TED2019
Ivonne Roman: How policewomen make communities safer
伊馮．羅曼: 女警為何能使社區更安全
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儘管事實證明女警能夠有效解除暴力情境和減少武力的使用，女性員警佔美國警力的比例仍不到 13%。TED 研究會員伊馮．羅曼，以二十多年擔任警員和警察局長的經歷，分享了如何在警校體能測驗上做一個簡單的改變，就能協助建立更平衡的警力，讓社區和員警都受惠。
Ivonne Roman - Police captain
Ivonne Roman cofounded the Women's Leadership Academy to increase the retention of women in policing. Full bio
Ivonne Roman cofounded the Women's Leadership Academy to increase the retention of women in policing. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
I've been a police officer
in an urban city
in an urban city
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我在都市擔任警察
00:16
for nearly 25 years.
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有將近二十五年的時間。
00:18
That's crazy, right?
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很瘋狂吧？
00:21
And in that time,
I've served in every rank,
I've served in every rank,
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那段時間，我各種階級都做過，
00:24
from police officer to police chief.
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從警員到警察局長。
00:28
A few years ago,
I noticed something alarming.
I noticed something alarming.
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幾年前，我注意到了某種警訊。
00:32
Starting in 2014,
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從 2014 年開始，
00:34
I started monitoring recruits
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我開始密切注意那些
00:35
as they cycled through police academies
in the state of New Jersey,
in the state of New Jersey,
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一批又一批的紐澤西州警校新生，
00:39
and I found that women were failing
at rates between 65 and 80 percent,
at rates between 65 and 80 percent,
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我發現由於各種不同的體能測驗，
00:45
due to varying aspects
of the physical fitness test.
of the physical fitness test.
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導致女性的不及格率
高達 65% 到 80% 。
高達 65% 到 80% 。
00:49
I learned that a change in policy
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我發覺現今一項政策改變後，
00:51
now required recruits
to pass the fitness exam
to pass the fitness exam
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新生必須在短短十堂訓練課程內
00:54
within 10 short workout sessions.
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就得要通過體能測驗。
00:57
This had the greatest impact on women.
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這對女性的影響最大。
01:00
The change meant that recruits
had about three weeks
had about three weeks
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這個改變意味著
新生在校的五個月期間，
新生在校的五個月期間，
01:03
out of a five-month-long academy
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只有約三週的時間
01:05
to pass the fitness exam.
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去通過體能測驗。
01:07
This just didn't make sense, though.
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不過，這並不合理，
01:10
Police agencies and police recruits
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警察機構和警校新生
01:13
had made huge investments
to get those recruits into the academy.
to get those recruits into the academy.
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為了讓那些新生進入警校
都做了很大的投資。
都做了很大的投資。
01:17
Police recruits had passed
lengthy background checks,
lengthy background checks,
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警校新生通過了冗長的背景調查，
01:21
they had passed medical
and psychological exams,
and psychological exams,
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通過了醫學和心理學測驗，
01:24
they had quit their jobs.
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他們辭去了工作。
01:26
And many had spent more
than 2,000 dollars in fees and equipment
than 2,000 dollars in fees and equipment
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很多人花了超過兩千美元
在費用和設備上，
在費用和設備上，
01:30
just to get kicked out
within the first three weeks?
within the first three weeks?
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就只為了在前三週就被踢出去嗎？
01:34
The dire situation in New Jersey
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在紐澤西州的慘況
01:36
led me to examine the status
of women in policing
of women in policing
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讓我開始探究在全美警政中的
01:38
across the United States.
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女性情勢。
01:40
I found that women make up
less than 13 percent of police officers.
less than 13 percent of police officers.
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我發現在警官中
女性的比例不到 13%。
女性的比例不到 13%。
01:45
A number that hasn't changed much
in the past 20 years.
in the past 20 years.
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在過去二十年間，
這個數字沒有什麼改變。
這個數字沒有什麼改變。
01:50
And they make up just three percent
of police chiefs as of 2013,
of police chiefs as of 2013,
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截至 2013 年，警察局長中
只有 3% 是女性，
只有 3% 是女性，
01:54
the last time the data was collected.
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這數字是根據目前收集的最新資料。
01:58
We know that we can improve those rates.
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我們知道我們可以改善這些比例。
02:01
Other countries like Canada,
Australia and the UK
Australia and the UK
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其他國家，如加拿大、澳洲、英國，
02:04
have nearly twice the amount
of policewomen.
of policewomen.
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女警的比例都是上述的兩倍。
02:07
And New Zealand is steadily marching
towards their goal
towards their goal
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紐西蘭正穩定地邁向他們的目標：
02:12
of recruit gender parity by 2021.
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在 2021 年達成男女各半。
02:15
Other countries are actively working
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其他國家都在積極投入
02:18
to increase the number
of women in policing,
of women in policing,
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增加警政中的女性人數，
02:20
because they know of a vast body
of research evidence,
of research evidence,
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因為他們知道，超過五十年間
02:23
spanning more than 50 years,
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有大量的研究證據
02:25
detailing the advantages
to women in policing.
to women in policing.
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細數了女性在警政中的益處。
02:29
From that research,
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從那些研究中，
02:31
we know that policewomen
are less likely to use force
are less likely to use force
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我們知道女警比較不會使用武力，
02:34
or to be accused of excessive force.
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或被指控過度使用武力。
02:37
We know that policewomen
are less likely to be named in a lawsuit
are less likely to be named in a lawsuit
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我們知道在法律訴訟中
較少是針對女警，
較少是針對女警，
02:41
or a citizen complaint.
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公民投訴也一樣。
02:43
We know that the mere presence
of a policewoman
of a policewoman
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我們知道光是有女警在場，
02:46
reduces the use of force
among other officers.
among other officers.
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就可降低其他員警使用武力的可能。
02:49
And we know that policewomen
are met with the same rates of force
are met with the same rates of force
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我們知道，女警會遇到武力的比率
02:53
as their male counterparts,
and sometimes more,
and sometimes more,
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和男警一樣高，有時還更高，
02:56
and yet they're more successful
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而整體來說，女警卻能較成功地
02:57
in defusing violent
or aggressive behavior overall.
or aggressive behavior overall.
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化解暴力或侵略性的行為。
03:01
So there are vast advantages
to women in policing,
to women in policing,
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所以女性在警政中是有非常大的助益，
03:04
and we're losing them
to arbitrary fitness standards.
to arbitrary fitness standards.
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我們卻因為武斷的
體能標準而失去她們。
體能標準而失去她們。
03:08
The problem is,
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問題是，
03:10
the United States has nearly
18,000 police agencies --
18,000 police agencies --
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美國有近一萬八千間警察機構——
03:13
18,000 agencies with wildly varying
fitness standards.
fitness standards.
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一萬八千間警察機構間的
體能判定標準也各異。
體能判定標準也各異。
03:19
We know that a majority of academies
rely on a masculine ideal of policing
rely on a masculine ideal of policing
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我們知道大部分的警校對於警政的
理想是很有男子氣概色彩的，
理想是很有男子氣概色彩的，
03:23
that works to decrease
the number of women in policing.
the number of women in policing.
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造成警政中的女性人數減少。
03:27
These types of academies
overemphasize physical strength,
overemphasize physical strength,
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這類警校過度強調體能，
03:30
with much less attention spent
to subjects like community policing,
to subjects like community policing,
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相對就很不注意其他科目，
如社區警政、問題解決，
03:35
problem-solving
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03:36
and interpersonal communication skills.
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以及人際溝通技能。
03:39
This results in training that does not
mirror the realities of policing.
mirror the realities of policing.
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這導致培練沒有反應出警政的現實。
03:44
Physical agility is but a small
component of police work.
component of police work.
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身體敏捷度只是警察
工作中的一小部分。
工作中的一小部分。
03:48
Much of an officer's day is spent
mediating interpersonal conflicts.
mediating interpersonal conflicts.
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警員大部分的時間
是在調解人際衝突。
是在調解人際衝突。
03:52
That's the reality of policing.
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那是警政的現實。
03:57
These are my babies.
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這些是我的寶貝。
03:59
And we can reduce
the disparity in policing
the disparity in policing
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我們能降低警政中男女的落差，
04:03
by changing exams
that produce disparate outcomes.
that produce disparate outcomes.
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只要能改變會造成落差的體能測驗。
04:08
The federal courts have stated
that men and women
that men and women
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聯邦法庭指出，男性和女性
04:10
simply are not physiologically the same
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就體能計畫方案來說，
04:12
for the purposes
of physical fitness programs.
of physical fitness programs.
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本來就有生理上的不同。
04:15
And that's based on science.
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那是有科學根據的。
04:17
Respected institutions
that law enforcement deeply respects,
that law enforcement deeply respects,
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在執法領域非常被敬重的機構，
04:22
like the FBI, the US Marshals Service,
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如聯邦調察局、美國法警、
04:24
the DEA and even the US military --
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緝毒組，甚至是美國軍方——
04:28
they rigorously test fitness programs
to ensure they measure fitness
to ensure they measure fitness
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它們都會嚴格測試體能計畫方案，
以確保在測量體能時
以確保在測量體能時
04:32
without gender-disparate outcomes.
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不會產生性別差異。
04:35
Why is that?
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為什麼？
04:37
Because recruiting is expensive.
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因為招募很花錢。
04:39
They want to recruit and retain
qualified candidates.
qualified candidates.
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他們想要招募並留住合格的候選人。
04:43
You know what else the research finds?
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猜猜研究還發現了什麼？
04:46
Well-trained women are as capable
as their male counterparts
as their male counterparts
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在整體的體能方面，
受過良好訓練的女性
受過良好訓練的女性
和男性一樣能幹，
04:50
in overall fitness,
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04:51
but more importantly, in how they police.
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但更重要的是，
在執行勤務方面亦是如此。
在執行勤務方面亦是如此。
04:56
The law-enforcement community
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執法界很明顯正經歷招募的危機。
04:57
is admittedly experiencing
a recruitment crisis.
a recruitment crisis.
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05:00
Yet, if they truly want to increase
the number of applicants, they can.
the number of applicants, they can.
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但，如果他們真的想要增加
申請人的數量，是辦得到的。
申請人的數量，是辦得到的。
05:07
We can easily recruit more women
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我們可以輕鬆地招募到更多的女性
05:10
and reap all those research benefits
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並獲得那些研究所發現的益處，
05:13
by training well-qualified candidates
to pass validated, work-related,
to pass validated, work-related,
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只要照民權法案第七章的要求
對合格的候選人進行培訓，
使其通過受驗證、
使其通過受驗證、
05:18
physiologically-based fitness exams,
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05:21
as required by Title VII
of the Civil Rights Act.
of the Civil Rights Act.
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和工作相關且以生理
為基礎的體能測驗。
為基礎的體能測驗。
05:26
We can increase the number of women,
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我們能增加女性的人數，
05:28
we can reduce that gender disparity,
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我們能減少性別不平等，
05:31
by simply changing exams
that produce disparate outcomes.
that produce disparate outcomes.
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只要修改那些會因性別差異
而造成落差的測驗即可。
而造成落差的測驗即可。
05:35
We have the tools.
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我們有工具。
05:36
We have the research,
we have the science, we have the law.
we have the science, we have the law.
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我們有研究，我們
有科學，我們有法律。
有科學，我們有法律。
05:40
This, my friends,
should be a very easy fix.
should be a very easy fix.
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朋友們，這個問題
應該是很容易修補的。
應該是很容易修補的。
05:45
Thank you.
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謝謝。
05:46
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ivonne Roman - Police captainIvonne Roman cofounded the Women's Leadership Academy to increase the retention of women in policing.
Why you should listen
Ivonne Roman's work includes highlighting discriminatory fitness standards that screen women out of police academies, identifying factors that contribute to high attrition rates of women and convening a summit on women in policing to identify research gaps on the topic. She's currently working with the National Institute of Justice to spur policy changes that increase the representation of women in policing.
More profile about the speakerIvonne Roman | Speaker | TED.com