Jonathan Haidt: Can a divided America heal?
جوناتان هايت: هل يمكنُ لأمريكا المنقسمة أن تلتئم وتتوحد؟
Jonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures. Full bioChris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading. Full bio
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in the way that we're familiar with,
التي نعرفها فقط،
إلى يمين ويسار
and how did we get here?
وكيف وصلنا إلى هذه المرحلة؟
apocalyptic sort of feeling.
أكثر من ذلك بكثير.
"مركز بيو للأبحاث"
that the other side is not just --
ليس فقط --
we strongly dislike them,
a threat to the nation.
إلى الامة.
now on both sides.
than before; it's much more intense.
وأكثر حدة وكثافة.
الأحاجي الإجتماعية،
at any sort of social puzzle,
principles of moral psychology,
لعلم النفس الأخلاقي،
have to always keep in mind
في إعتباركم دائمًا
insights into human social nature
في الطبيعة البشرية الإجتماعية
against the stranger."
to create large societies
لإحداث مجتمعات كبيرة
in order to compete with others.
مع الآخرين.
ومن المجموعات الضيقة،
and out of small groups,
ذلك الصراع الأبدي.
eternal conflict.
التي تجعل هذا الأمر أكثر مرارة،
are making that more bitter,
baked into most people's mental wiring
من الوعي البشري الإجتماعي.
a basic aspect of human social cognition.
really peacefully,
of fun ways of, like, playing war.
من مثلاً، لعب الحرب.
to exercise this tribal nature
من أجل الطبيعة القبلية
and exploration and meeting new people.
والإكتشافات ومقابلة ناس جدد.
ويهبطُ --
as something that goes up or down --
أن يقاتل أحدنا الآخر دومًا،
to always be fighting each other,
can shrink or expand.
أن تتقلص وتتوسع.
could continue indefinitely.
أن يستمر إلى أجلٍ غير مسمى.
the sense of tribe for a while.
لفترة من الزمن.
the new left-right distinction.
بين اليمين واليسار.
as we've all inherited it,
versus capital distinction,
ورأس المال،
now, increasingly,
who want to stop at nation,
of a sense of being rooted,
من كونهم راسخون،
their community and their nation.
anti-parochial and who --
of the John Lennon song "Imagine."
"جون لينون" في أغنيته "تخيلوا."
nothing to kill or die for."
لتقتل أو تموت من أجله."
who want more global governance,
they don't like borders.
actually, his name is Shakespeare --
يُدعى في الحقيقة "شكسبير"--
or drawbridge-downers?"
أو من يمدُ الجسور المتحركة؟"
52-48 on that point.
52-48.
who grew up with The Beatles
الفرقة الغنائية "البيتلز"
of dreaming of a more connected world --
والحلم في عالم متصل أكثر --
anyone think badly about that?"
أن يفكر بطريقة سيئة حول ذلك؟"
feel that that isn't just silly;
بأن ذلك ليس فقط سخيفًا؛
and they're scared of it.
وإنهم خائفون منه.
in Europe but also here,
خصوصًا، ولكن هنا أيضًا،
أن ننظر بعناية فائقة
we have to look very carefully
about diversity and immigration.
that the left loves and the right --
واليمين --
can't think straight about it.
التفكير بطريقة سليمة حوله.
في كثيرٍ من الأحوال.
has grown enormously from it.
نتيجة التنوع.
do a lot of good things.
من الأشياء الجيدة.
I think, don't see,
cuts social capital and trust.
رأس المال الإجتماعي والثقة.
study by Robert Putnam,
من قبل "روبرت بوتنام"،
feel that they are the same,
فيما بينهم أكثر.
a redistributionist welfare state.
ومتجانسة.
of being small, homogenous countries.
a progressive welfare state,
التي تقول،
left-leaning values, which says,
العالم هو مكان رائع.
The world is a great place.
we must welcome them in."
وعلينا الترحيب فيهم عندنا."
this summer,
في هذا الصيف،
is fairly politically correct
صحيحاً إلى حدٍ ما
العديد من الناس.
على حالة الرفاهية
as we have in America,
كما لدينا في أمريكا،
racially divided, society.
بكل وضوح.
uncomfortable to talk about.
especially in Europe and for us, too,
في أوروبا وبالنسبة إلينا أيضًا،
themselves not racists,
humans are just too different;
البشر هم فقط مختلفون جدًا؛
our sense of what humans are capable of,
بما يستطيع البشر القيام به،
much more palatable
أكثر قبولًا
حول العنصرية.
scientist named Karen Stenner,
يدعى "كارن ستنر"،
يكون لدى الناس الإحساس
we're all the same,
a predisposition to authoritarianism.
الذين لديهم قابلية الإستبداد.
there's not a threat
people are getting more different,
فسيشعر الناس بالإختلاف أكثر،
they want to kick out the deviants.
يريدون طرد كل من هو مختلف منحرف.
an authoritarian reaction.
لديكم ردة الفعل الإستبدادية.
the Lennonist line --
"جون لينون" --
an authoritarian reaction.
تحدث ردة الفعل الإستبداية.
in America with the alt-right.
مع مجموعة بديل اليمين.
we've seen it all over Europe.
ورأيناه في كل أنحاء أوروبا.
or the nationalists, are actually right --
هم في الحقيقة صائبون --
our cultural similarity,
matter very much.
approach to immigration
a generous welfare state,
that we're all the same.
and fears about that
والمخاوف حولها
of the current divide.
من علم النفس الأخلاقي
strategic reasoning second.
والسبب الإستيراتيجي ثانيًا
the term "motivated reasoning"
and our verbal abilities
والقدرات اللفظية التي لدينا
not to help us find out the truth,
في معرفة الحقيقة،
defend our reputation ...
الدفاع عن سمعتنا ...
at justifying ourselves.
group interests into account,
it's my team versus your team,
that your side is wrong,
a political argument.
لن تستطيعوا كسب جدال سياسي
with reasons and evidence,
بالأسباب والدليل،
the way reasoning works.
التي يعملُ فيها المنطق.
give us Google:
was born in Kenya.
10 million hits! Look, he was!"
10 ملايين زيارة! أنطروا، قد ولد هناك!"
surprise to a lot of people.
للعديد من الناس.
by techno-optimists
من قبل المتفائلين بالأتمتة
that would bring people together.
سيجمعُ الناس معًا.
unexpected counter-effects to that.
لهذا الأمر.
of yin-yang views
about certain things,
that human nature is good:
أن الطبيعة البشرية هي جيدة:
the walls and all will be well.
وسيكون كل شيء على ما يرام.
not libertarians --
وليس المتحررين --
بأنه يمكنُ للناس أن تكون جشعة
believe people can be greedy
and we need restrictions.
ونحتاجُ إلى القيود.
all over the world,
have been with us forever.
this feeling of division?
عمّق هذا الشعور من الإنقسام؟
different threads all coming together.
مختلفة تتجمعُ معاً.
actually, America and Europe --
في الواقع، في أمريكا وأوروبا --
هو الحرب العالمية الثانية.
from Joe Henrich and others
من "جو هينرتش" وآخرين
in a commons dilemma
في مأساة المشاعات المشتركة
during World War II,
خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية،
looking for scraps of aluminum
and government,
at compromise and cooperation.
من القرن الماضي
by the end of the '90s.
سنوات التسعينيات من القرن الماضي.
each other within each country,
ضمن حدود كل دولة
"The Greatest Generation,"
"الجيل الأعظم"،
is the purification of the two parties.
تطهير الحزبين السياسيين.
والحزب الديمقراطي المحافظ.
and conservative Democrats.
ثنائية الحزبين حقًا.
that was really bipartisan.
بدأت الأمور تتحرك،
that started things moving,
حزب تحرري وحزب محافظ.
liberal party and conservative party.
مختلفون حقًا،
really are different,
our children to marry them,
لم يكن الأمر مهماً جدًا.
didn't matter very much.
for post-hoc reasoning and demonization.
للتفكير المنطقي والتجريح.
on the internet now is quite troubling.
هي الآن مقلقة جدًا.
on Twitter about the election
حول الإنتخابات
brought to us by #Trump."
عن طريق # ترمب".
dedication page. Disgusting!"
هيلاري. مثير للإشمئزاز!"
is troubling to me.
or a disagreement about something,
حول شيء ما،
takes things to a much deeper level.
انها تأخذُ الأمور لمستوى أعمق من ذلك.
تغضب، ثم لا تغضب
you get angry, you're not angry;
as subhuman, monstrous,
on marital therapy.
بشأن معالجة الأزواج.
of the couple shows disgust or contempt,
أحدُ الزوجين الإشمئزاز أو الإحتقار،
to get divorced soon,
على الطلاق قريبًا،
that doesn't predict anything,
فلا يشيرُ ذلك إلى أي شيء،
فإنه جيد في الحقيقة.
it actually is good.
uses the word "disgust" a lot.
"الإشمئزاز" كثيرًا.
so disgust does matter a lot --
يهمُ كثيرًا --
unique to him --
بالنسبة إليه --
the Manichaean worldview,
is a battle between good and evil
هو معركة بين الخير والشر
they're wrong or I don't like them,
أو أنني لا أحبهم،
for example, on campus now.
في حرم الجامعة على سبيل المثال،
to keep people off campus,
خارج الحرم الجامعي،
generation of young people,
من الشباب الصغار،
involves a lot of disgust,
الكثير من الإشمئزاز،
in politics as they get older.
عندما يكبرون.
and I think about emotions a lot.
وأفكرُ حول العواطف كثيرًا.
of disgust is actually love.
الحب في الواقع.
powerful means we have.
حيال مجموعة من الناس،
that they're lovely.
or changes your category as well.
much more mixed up in the their towns
في مدنهم
this great moral divide,
that we're moving to be near people
بجانب الناس
who's on the other side.
or say to Americans,
about each other
thing to keep in mind --
scientist Alan Abramowitz,
"آلان أبراموفيتش"،
is increasingly governed
هي محكومة بشكل متزايد
OK there's a candidate,
حسنًا هناك مرشح،
you vote for the candidate.
and all sorts of other trends,
وكل أنواع الإتجاهات الأخرى،
تمت بها الإنتخابات
the other side so horrible, so awful,
مروع جدًا، ورهيب جدًا،
against the other side
that if people are on the left,
إذا كان الناس يساريون،
that Republicans were bad,
أن الجمهوريين سيئون،
I can paint with all the things
مع كل الأشياء
with their candidate.
مع مرشحهم.
election in American history.
في التاريخ الأمريكي.
your feelings about the candidate
حول المرشح
who are given a choice.
يعطون الخيار.
in a separate moral world --
تم تطويقنا جميعًا في "المصفوفة"
is that we're all trapped in "The Matrix,"
هلوسة بالتراضي.
a consensual hallucination.
that the other side --
they're the worst people in the world,
في العالم،
to back that up.
different set of facts.
different threats to the country.
from being in the middle
is: both sides are right.
كلا الجانبين على حق.
to this country,
incapable of seeing them all.
على رؤيتها جميعًا.
that we almost need a new type of empathy?
إلى نوع جديد من التعاطف؟
I can put myself in your shoes."
واستطيع أن أضع نفسي مكانك."
the needy, the suffering.
والذين يعانون.
to people who we feel as other,
الذين نشعر أنهم كالآخرين،
to build that type of empathy?
لبناء هذا النوع من التعاطف؟
hot topic in psychology,
في علم النفس،
on the left in particular.
في اليسار على وجه الخصوص.
for the preferred classes of victims.
طبقات مفضلة من الضحايا.
think are so important.
أنها مهمة جدًا.
because you get points for that.
على نقاط من أجله.
if you do it when it's hard to do.
إذا قمتم به عندما يكون من الصعب القيام به.
of dealing with our race problems
من التعامل مع مشاكلنا العرقية
for a long time
لفترة طويلة من الوقت
threat on our hands.
divide we face.
and gender and LGBT,
والمثليين والمتحوليين جنسيًا،
of the next 50 years,
الخمسين القادمة،
to get better on their own.
من تلقاء ذاتها.
a lot of institutional reforms,
من الإصلاحات المؤسـسية،
wonky conversation.
المحادثات المتقلبة الكاملة الطويلة
realizing that this is a turning point.
الذين يدركون أن هذه هي نقطة التحول.
if you don't want to --
إذا كنتم لا ترغبون به --
to spend the next four years
الاربع سنوات القادمة
for the last year -- raise your hand.
إرفعوا أيديكم.
read Marcus Aurelius.
و"ماركوس آوريليوس".
for how to drop the fear,
من أجل القضاء على الخوف،
wisdom for this kind of empathy.
في الحكمة القديمة لهذا النوع من التعاطف.
people do to help heal?
لمساعدتهم في الإتحاد؟
to overcome your deepest prejudices.
القضاء على التحيزات العميقة.
and stronger than race prejudices
من التحيزات العرقية
that's the main thing.
شقيق زوج/زوجة،
awful for one of you --
reach out and say you want to talk.
وقولوا أنكم ترغبون في الحديث.
Friends and Influence People" --
"كيف تكسب الأصدقاء وتؤثر في الناس" --
if you start by acknowledging,
about you, Uncle Bob,"
أحترمه حقًا يا عمي بوب"
appreciation, it's like magic.
things I've learned
التي تعلمتها
at apologizing now,
في الإعتذار الآن،
somebody was right about.
حول شيء معين.
and it's actually really fun.
وهي في الواقع ممتعة.
speaking with you.
the ground that we're on
of morality and human nature.
الطبيعة البشرية والأخلاقية.
this time with us.
ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Jonathan Haidt - Social psychologistJonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures.
Why you should listen
By understanding more about our moral psychology and its biases, Jonathan Haidt says we can design better institutions (including companies, universities and democracy itself), and we can learn to be more civil and open-minded toward those who are not on our team.
Haidt is a social psychologist whose research on morality across cultures led to his 2008 TED Talk on the psychological roots of the American culture war, and his 2013 TED Talk on how "common threats can make common ground." In both of those talks he asks, "Can't we all disagree more constructively?" Haidt's 2012 TED Talk explored the intersection of his work on morality with his work on happiness to talk about "hive psychology" -- the ability that humans have to lose themselves in groups pursuing larger projects, almost like bees in a hive. This hivish ability is crucial, he argues, for understanding the origins of morality, politics, and religion. These are ideas that Haidt develops at greater length in his book, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion.
Haidt joined New York University Stern School of Business in July 2011. He is the Thomas Cooley Professor of Ethical Leadership, based in the Business and Society Program. Before coming to Stern, Professor Haidt taught for 16 years at the University of Virginia in the department of psychology.
Haidt's writings appear frequently in the New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. He was named one of the top global thinkers by Foreign Policy magazine and by Prospect magazine. Haidt received a B.A. in Philosophy from Yale University, and an M.A. and Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Pennsylvania.
Jonathan Haidt | Speaker | TED.com
Chris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading.
Why you should listen
Chris Anderson is the Curator of TED, a nonprofit devoted to sharing valuable ideas, primarily through the medium of 'TED Talks' -- short talks that are offered free online to a global audience.
Chris was born in a remote village in Pakistan in 1957. He spent his early years in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, where his parents worked as medical missionaries, and he attended an American school in the Himalayas for his early education. After boarding school in Bath, England, he went on to Oxford University, graduating in 1978 with a degree in philosophy, politics and economics.
Chris then trained as a journalist, working in newspapers and radio, including two years producing a world news service in the Seychelles Islands.
Back in the UK in 1984, Chris was captivated by the personal computer revolution and became an editor at one of the UK's early computer magazines. A year later he founded Future Publishing with a $25,000 bank loan. The new company initially focused on specialist computer publications but eventually expanded into other areas such as cycling, music, video games, technology and design, doubling in size every year for seven years. In 1994, Chris moved to the United States where he built Imagine Media, publisher of Business 2.0 magazine and creator of the popular video game users website IGN. Chris eventually merged Imagine and Future, taking the combined entity public in London in 1999, under the Future name. At its peak, it published 150 magazines and websites and employed 2,000 people.
This success allowed Chris to create a private nonprofit organization, the Sapling Foundation, with the hope of finding new ways to tackle tough global issues through media, technology, entrepreneurship and, most of all, ideas. In 2001, the foundation acquired the TED Conference, then an annual meeting of luminaries in the fields of Technology, Entertainment and Design held in Monterey, California, and Chris left Future to work full time on TED.
He expanded the conference's remit to cover all topics, including science, business and key global issues, while adding a Fellows program, which now has some 300 alumni, and the TED Prize, which grants its recipients "one wish to change the world." The TED stage has become a place for thinkers and doers from all fields to share their ideas and their work, capturing imaginations, sparking conversation and encouraging discovery along the way.
In 2006, TED experimented with posting some of its talks on the Internet. Their viral success encouraged Chris to begin positioning the organization as a global media initiative devoted to 'ideas worth spreading,' part of a new era of information dissemination using the power of online video. In June 2015, the organization posted its 2,000th talk online. The talks are free to view, and they have been translated into more than 100 languages with the help of volunteers from around the world. Viewership has grown to approximately one billion views per year.
Continuing a strategy of 'radical openness,' in 2009 Chris introduced the TEDx initiative, allowing free licenses to local organizers who wished to organize their own TED-like events. More than 8,000 such events have been held, generating an archive of 60,000 TEDx talks. And three years later, the TED-Ed program was launched, offering free educational videos and tools to students and teachers.
Chris Anderson | Speaker | TED.com