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Pajautājiet sev –
05:39
what really made
the modern computer possible?
the modern computer possible?
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kas patiesībā padarīja iespējamu
mūsdienu datoru?
mūsdienu datoru?
05:43
Yes, the military involvement
is an important part of the story,
is an important part of the story,
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Jā, militārajai līdzdalībai
stāstā bija svarīga loma,
stāstā bija svarīga loma,
05:47
but inventing a computer
also required other building blocks:
also required other building blocks:
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taču datora izgudrošanai
vajadzēja arī citus būvakmeņus:
vajadzēja arī citus būvakmeņus:
05:51
music boxes,
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mūzikas kastītes,
05:52
toy robot flute players,
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rotaļu robotus – stabulniekus,
05:54
harpsichord keyboards,
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klavesīnu klaviatūras,
05:55
colorful patterns woven into fabric,
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krāsainus, audumā ieaustus rakstus,
05:58
and that's just a small part of the story.
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un tā ir tikai maza daļa no šī stāsta.
06:01
There's a long list of world-changing
ideas and technologies
ideas and technologies
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Ir daudz ideju un tehnoloģiju,
kas mainījušas pasauli
kas mainījušas pasauli
06:04
that came out of play:
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un radušās rotaļājoties –
06:06
public museums, rubber,
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valsts muzeji, gumija,
06:08
probability theory, the insurance business
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varbūtības teorija, apdrošināšana
06:10
and many more.
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un daudz citu.
06:11
Necessity isn't always
the mother of invention.
the mother of invention.
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Vajadzība ne vienmēr ir jaunrades māte.
06:15
The playful state of mind
is fundamentally exploratory,
is fundamentally exploratory,
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Rotaļīgs prāta stāvoklis
pamatu pamatos ir pētniecisks,
pamatu pamatos ir pētniecisks,
06:19
seeking out new possibilities
in the world around us.
in the world around us.
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tas meklē jaunas iespējas
apkārtesošajā pasaulē.
apkārtesošajā pasaulē.
06:22
And that seeking
is why so many experiences
is why so many experiences
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Un šie meklējumi ir iemesls,
kāpēc tik daudz pieredzes,
kas sākusies kā prieks un izklaide,
kas sākusies kā prieks un izklaide,
06:26
that started with simple
delight and amusement
delight and amusement
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06:29
eventually led us
to profound breakthroughs.
to profound breakthroughs.
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galu galā novedusi
pie vareniem atklājumiem.
pie vareniem atklājumiem.
06:33
Now, I think this has implications
for how we teach kids in school
for how we teach kids in school
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Manuprāt, tas jāņem vērā,
mācot bērnus skolās
mācot bērnus skolās
06:37
and how we encourage innovation
in our workspaces,
in our workspaces,
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un iedrošinot jaunradi darbavietās,
06:40
but thinking about play
and delight this way
and delight this way
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taču domāšana par rotaļām un prieku šādi
06:43
also helps us detect what's coming next.
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mums arī palīdz noteikt, kas būs nākamais.
06:47
Think about it: if you were
sitting there in 1750
sitting there in 1750
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Padomājiet –
ja jūs sēdētu 1750. gadā, mēģinot izdomāt,
kādas lielas pārmaiņas skars sabiedrību
kādas lielas pārmaiņas skars sabiedrību
06:49
trying to figure out
the big changes coming to society
the big changes coming to society
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06:53
in the 19th, the 20th centuries,
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19., 20. gadsimtā
06:55
automated machines, computers,
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– automatizētas mašīnas, datori,
mākslīgais intelekts, –
mākslīgais intelekts, –
06:57
artificial intelligence,
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06:59
a programmable flute
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programmējama stabule,
07:00
entertaining the Parisian elite
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kas izklaidē Parīzes eliti,
07:03
would have been as powerful a clue
as anything else at the time.
as anything else at the time.
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tolaik būtu bijusi
tikpat laba norāde kā jebkas cits.
tikpat laba norāde kā jebkas cits.
07:07
It seemed like an amusement at best,
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Tā šķita esam labākajā gadījumā izklaide
07:10
not useful in any serious way,
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bez jebkāda nopietnāka lietojuma,
07:13
but it turned out to be
the beginning of a tech revolution
the beginning of a tech revolution
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bet izrādījās esam sākums
tehnoloģiskai revolūcijai,
tehnoloģiskai revolūcijai,
07:17
that would change the world.
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kas mainīja pasauli.
07:18
You'll find the future
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Nākotne atrodama jebkur,
07:20
wherever people are having the most fun.
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kur cilvēkiem iet visjautrāk.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Steven Johnson - WriterSteven Berlin Johnson examines the intersection of science, technology and personal experience.
Why you should listen
Steven Johnson is a leading light of today's interdisciplinary and collaborative approach to innovation. His writings have influenced everything from cutting-edge ideas in urban planning to the battle against 21st-century terrorism. Johnson was chosen by Prospect magazine as one of the top ten brains of the digital future, and The Wall Street Journal calls him "one of the most persuasive advocates for the role of collaboration in innovation."
Johnson's work on the history of innovation inspired the Emmy-nominated six-part series on PBS, "How We Got To Now with Steven Johnson," which aired in the fall of 2014. The book version of How We Got To Now was a finalist for the PEN/E.O. Wilson Literary Science Writing Award. His new book, Wonderland: How Play Made the Modern World, revolves around the creative power of play and delight: ideas and innovations that set into motion many momentous changes in science, technology, politics and society.
Johnson is also the author of the bestselling Where Good Ideas Come From: The Natural History of Innovation, one of his many books celebrating progress and innovation. Others include The Invention of Air and The Ghost Map. Everything Bad Is Good For You, one of the most discussed books of 2005, argued that the increasing complexity of modern media is training us to think in more complex ways. Emergence and Future Perfect explore the power of bottom-up intelligence in both nature and contemporary society.
An innovator himself, Johnson has co-created three influential sites: the pioneering online magazine FEED, the Webby-Award-winning community site, Plastic.com, and the hyperlocal media site outside.in, which was acquired by AOL in 2011.
Johnson is a regular contributor to WIRED magazine, as well as the New York Times, The Wall Street Journal and many other periodicals. He has appeared on many high-profile television programs, including "The Charlie Rose Show," "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart" and "The NewsHour with Jim Lehrer."
Steven Johnson | Speaker | TED.com