Jonathan Haidt: Can a divided America heal?
Џонатан Хеит: Дали може поделената Америка да заздравее?
Jonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures. Full bioChris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
in the way that we're familiar with,
на начин кој ни е познат
and how did we get here?
apocalyptic sort of feeling.
that the other side is not just --
допаѓа спротивната страна
we strongly dislike them,
a threat to the nation.
now on both sides.
than before; it's much more intense.
поразлично од порано, поинтензивно.
општествена загатка
at any sort of social puzzle,
principles of moral psychology,
на моралната психологија
have to always keep in mind
треба да се има на ум
insights into human social nature
човечката социјална природа
against the stranger."
против странецот.“
to create large societies
да создадеме големи општества
in order to compete with others.
натправаруваме со другите.
and out of small groups,
и од малите групи,
eternal conflict.
are making that more bitter,
го прават поостар конфликтот
baked into most people's mental wiring
склоп кај повеќето луѓе
a basic aspect of human social cognition.
на човечката социјална когниција.
да живееме заедно,
really peacefully,
of fun ways of, like, playing war.
видови на играње војна.
to exercise this tribal nature
племенската природа
and exploration and meeting new people.
и запознавање нови луѓе.
as something that goes up or down --
како нешто што оди нагоре или надолу-
to always be fighting each other,
да се бориме едни против други,
can shrink or expand.
да се намали или зголеми.
could continue indefinitely.
може да продолжи неограничено.
смислата за племенското.
the sense of tribe for a while.
the new left-right distinction.
меѓу левичари и десничари.
as we've all inherited it,
versus capital distinction,
трудот и капиталот,
now, increasingly,
who want to stop at nation,
да запрат кај нацијата,
of a sense of being rooted,
чувството на припадност,
their community and their nation.
заедници и за нацијата.
anti-parochial and who --
кои се не-малограѓански-
of the John Lennon song "Imagine."
на песната на Ленон „Замисли“.
nothing to kill or die for."
ништо за кое ќе се убива и умира.“
who want more global governance,
глобална управа,
they don't like borders.
actually, his name is Shakespeare --
всушност се вика Шекспир-
or drawbridge-downers?"
мост или го спуштаме?“
52-48 on that point.
who grew up with The Beatles
of dreaming of a more connected world --
на сонување за еден поврзан свет
anyone think badly about that?"
„како може некој лошо да мисли за тоа?“
feel that that isn't just silly;
не само дека е глупаво
and they're scared of it.
in Europe but also here,
особено во Европа, но и овде,
we have to look very carefully
about diversity and immigration.
и имиграцијата.
that the left loves and the right --
го сакаат и десните-
can't think straight about it.
не можат исправно да размислуваат.
has grown enormously from it.
do a lot of good things.
I think, don't see,
во рамки на општеството.
cuts social capital and trust.
study by Robert Putnam,
feel that they are the same,
a redistributionist welfare state.
мали,хомогени држви.
of being small, homogenous countries.
a progressive welfare state,
вредности кои велат:
left-leaning values, which says,
Светот е прекрасно место.
The world is a great place.
мора да ги примиме“.
we must welcome them in."
this summer,
политички коректен
is fairly politically correct
as we have in America,
racially divided, society.
uncomfortable to talk about.
especially in Europe and for us, too,
themselves not racists,
humans are just too different;
луѓето различни;
на човековите способности
our sense of what humans are capable of,
направам поприфатливо
much more palatable
scientist named Karen Stenner,
политокологот Карен Стенер
луѓето имаат чувство
we're all the same,
a predisposition to authoritarianism.
there's not a threat
стануваат различни,
people are getting more different,
сакаат да ги отфрлат девијантните.
they want to kick out the deviants.
an authoritarian reaction.
the Lennonist line --
an authoritarian reaction.
in America with the alt-right.
со алт-десницата.
we've seen it all over Europe.
се всушност во право,
or the nationalists, are actually right --
our cultural similarity,
matter very much.
approach to immigration
a generous welfare state,
социјална држава
that we're all the same.
и стравот околу неа
and fears about that
of the current divide.
моралната психологија
а после стратешко расудување.
strategic reasoning second.
`мотивирачко расудување`
the term "motivated reasoning"
и вербалните способности
and our verbal abilities
да ја најдеме вистината
not to help us find out the truth,
да се браниме..
defend our reputation ...
оправдувањето себе си.
at justifying ourselves.
group interests into account,
it's my team versus your team,
мојот тим наспроти твојот,
that your side is wrong,
на политичка расправа.
a political argument.
with reasons and evidence,
the way reasoning works.
give us Google:
was born in Kenya.
10 million hits! Look, he was!"
Гледај, нвистина бил“.
за многумина.
surprise to a lot of people.
ограничени од техно-оптимистите.
by techno-optimists
that would bring people together.
која ги спојува луѓето.
unexpected counter-effects to that.
овие јин-јан гледишта.
of yin-yang views
about certain things,
прво за одредени нешта
дека човечката природа е добра,
that human nature is good:
the walls and all will be well.
и сѐ ќе биде добро.
не либертаријанците,
not libertarians --
believe people can be greedy
сметаат дека луѓето можат да се алчни
and we need restrictions.
низ цел свет
all over the world,
have been with us forever.
отсекогаш бил присутен.
чувството на поделеност?
this feeling of division?
моменти кои доаѓаат заедно.
different threads all coming together.
actually, America and Europe --
всушност во Америка и Европа,
from Joe Henrich and others
на Џо Хенрик и други
во социјална дилема
in a commons dilemma
во II-та Светска Војна
during World War II,
looking for scraps of aluminum
and government,
компромиси и соработка.
at compromise and cooperation.
by the end of the '90s.
генерацијата бејби бумерс.
each other within each country,
едни против други во сите земји
"The Greatest Generation,"
од II-та Светска Војна,
на двете партии.
is the purification of the two parties.
и конзервативни демократи.
and conservative Democrats.
that was really bipartisan.
систем во средината на 20 век.
that started things moving,
го започнаа ова движење,
партија и конзервативна партија.
liberal party and conservative party.
really are different,
our children to marry them,
да се земаат со нив,
didn't matter very much.
расудувањето и демонизацијата.
for post-hoc reasoning and demonization.
on the internet now is quite troubling.
на интернет е загрижувачки.
on Twitter about the election
на расистички графит:
brought to us by #Trump."
Одвратно!“
dedication page. Disgusting!"
is troubling to me.
несогласување за нешто,
or a disagreement about something,
случува подлабоко.
takes things to a much deeper level.
не се лутите;
you get angry, you're not angry;
личноста како нечовекмонструм,
as subhuman, monstrous,
што не се брише.
за брачна терапија.
on marital therapy.
партнерите покаже одвратност или презир
of the couple shows disgust or contempt,
набргу ќе се разведат,
to get divorced soon,
тоа не покажува ништо
that doesn't predict anything,
со бесот, тој може да е добар.
it actually is good.
uses the word "disgust" a lot.
го користи зборот `одвратен`.
така што `одвратно`е важно
so disgust does matter a lot --
што е единствено за него,
unique to him --
едни со други
the Manichaean worldview,
на Манихејството,
помеѓу доброто и злото
is a battle between good and evil
they're wrong or I don't like them,
е во право или не ни се допаѓа
е злобен, сатански,
тоа сега на универзитетите.
for example, on campus now.
to keep people off campus,
луѓето настрана од универзитетите,
generation of young people,
генерација на млади луѓе,
involves a lot of disgust,
вклучува одвратност,
во политика во подоцнежни години.
in politics as they get older.
одвратноста?
и многу рзмислувам за емоциите.
and I think about emotions a lot.
на одвратноста е љубовта.
of disgust is actually love.
средство што го имаме.
powerful means we have.
that they're lovely.
или ја менува вашата категорија.
or changes your category as well.
повеќе мешани во нивните градови.
much more mixed up in the their towns
морално разединети
this great moral divide,
се придвижуваме кон луѓе
that we're moving to be near people
на спротивната страна.
who's on the other side.
or say to Americans,
или што би им рекле на Американците
да го разбереме за себе си
about each other
да размислиме повторно
thing to keep in mind --
Алан Абрамович
scientist Alan Abramowitz,
демократија сѐ повеќе е предводена
is increasingly governed
во ред, има еден кандидат
OK there's a candidate,
you vote for the candidate.
сите останати трендови,
and all sorts of other trends,
начин да ја оцрни спротивната страна
the other side so horrible, so awful,
гласате за мојот избор.
против спротивната страна
against the other side
луѓето се на левата страна,
that if people are on the left,
that Republicans were bad,
го потврдува тоа
со сѐ она
I can paint with all the things
среќни со својот кандидат.
with their candidate.
на изборите во Американската историја.
election in American history.
чувствата за кандидтот
your feelings about the candidate
кои им е даден изборот.
who are given a choice.
посебен морален свет
in a separate moral world --
сме фатени во стапицата на Матрикс,
is that we're all trapped in "The Matrix,"
взаемна халуцинација.
a consensual hallucination.
that the other side --
најлошите луѓе во светот.
they're the worst people in the world,
го поддржите тоа.
to back that up.
different set of facts.
different threats to the country.
from being in the middle
страни,е дека обете се во право.
is: both sides are right.
to this country,
состојба да ги види сите.
incapable of seeing them all.
поинаков вид на емпатија?
that we almost need a new type of empathy?
Можам да се ставам во твоја кожа.“
I can put myself in your shoes."
the needy, the suffering.
сиромашните и оние кои страдат.
кои ги чувствуваме како други,
to people who we feel as other,
таков вид на емпатија?
to build that type of empathy?
тема во психологијата,
hot topic in psychology,
on the left in particular.
кај левичарите особено.
за оние кои се жртви.
for the preferred classes of victims.
think are so important.
сметаме дека се значајни.
because you get points for that.
добивате поени за тоа.
ако ја имате кога е тешко да се има.
if you do it when it's hard to do.
of dealing with our race problems
со проблемите на расизмот
приоритет долго време
for a long time
threat on our hands.
егзистенцијална закана.
divide we face.
and gender and LGBT,
околу раси, пол и ЛГБТ,
во наредните 50 години
of the next 50 years,
подобрат сами по себе.
to get better on their own.
институционални реформи,
a lot of institutional reforms,
wonky conversation.
кога ќе сфатат дека ова е пресвртница
realizing that this is a turning point.
држава ѝ е потребно,
if you don't want to --
нам ни треба ако..
4 години да ги поминете
to spend the next four years
сте оваа година, кренете рака.
for the last year -- raise your hand.
read Marcus Aurelius.
како да се отфрли стравот,
for how to drop the fear,
другите како непријатели.
wisdom for this kind of empathy.
упатства за овој вид емпатија.
да сторат за да си помогнат?
people do to help heal?
to overcome your deepest prejudices.
да ги премостиме најдлабоките предрасуди.
and stronger than race prejudices
се подлабоки и посилни од расните
вложат напори-тоа е основното.
that's the main thing.
awful for one of you --
побарајте ги и разговарајте.
reach out and say you want to talk.
влијание врз луѓето“ на Д. Карнеги.
Friends and Influence People" --
почнете со признавање.
if you start by acknowledging,
about you, Uncle Bob,"
тоа е како магија.
appreciation, it's like magic.
things I've learned
at apologizing now,
бил во право.
somebody was right about.
and it's actually really fun.
добро и може да е забавно.
да се разговара со вас.
speaking with you.
the ground that we're on
of morality and human nature.
за моралноста и човечката природа.
да биде порелевантна.
this time with us.
ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Jonathan Haidt - Social psychologistJonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures.
Why you should listen
By understanding more about our moral psychology and its biases, Jonathan Haidt says we can design better institutions (including companies, universities and democracy itself), and we can learn to be more civil and open-minded toward those who are not on our team.
Haidt is a social psychologist whose research on morality across cultures led to his 2008 TED Talk on the psychological roots of the American culture war, and his 2013 TED Talk on how "common threats can make common ground." In both of those talks he asks, "Can't we all disagree more constructively?" Haidt's 2012 TED Talk explored the intersection of his work on morality with his work on happiness to talk about "hive psychology" -- the ability that humans have to lose themselves in groups pursuing larger projects, almost like bees in a hive. This hivish ability is crucial, he argues, for understanding the origins of morality, politics, and religion. These are ideas that Haidt develops at greater length in his book, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion.
Haidt joined New York University Stern School of Business in July 2011. He is the Thomas Cooley Professor of Ethical Leadership, based in the Business and Society Program. Before coming to Stern, Professor Haidt taught for 16 years at the University of Virginia in the department of psychology.
Haidt's writings appear frequently in the New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. He was named one of the top global thinkers by Foreign Policy magazine and by Prospect magazine. Haidt received a B.A. in Philosophy from Yale University, and an M.A. and Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Pennsylvania.
Jonathan Haidt | Speaker | TED.com
Chris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading.
Why you should listen
Chris Anderson is the Curator of TED, a nonprofit devoted to sharing valuable ideas, primarily through the medium of 'TED Talks' -- short talks that are offered free online to a global audience.
Chris was born in a remote village in Pakistan in 1957. He spent his early years in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, where his parents worked as medical missionaries, and he attended an American school in the Himalayas for his early education. After boarding school in Bath, England, he went on to Oxford University, graduating in 1978 with a degree in philosophy, politics and economics.
Chris then trained as a journalist, working in newspapers and radio, including two years producing a world news service in the Seychelles Islands.
Back in the UK in 1984, Chris was captivated by the personal computer revolution and became an editor at one of the UK's early computer magazines. A year later he founded Future Publishing with a $25,000 bank loan. The new company initially focused on specialist computer publications but eventually expanded into other areas such as cycling, music, video games, technology and design, doubling in size every year for seven years. In 1994, Chris moved to the United States where he built Imagine Media, publisher of Business 2.0 magazine and creator of the popular video game users website IGN. Chris eventually merged Imagine and Future, taking the combined entity public in London in 1999, under the Future name. At its peak, it published 150 magazines and websites and employed 2,000 people.
This success allowed Chris to create a private nonprofit organization, the Sapling Foundation, with the hope of finding new ways to tackle tough global issues through media, technology, entrepreneurship and, most of all, ideas. In 2001, the foundation acquired the TED Conference, then an annual meeting of luminaries in the fields of Technology, Entertainment and Design held in Monterey, California, and Chris left Future to work full time on TED.
He expanded the conference's remit to cover all topics, including science, business and key global issues, while adding a Fellows program, which now has some 300 alumni, and the TED Prize, which grants its recipients "one wish to change the world." The TED stage has become a place for thinkers and doers from all fields to share their ideas and their work, capturing imaginations, sparking conversation and encouraging discovery along the way.
In 2006, TED experimented with posting some of its talks on the Internet. Their viral success encouraged Chris to begin positioning the organization as a global media initiative devoted to 'ideas worth spreading,' part of a new era of information dissemination using the power of online video. In June 2015, the organization posted its 2,000th talk online. The talks are free to view, and they have been translated into more than 100 languages with the help of volunteers from around the world. Viewership has grown to approximately one billion views per year.
Continuing a strategy of 'radical openness,' in 2009 Chris introduced the TEDx initiative, allowing free licenses to local organizers who wished to organize their own TED-like events. More than 8,000 such events have been held, generating an archive of 60,000 TEDx talks. And three years later, the TED-Ed program was launched, offering free educational videos and tools to students and teachers.
Chris Anderson | Speaker | TED.com