Jonathan Haidt: Can a divided America heal?
Jonathan Haidt: Une Amérique divisée peut-elle guérir ?
Jonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures. Full bioChris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
in the way that we're familiar with,
d'une façon qui nous est familière,
bien plus importantes.
and how did we get here?
en sommes-nous arrivés là ?
apocalyptic sort of feeling.
beaucoup plus apocalyptique.
des études qui montrent
that the other side is not just --
n'est pas simplement --
we strongly dislike them,
c'est une forte aversion
a threat to the nation.
une menace pour la nation.
en constante augmentation
now on both sides.
than before; it's much more intense.
est différent, plus intense qu'avant.
at any sort of social puzzle,
un puzzle social quelconque,
principles of moral psychology,
de base de la psychologie
have to always keep in mind
à toujours garder en tête
insights into human social nature
de la nature sociale humaine
against the stranger."
contre l'inconnu. »
to create large societies
de créer de grandes sociétés
in order to compete with others.
afin de concourir contre les autres.
and out of small groups,
et du modèle de petits groupes
eternal conflict.
are making that more bitter,
la rendent plus acharnée
baked into most people's mental wiring
que c'est intégré au câblage mental
a basic aspect of human social cognition.
de la cognition sociale humaine.
really peacefully,
vivre ensemble pacifiquement
of fun ways of, like, playing war.
amusantes de jouer à la guerre.
to exercise this tribal nature
cette nature tribale
and exploration and meeting new people.
explorer, rencontrer des gens.
as something that goes up or down --
augmenter ou diminuer --
to always be fighting each other,
à toujours nous battre
la paix dans le monde.
can shrink or expand.
peut diminuer ou augmenter.
« nous », « l'autre » ou « eux »
could continue indefinitely.
continuerait indéfiniment.
the sense of tribe for a while.
nous avons étendu le sens de cette tribu.
the new left-right distinction.
la nouvelle distinction gauche-droite.
as we've all inherited it,
versus capital distinction,
entre travail et capital,
now, increasingly,
dans les démocraties occidentales
who want to stop at nation,
s'arrêter à la nation,
of a sense of being rooted,
l'impression d'être enracinés,
their community and their nation.
leur communauté et leur nation.
anti-parochial and who --
anti-paroissiaux et qui --
of the John Lennon song "Imagine."
à la chanson « Imagine » de John Lennon.
nothing to kill or die for."
de raison de tuer, de mourir. »
who want more global governance,
plus de gouvernance mondiale,
they don't like borders.
les états-nations, les frontières.
actually, his name is Shakespeare --
son nom est Shakespeare --
avec une métaphore :
or drawbridge-downers?"
le pont-levis ? »
52-48 on that point.
à ce sujet : 52 contre 48.
who grew up with The Beatles
qui ont grandi avec les Beatles
of dreaming of a more connected world --
rêvant d'un monde plus connecté --
anyone think badly about that?"
un avis négatif sur la question ?
feel that that isn't just silly;
ne pensent pas seulement que c'est idiot ;
and they're scared of it.
et ils en ont peur.
in Europe but also here,
le gros problème est l'immigration.
we have to look very carefully
considérer avec soin
about diversity and immigration.
sur la diversité et l'immigration.
that the left loves and the right --
que la gauche aime et la droite --
can't think straight about it.
n'ont pas les idées claires.
has grown enormously from it.
américaine en découle.
do a lot of good things.
font beaucoup de bien.
I think, don't see,
que les mondialistes ne voient pas,
cuts social capital and trust.
le capital social et la confiance.
study by Robert Putnam,
de Robert Putnam,
du capital social.
feel that they are the same,
de se ressembler,
a redistributionist welfare state.
un État-providence redistributif.
of being small, homogenous countries.
a progressive welfare state,
à un État-providence progressif,
left-leaning values, which says,
progressives qui disent :
The world is a great place.
Le monde est génial.
we must welcome them in."
nous devons les accueillir. »
this summer,
is fairly politically correct
est plutôt politiquement correct
des inconvénients,
un état providence
as we have in America,
comme nous en Amérique,
racially divided, society.
visiblement racialement divisée.
uncomfortable to talk about.
especially in Europe and for us, too,
en Europe et aussi en Amérique.
themselves not racists,
humans are just too different;
que les humains sont trop différents ;
our sense of what humans are capable of,
de ce dont les gens sont capables,
qui sont trop différents.
much more palatable
encore plus acceptable
nécessairement question de race.
scientist named Karen Stenner,
d'une politologue, Karen Stenner,
ont l'impression
we're all the same,
tous les mêmes,
a predisposition to authoritarianism.
pour l'autoritarisme.
particulièrement racistes
there's not a threat
social et moral n'est pas en danger.
expérimentalement
people are getting more different,
que les gens deviennent différents,
they want to kick out the deviants.
veulent expulser les déviants.
an authoritarian reaction.
une réaction autoritaire.
the Lennonist line --
an authoritarian reaction.
une réaction autoritaire.
in America with the alt-right.
avec l'extrême-droite.
we've seen it all over Europe.
à travers l'Europe.
or the nationalists, are actually right --
ou les nationalistes ont raison --
our cultural similarity,
matter very much.
approach to immigration
de l'immigration
a generous welfare state,
est important,
that we're all the same.
que nous sommes tous les mêmes.
and fears about that
et des peurs qui y sont liées
of the current divide.
de la division actuelle.
de psychologie morale suivant
strategic reasoning second.
avant le raisonnement stratégique.
the term "motivated reasoning"
de « raisonnement motivé »,
and our verbal abilities
et nos capacités verbales
not to help us find out the truth,
pas pour nous aider à trouver la vérité
defend our reputation ...
défendre notre réputation...
at justifying ourselves.
nous justifier.
group interests into account,
les intérêts du groupe,
it's my team versus your team,
mais de mon équipe contre la vôtre,
that your side is wrong,
prouvant que votre côté a tort,
a political argument.
gagner un débat politique.
with reasons and evidence,
par la logique et des preuves
the way reasoning works.
give us Google:
was born in Kenya.
est né au Kenya.
10 million hits! Look, he was!"
10 millions de clics, c'est vrai ! »
surprise to a lot of people.
déplaisante pour beaucoup de gens.
by techno-optimists
des médias sociaux
that would bring people together.
qui réunirait les gens.
unexpected counter-effects to that.
secondaires inattendus.
of yin-yang views
et la gauche-droite -
about certain things,
that human nature is good:
en la bonté de la nature humaine :
the walls and all will be well.
les murs et tout ira bien.
not libertarians --
pas les libertaires --
believe people can be greedy
croient que les gens sont cupides,
and we need restrictions.
de communiquer à travers le monde,
all over the world,
have been with us forever.
ont toujours existé.
this feeling of division?
ce sentiment de division ?
different threads all coming together.
choses différentes qui convergent.
actually, America and Europe --
une des choses importantes
from Joe Henrich and others
à une recherche intéressante
in a commons dilemma
ou du prisonnier,
si vous êtes --
during World War II,
pendant la guerre
looking for scraps of aluminum
des bouts d'aluminium
and government,
et au gouvernement,
at compromise and cooperation.
faire des compromis et coopérer.
dans les années 90.
by the end of the '90s.
il nous reste les baby boomers.
each other within each country,
à se battre entre eux
"The Greatest Generation,"
« la génération grandiose »,
is the purification of the two parties.
est la purification des deux partis.
and conservative Democrats.
des démocrates conservateurs.
that was really bipartisan.
l'Amérique était bipartite.
that started things moving,
qui ont fait bouger les choses,
liberal party and conservative party.
et conservateur étaient purifiés.
really are different,
des deux partis sont différents
our children to marry them,
que nos enfants les épousent,
didn't matter very much.
n'importait pas.
comme je l'ai dit,
for post-hoc reasoning and demonization.
et démoniser après coup.
on the internet now is quite troubling.
sur internet est assez inquiétant.
on Twitter about the election
sur l'élection sur Twitter
d'un graffiti raciste :
brought to us by #Trump."
apportée par #Trump. »
dedication page. Disgusting!"
à Hillary la malhonnête. Dégoûtant ! »
is troubling to me.
or a disagreement about something,
ou êtes en désaccord avec quelqu'un,
takes things to a much deeper level.
amènent les choses à un autre niveau.
you get angry, you're not angry;
énervé, pas énervé,
as subhuman, monstrous,
comme inhumaine, monstrueuse,
on marital therapy.
sur la thérapie de couple.
of the couple shows disgust or contempt,
si l'un révèle du dégoût ou du mépris,
to get divorced soon,
qu'ils vont bientôt divorcer,
that doesn't predict anything,
cela ne prédit rien,
it actually is good.
elle peut être bonne.
uses the word "disgust" a lot.
utilise beaucoup le mot « dégoût ».
so disgust does matter a lot --
le dégoût lui importe --
unique to him --
qui lui est unique --
encore plus l'autre,
the Manichaean worldview,
la vision manichéenne du monde,
is a battle between good and evil
entre le bien et le mal,
they're wrong or I don't like them,
ou que nous ne les aimons pas,
démoniaques, sataniques,
rien avoir à faire avec eux.
for example, on campus now.
nous voyons cela sur des campus,
to keep people off campus,
éloignés du campus,
generation of young people,
de jeunes gens,
involves a lot of disgust,
comporte beaucoup de dégoût,
in politics as they get older.
dans la politique en vieillissant.
and I think about emotions a lot.
je pense souvent aux émotions.
of disgust is actually love.
du dégoût est l'amour.
powerful means we have.
le plus puissant que nous ayons.
par un groupe de personnes
that they're lovely.
or changes your category as well.
s'écaille ou change également.
much more mixed up in the their towns
se mélangeaient plus dans leurs villes
this great moral divide,
une grande division morale,
that we're moving to be near people
pour être proches des gens
who's on the other side.
quelqu'un de l'autre parti.
or say to Americans,
ou aux Américains,
about each other
comprendre de l'autre
thing to keep in mind --
dont il faut se souvenir,
scientist Alan Abramowitz,
du politologue Alan Abramowitz
is increasingly governed
est de plus en plus gouvernée
la « partisanerie négative ».
OK there's a candidate,
you vote for the candidate.
vous votez pour lui.
de la publicité négative,
and all sorts of other trends,
the other side so horrible, so awful,
semble horrible, atroce
pour le candidat.
against the other side
contre l'autre parti
that if people are on the left,
que si les gens sont à gauche,
that Republicans were bad,
que les républicains étaient mauvais
I can paint with all the things
grâce aux choses
with their candidate.
contents de leur candidat.
election in American history.
de partisanerie négative
your feelings about the candidate
vos sentiments envers le candidat
who are given a choice.
qui ont un choix.
in a separate moral world --
dans un monde moral différent --
is that we're all trapped in "The Matrix,"
est que nous sommes dans « la Matrice »
a consensual hallucination.
une hallucination consensuelle.
that the other side --
they're the worst people in the world,
les pires personnes du monde
to back that up.
voisine à la vôtre
different set of facts.
complètement différents.
different threats to the country.
envers le pays.
from being in the middle
is: both sides are right.
les deux camps : les deux ont raison.
to this country,
incapable of seeing them all.
incapable de toutes les voir.
that we almost need a new type of empathy?
presque un nouveau genre d'empathie ?
de l'empathie est :
I can put myself in your shoes."
Je peux me mettre à ta place. »
the needy, the suffering.
pauvres, dans le besoin, souffrants.
to people who we feel as other,
à ceux qui semblent différents
to build that type of empathy?
bâtir cette nouvelle empathie ?
hot topic in psychology,
très actuel en psychologie
on the left in particular.
surtout à gauche.
for the preferred classes of victims.
pour les classes de victimes préférées.
think are so important.
pensons importants.
because you get points for that.
car vous gagnez des points.
if you do it when it's hard to do.
pour ce qui est difficile à faire.
of dealing with our race problems
où nous avons réglé les problèmes de race
for a long time
cela était notre priorité
threat on our hands.
existentielle devant nous.
divide we face.
la plus importante.
and gender and LGBT,
de race, de genre, LGBT,
of the next 50 years,
au cours des 50 prochaines années
to get better on their own.
s'améliorer d'elles-mêmes.
a lot of institutional reforms,
de réformes institutionnelles
wonky conversation.
et étrange conversation.
realizing that this is a turning point.
qui comprennent ce moment décisif.
d'une nouvelle empathie.
que c'est ce dont le pays a besoin
if you don't want to --
si vous ne voulez pas --
to spend the next four years
passer les 4 années à venir
for the last year -- raise your hand.
que cette année, levez la main.
read Marcus Aurelius.
for how to drop the fear,
sur comment abandonner la peur,
wisdom for this kind of empathy.
de conseils pour cette empathie.
people do to help heal?
les gens peuvent faire pour guérir ?
to overcome your deepest prejudices.
vos préjugés les plus profonds.
and stronger than race prejudices
profonds et forts que les préjugés raciaux
that's the main thing.
faire un effort, c'est cela qui importe.
awful for one of you --
à l'un d'entre vous --
reach out and say you want to talk.
puis dites que vous voulez parler.
Friends and Influence People" --
de Dale Carnegie.
if you start by acknowledging,
si vous admettez,
beaucoup d'accord
about you, Uncle Bob,"
chez toi, oncle Bob »
appreciation, it's like magic.
c'est magique.
things I've learned
at apologizing now,
somebody was right about.
a raison sur un point.
and it's actually really fun.
et est très amusante.
speaking with you.
the ground that we're on
sur lequel nous nous tenons
of morality and human nature.
sur la moralité et la nature humaine.
être plus adéquate.
this time with us.
ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Jonathan Haidt - Social psychologistJonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures.
Why you should listen
By understanding more about our moral psychology and its biases, Jonathan Haidt says we can design better institutions (including companies, universities and democracy itself), and we can learn to be more civil and open-minded toward those who are not on our team.
Haidt is a social psychologist whose research on morality across cultures led to his 2008 TED Talk on the psychological roots of the American culture war, and his 2013 TED Talk on how "common threats can make common ground." In both of those talks he asks, "Can't we all disagree more constructively?" Haidt's 2012 TED Talk explored the intersection of his work on morality with his work on happiness to talk about "hive psychology" -- the ability that humans have to lose themselves in groups pursuing larger projects, almost like bees in a hive. This hivish ability is crucial, he argues, for understanding the origins of morality, politics, and religion. These are ideas that Haidt develops at greater length in his book, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion.
Haidt joined New York University Stern School of Business in July 2011. He is the Thomas Cooley Professor of Ethical Leadership, based in the Business and Society Program. Before coming to Stern, Professor Haidt taught for 16 years at the University of Virginia in the department of psychology.
Haidt's writings appear frequently in the New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. He was named one of the top global thinkers by Foreign Policy magazine and by Prospect magazine. Haidt received a B.A. in Philosophy from Yale University, and an M.A. and Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Pennsylvania.
Jonathan Haidt | Speaker | TED.com
Chris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading.
Why you should listen
Chris Anderson is the Curator of TED, a nonprofit devoted to sharing valuable ideas, primarily through the medium of 'TED Talks' -- short talks that are offered free online to a global audience.
Chris was born in a remote village in Pakistan in 1957. He spent his early years in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, where his parents worked as medical missionaries, and he attended an American school in the Himalayas for his early education. After boarding school in Bath, England, he went on to Oxford University, graduating in 1978 with a degree in philosophy, politics and economics.
Chris then trained as a journalist, working in newspapers and radio, including two years producing a world news service in the Seychelles Islands.
Back in the UK in 1984, Chris was captivated by the personal computer revolution and became an editor at one of the UK's early computer magazines. A year later he founded Future Publishing with a $25,000 bank loan. The new company initially focused on specialist computer publications but eventually expanded into other areas such as cycling, music, video games, technology and design, doubling in size every year for seven years. In 1994, Chris moved to the United States where he built Imagine Media, publisher of Business 2.0 magazine and creator of the popular video game users website IGN. Chris eventually merged Imagine and Future, taking the combined entity public in London in 1999, under the Future name. At its peak, it published 150 magazines and websites and employed 2,000 people.
This success allowed Chris to create a private nonprofit organization, the Sapling Foundation, with the hope of finding new ways to tackle tough global issues through media, technology, entrepreneurship and, most of all, ideas. In 2001, the foundation acquired the TED Conference, then an annual meeting of luminaries in the fields of Technology, Entertainment and Design held in Monterey, California, and Chris left Future to work full time on TED.
He expanded the conference's remit to cover all topics, including science, business and key global issues, while adding a Fellows program, which now has some 300 alumni, and the TED Prize, which grants its recipients "one wish to change the world." The TED stage has become a place for thinkers and doers from all fields to share their ideas and their work, capturing imaginations, sparking conversation and encouraging discovery along the way.
In 2006, TED experimented with posting some of its talks on the Internet. Their viral success encouraged Chris to begin positioning the organization as a global media initiative devoted to 'ideas worth spreading,' part of a new era of information dissemination using the power of online video. In June 2015, the organization posted its 2,000th talk online. The talks are free to view, and they have been translated into more than 100 languages with the help of volunteers from around the world. Viewership has grown to approximately one billion views per year.
Continuing a strategy of 'radical openness,' in 2009 Chris introduced the TEDx initiative, allowing free licenses to local organizers who wished to organize their own TED-like events. More than 8,000 such events have been held, generating an archive of 60,000 TEDx talks. And three years later, the TED-Ed program was launched, offering free educational videos and tools to students and teachers.
Chris Anderson | Speaker | TED.com