Jonathan Haidt: Can a divided America heal?
強納森 · 海特: 已分化的美國能癒合嗎?
Jonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures. Full bioChris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
所以,強,這感覺蠻可怕的。
in the way that we're familiar with,
and how did we get here?
而我們又是怎麼走到這一步?
apocalyptic sort of feeling.
that the other side is not just --
we strongly dislike them,
我們很強烈地不喜歡他們。
a threat to the nation.
now on both sides.
比以前更強烈。
than before; it's much more intense.
at any sort of social puzzle,
三項基本原則,
principles of moral psychology,
have to always keep in mind
你一定要謹記的第一件事是
insights into human social nature
最簡單且最偉大的名言
對抗我們的表兄弟;
against the stranger."
一起對抗陌生人。」
to create large societies
創造出大型社會,
in order to compete with others.
and out of small groups,
eternal conflict.
使這些衝突更激烈,
are making that more bitter,
天生就或多或少具有的心理面?
baked into most people's mental wiring
人類社會認知的一個基本面向。
a basic aspect of human social cognition.
非常和平地住在一起,
really peacefully,
有趣的活動,例如玩戰爭遊戲…
of fun ways of, like, playing war.
體現我們的部落天性,
to exercise this tribal nature
探索、認識新人。
and exploration and meeting new people.
是會上下起伏的,
as something that goes up or down --
to always be fighting each other,
can shrink or expand.
「其他人」或「他們」,
could continue indefinitely.
可能無限期地持續下去。
the sense of tribe for a while.
the new left-right distinction.
可能有種新的左右派區別。
as we've all inherited it,
versus capital distinction,
now, increasingly,
who want to stop at nation,
of a sense of being rooted,
their community and their nation.
他們的社區、他們的國家。
anti-parochial and who --
of the John Lennon song "Imagine."
約翰藍儂的歌「想像」:
沒有殺戮或戰死的理由。」
nothing to kill or die for."
who want more global governance,
they don't like borders.
他們不喜歡邊界。
偉大的比喻家
actually, his name is Shakespeare --
or drawbridge-downers?"
或是向下放?」
是 52 對 48。
52-48 on that point.
和披頭四一起長大的人,
who grew up with The Beatles
of dreaming of a more connected world --
夢想著比較連結的世界,
可能有人會把它做負面解讀?」
anyone think badly about that?"
覺得那不只是愚蠢;
feel that that isn't just silly;
and they're scared of it.
並且他們對此感到恐懼。
但這裡也是一樣…
in Europe but also here,
we have to look very carefully
about diversity and immigration.
與移民的社會科學。
that the left loves and the right --
也無法清楚地思考。
can't think straight about it.
has grown enormously from it.
do a lot of good things.
I think, don't see,
cuts social capital and trust.
社會資本和互相的信任。
study by Robert Putnam,
feel that they are the same,
a redistributionist welfare state.
同質的小國家傳統,
of being small, homogenous countries.
a progressive welfare state,
left-leaning values, which says,
The world is a great place.
世界是個很棒的地方。
we must welcome them in."
我們必須歡迎他們進來。」
this summer,
是相當政治正確的,
is fairly politically correct
as we have in America,
明顯可見的種族分化的社會。
racially divided, society.
uncomfortable to talk about.
我們也是,要正視這個議題。
especially in Europe and for us, too,
要正視這個議題。
themselves not racists,
humans are just too different;
our sense of what humans are capable of,
人們會做出什麼的危險。
把它說得更容易明白。
much more palatable
它與文化有關。
做了一項很棒的研究。
scientist named Karen Stenner,
we're all the same,
我們都一樣,
a predisposition to authoritarianism.
專制獨裁主義。
與道德秩序似乎不會受到威脅時,
there's not a threat
people are getting more different,
人們越來越不同,
仇視同性戀,要把異類趕出去。
they want to kick out the deviants.
an authoritarian reaction.
the Lennonist line --
an authoritarian reaction.
in America with the alt-right.
我們在歐洲各處都看到這個現象。
we've seen it all over Europe.
或國家主義者,其實是對的。
or the nationalists, are actually right --
our cultural similarity,
matter very much.
能消除很多這些問題。
approach to immigration
能消除很多這些問題。
a generous welfare state,
that we're all the same.
and fears about that
of the current divide.
以及人們對此狀況的恐懼。
strategic reasoning second.
然後策略性推理才跟進。
the term "motivated reasoning"
and our verbal abilities
not to help us find out the truth,
defend our reputation ...
捍衛我們的名聲…
at justifying ourselves.
group interests into account,
it's my team versus your team,
而是我的團隊對抗你的團隊,
that your side is wrong,
a political argument.
在政治爭執中你贏不了。
with reasons and evidence,
the way reasoning works.
give us Google:
有 Google:
was born in Kenya.
讓我 Google 一下。
10 million hits! Look, he was!"
surprise to a lot of people.
這是不愉快的驚喜。
科技樂觀主義者給塑造成
by techno-optimists
that would bring people together.
unexpected counter-effects to that.
of yin-yang views
分析人類天性的觀點──
about certain things,
that human nature is good:
the walls and all will be well.
社會保守派、非自由主義者,
not libertarians --
believe people can be greedy
and we need restrictions.
all over the world,
這些人類天性…
have been with us forever.
加深了這個分化的感覺?
this feeling of division?
不同的脈絡匯集在一起,
different threads all coming together.
actually, America and Europe --
其實應該說在美國與歐洲,
做了個有趣的研究,
from Joe Henrich and others
in a commons dilemma
during World War II,
我的父母還是青少年,
looking for scraps of aluminum
and government,
at compromise and cooperation.
by the end of the '90s.
嬰兒潮時代出生的人,
each other within each country,
都花在自己國家的內部抗爭。
"The Greatest Generation,"
即「最偉大的世代」的損失
is the purification of the two parties.
及保守的民主黨員。
and conservative Democrats.
美國是真的兩黨化的。
that was really bipartisan.
that started things moving,
淨化後的自由黨派及保守黨派。
liberal party and conservative party.
really are different,
我們的孩子彼此結婚,
our children to marry them,
didn't matter very much.
for post-hoc reasoning and demonization.
互聯網是最驚人的刺激物。
on the internet now is quite troubling.
on Twitter about the election
關於選舉的快速研究,
brought to us by #Trump."
讓人厭惡!」
dedication page. Disgusting!"
is troubling to me.
讓我覺得憂慮。
or a disagreement about something,
takes things to a much deeper level.
帶到更深的層級。
你生氣了,你不氣了;
you get angry, you're not angry;
as subhuman, monstrous,
低於人類的、如怪物的、
關於婚姻治療的研究,
on marital therapy.
有一人展現出厭惡或輕視,
of the couple shows disgust or contempt,
to get divorced soon,
that doesn't predict anything,
就無法預言任何事,
它其實是好的。
it actually is good.
「厭惡」這個字,
uses the word "disgust" a lot.
so disgust does matter a lot --
厭惡確實很重要,
unique to him --
the Manichaean worldview,
is a battle between good and evil
they're wrong or I don't like them,
或是不喜歡他們,
他們是惡魔、
扯上任何關係。
for example, on campus now.
比如,現在在校園中,
to keep people off campus,
將一些人趕出校園,
generation of young people,
牽涉到許多的厭惡,
involves a lot of disgust,
他們不會想要涉入政治。
in politics as they get older.
我常常會去思考情緒。
and I think about emotions a lot.
of disgust is actually love.
powerful means we have.
that they're lovely.
or changes your category as well.
much more mixed up in the their towns
是更混雜在一起的,
this great moral divide,
that we're moving to be near people
who's on the other side.
or say to Americans,
about each other
thing to keep in mind --
scientist Alan Abramowitz,
有一項研究
is increasingly governed
OK there's a candidate,
好,這裡有個候選人,
你投給這個候選人。
you vote for the candidate.
and all sorts of other trends,
the other side so horrible, so awful,
看起來很糟糕、差勁,
against the other side
越來越是反對另一方,
that if people are on the left,
that Republicans were bad,
I can paint with all the things
我對川普的看法投射到
with their candidate.
對黨派負面的選舉。
election in American history.
your feelings about the candidate
who are given a choice.
in a separate moral world --
不同的道德世界中──
is that we're all trapped in "The Matrix,"
我們被困在《駭客任務》的母體中,
a consensual hallucination.
就是一個母體,一種交感幻覺,
that the other side --
they're the worst people in the world,
世界上最差的人,
to back that up.
different set of facts.
different threats to the country.
from being in the middle
is: both sides are right.
to this country,
都無法看見所有的威脅。
incapable of seeing them all.
that we almost need a new type of empathy?
我們說是需要一種新的同理心?
I can put myself in your shoes."
我能站在你的立場。」
the needy, the suffering.
有需要的人、受苦的人身上,
to people who we feel as other,
我們認為是「其他人」的人、
強:沒錯,我們不會。
會是什麼樣子的?
to build that type of empathy?
hot topic in psychology,
非常火紅的主題,
on the left in particular.
for the preferred classes of victims.
非常重要的團體非常重要。
think are so important.
because you get points for that.
if you do it when it's hard to do.
產生才能夠得分才對。
of dealing with our race problems
for a long time
threat on our hands.
divide we face.
and gender and LGBT,
同性雙性與跨性的議題,
of the next 50 years,
to get better on their own.
a lot of institutional reforms,
wonky conversation.
realizing that this is a turning point.
了解到這是個轉捩點開始。
if you don't want to --
和去年一樣生氣和擔心,
to spend the next four years
for the last year -- raise your hand.
read Marcus Aurelius.
for how to drop the fear,
教你放下恐懼、
wisdom for this kind of empathy.
古人智慧中有許多教導。
人們能做什麼來協助痊癒?
people do to help heal?
決定要克服你最深的偏見。
to overcome your deepest prejudices.
and stronger than race prejudices
政治偏見比種族偏見
that's the main thing.
這是最主要的。
awful for one of you --
可能會感覺糟透了…
向對方伸出手,說你想談談。
reach out and say you want to talk.
Friends and Influence People" --
《如何贏取友誼與影響他人》…
如果你用認可來開場,
if you start by acknowledging,
是我真的很敬佩的。」
about you, Uncle Bob,"
是我真的…」
它就像魔法一樣。
appreciation, it's like magic.
things I've learned
at apologizing now,
somebody was right about.
其實還挺好玩的。
and it's actually really fun.
speaking with you.
the ground that we're on
of morality and human nature.
人類天性的深刻問題。
this time with us.
ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Jonathan Haidt - Social psychologistJonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures.
Why you should listen
By understanding more about our moral psychology and its biases, Jonathan Haidt says we can design better institutions (including companies, universities and democracy itself), and we can learn to be more civil and open-minded toward those who are not on our team.
Haidt is a social psychologist whose research on morality across cultures led to his 2008 TED Talk on the psychological roots of the American culture war, and his 2013 TED Talk on how "common threats can make common ground." In both of those talks he asks, "Can't we all disagree more constructively?" Haidt's 2012 TED Talk explored the intersection of his work on morality with his work on happiness to talk about "hive psychology" -- the ability that humans have to lose themselves in groups pursuing larger projects, almost like bees in a hive. This hivish ability is crucial, he argues, for understanding the origins of morality, politics, and religion. These are ideas that Haidt develops at greater length in his book, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion.
Haidt joined New York University Stern School of Business in July 2011. He is the Thomas Cooley Professor of Ethical Leadership, based in the Business and Society Program. Before coming to Stern, Professor Haidt taught for 16 years at the University of Virginia in the department of psychology.
Haidt's writings appear frequently in the New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. He was named one of the top global thinkers by Foreign Policy magazine and by Prospect magazine. Haidt received a B.A. in Philosophy from Yale University, and an M.A. and Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Pennsylvania.
Jonathan Haidt | Speaker | TED.com
Chris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading.
Why you should listen
Chris Anderson is the Curator of TED, a nonprofit devoted to sharing valuable ideas, primarily through the medium of 'TED Talks' -- short talks that are offered free online to a global audience.
Chris was born in a remote village in Pakistan in 1957. He spent his early years in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, where his parents worked as medical missionaries, and he attended an American school in the Himalayas for his early education. After boarding school in Bath, England, he went on to Oxford University, graduating in 1978 with a degree in philosophy, politics and economics.
Chris then trained as a journalist, working in newspapers and radio, including two years producing a world news service in the Seychelles Islands.
Back in the UK in 1984, Chris was captivated by the personal computer revolution and became an editor at one of the UK's early computer magazines. A year later he founded Future Publishing with a $25,000 bank loan. The new company initially focused on specialist computer publications but eventually expanded into other areas such as cycling, music, video games, technology and design, doubling in size every year for seven years. In 1994, Chris moved to the United States where he built Imagine Media, publisher of Business 2.0 magazine and creator of the popular video game users website IGN. Chris eventually merged Imagine and Future, taking the combined entity public in London in 1999, under the Future name. At its peak, it published 150 magazines and websites and employed 2,000 people.
This success allowed Chris to create a private nonprofit organization, the Sapling Foundation, with the hope of finding new ways to tackle tough global issues through media, technology, entrepreneurship and, most of all, ideas. In 2001, the foundation acquired the TED Conference, then an annual meeting of luminaries in the fields of Technology, Entertainment and Design held in Monterey, California, and Chris left Future to work full time on TED.
He expanded the conference's remit to cover all topics, including science, business and key global issues, while adding a Fellows program, which now has some 300 alumni, and the TED Prize, which grants its recipients "one wish to change the world." The TED stage has become a place for thinkers and doers from all fields to share their ideas and their work, capturing imaginations, sparking conversation and encouraging discovery along the way.
In 2006, TED experimented with posting some of its talks on the Internet. Their viral success encouraged Chris to begin positioning the organization as a global media initiative devoted to 'ideas worth spreading,' part of a new era of information dissemination using the power of online video. In June 2015, the organization posted its 2,000th talk online. The talks are free to view, and they have been translated into more than 100 languages with the help of volunteers from around the world. Viewership has grown to approximately one billion views per year.
Continuing a strategy of 'radical openness,' in 2009 Chris introduced the TEDx initiative, allowing free licenses to local organizers who wished to organize their own TED-like events. More than 8,000 such events have been held, generating an archive of 60,000 TEDx talks. And three years later, the TED-Ed program was launched, offering free educational videos and tools to students and teachers.
Chris Anderson | Speaker | TED.com