Jonathan Haidt: Can a divided America heal?
Jonathan Haidt: Apakah Amerika yang terpecah bisa bersatu kembali?
Jonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures. Full bioChris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading. Full bio
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tidak kita lihat.
in the way that we're familiar with,
dengan cara yang biasa kita lihat,
and how did we get here?
dan bagaimana kita bisa sampai di sini?
apocalyptic sort of feeling.
that the other side is not just --
pihak seberang bukan sekedar --
we strongly dislike them,
amat sangat tidak suka,
a threat to the nation.
ancaman bagi bangsa ini.
now on both sides.
than before; it's much more intense.
jauh lebih tegang.
at any sort of social puzzle,
teka-teki sosial,
principles of moral psychology,
tiga prinsip dasar psikologi moral,
have to always keep in mind
dan hebat tentang sifat manusia
insights into human social nature
against the stranger."
melawan orang asing."
to create large societies
membangun komunitas masyarakat
in order to compete with others.
bersaing dengan suku lain.
and out of small groups,
dan keluar dari kelompok kecil,
eternal conflict.
selalu ada dalam konflik.
yang membuatnya
are making that more bitter,
apa yang bisa menenangkannya?
baked into most people's mental wiring
a basic aspect of human social cognition.
dari kesadaran sosial manusia.
really peacefully,
dengan damai,
menyenangkan seperti main perang-perangan.
of fun ways of, like, playing war.
mempraktikkan sifat kesukuan alamiah ini
to exercise this tribal nature
and exploration and meeting new people.
mengeksplorasi dan bertemu orang baru.
as something that goes up or down --
naik-turun --
selalu bersengketa,
to always be fighting each other,
mencapai perdamaian dunia.
can shrink or expand.
menyusut dan membesar.
could continue indefinitely.
bisa berlangsung terus-menerus.
kita tentang suku, selama beberapa waktu.
the sense of tribe for a while.
the new left-right distinction.
sayap kiri dan kanan,
sayap kiri dan kanan yang kita warisi,
as we've all inherited it,
versus capital distinction,
tenaga kerja vs kapital,
now, increasingly,
menurut saya,
demokrasi Barat
who want to stop at nation,
tujuan akhirnya adalah negara,
of a sense of being rooted,
memiliki akar,
their community and their nation.
masyarakat mereka, bangsa mereka.
anti-parochial and who --
tidak religius dan yang --
of the John Lennon song "Imagine."
lagu "Imagine" John Lennon:
tak ada alasan untuk membunuh dan mati."
nothing to kill or die for."
lebih banyak pengaturan global,
who want more global governance,
mereka tidak suka perbatasan.
they don't like borders.
actually, his name is Shakespeare --
namanya Shakespeare --
or drawbridge-downers?"
atau membuka jembatan?"
52-48 on that point.
who grew up with The Beatles
di masa The Beatles
of dreaming of a more connected world --
dunia yang lebih terhubung --
anyone think badly about that?"
"kenapa ada yang berpikir itu buruk?"
bahwa saat ini
feel that that isn't just silly;
tidak hanya konyol;
and they're scared of it.
dan mereka merasa takut.
terutama di Eropa, tapi juga di AS,
in Europe but also here,
we have to look very carefully
kita mencermati dengan teliti
about diversity and immigration.
dalam ilmu sosial.
that the left loves and the right --
sementara sayap kanan --
can't think straight about it.
pun tidak pasti tentang hal ini.
has grown enormously from it.
karena keragaman.
membuahkan hal positif.
do a lot of good things.
paham globalis, menurut saya adalah,
I think, don't see,
cuts social capital and trust.
modal sosial dan kepercayaan.
study by Robert Putnam,
basis data modal sosial.
yang merasa mereka adalah sama,
feel that they are the same,
a redistributionist welfare state.
meredistribusi kemakmuran.
sebagai negara-negara kecil dan homogen.
of being small, homogenous countries.
a progressive welfare state,
negara makmur yang progresif,
left-leaning values, which says,
yang mengatakan,
The world is a great place.
Dunia ini adalah tempat yang hebat,
we must welcome them in."
kita harus menerima mereka."
this summer,
dikatakan netral secara politik
is fairly politically correct
kerugiannya,
ke negara mereka.
negara makmur
as we have in America,
negara mereka
racially divided, society.
sangat terbelah karena isu rasial.
uncomfortable to talk about.
yang tidak nyaman.
especially in Europe and for us, too,
inilah yang harus kita amati,
seseorang yang rasional,
themselves not racists,
diri mereka tidak rasis,
bermoral, berintegritas,
humans are just too different;
manusia begitu berbeda;
our sense of what humans are capable of,
tentang apa yang mampu dilakukan manusia,
yang terlalu berbeda.
much more palatable
lebih bisa dipahami
harus tentang masalah ras saja.
scientist named Karen Stenner,
peneliti politik Karen Stenner,
we're all the same,
a predisposition to authoritarianism.
pada otoritarianisme.
there's not a threat
semakin banyak perbedaan dalam masyarakat,
people are getting more different,
they want to kick out the deviants.
mereka ingin mengenyahkan para penyimpang.
an authoritarian reaction.
reaksi otoritarian.
the Lennonist line --
logika Lennon tadi --
an authoritarian reaction.
reaksi otoriter.
yang cenderung sayap kanan.
in America with the alt-right.
we've seen it all over Europe.
dan di seluruh Eropa.
or the nationalists, are actually right --
paham nasionalis sesungguhnya benar --
our cultural similarity,
kesamaan budaya kita,
matter very much.
approach to immigration
a generous welfare state,
negara makmur yang berlimpah,
that we're all the same.
bahwa kita semua sama.
and fears about that
ketakutan akan imigrasi
of the current divide.
perpecahan saat ini.
strategic reasoning second.
baru rasionalisasi setelahnya.
istilah "motivated reasoning"
the term "motivated reasoning"
and our verbal abilities
dan kemampuan verbal kita
not to help us find out the truth,
membantu kita menemukan kebenaran,
defend our reputation ...
menjaga reputasi kita.
at justifying ourselves.
menjustifikasi diri sendiri.
group interests into account,
kepentingan kelompok,
tapi kelompok saya vs kelompok Anda.
it's my team versus your team,
that your side is wrong,
bahwa kelompok Anda salah,
a political argument.
dalam debat politik.
with reasons and evidence,
dengan alasan dan bukti,
the way reasoning works.
give us Google:
was born in Kenya.
10 million hits! Look, he was!"
10 juta hasil! Itu memang benar!"
menyenangkan bagi banyak orang.
surprise to a lot of people.
oleh para optimis teknologi
by techno-optimists
that would bring people together.
yang akan menyatukan kita.
unexpected counter-effects to that.
sebaliknya yang tidak kita kira.
oleh pemikiran yin-yang
of yin-yang views
about certain things,
tentang hal tertentu,
sifat alami manusia itu baik:
that human nature is good:
menghapus batas dan semua akan baik.
the walls and all will be well.
bukan libertarian --
not libertarians --
believe people can be greedy
bahwa manusia bisa menjadi tamak
and we need restrictions.
kita butuh batasan.
dinding yang ada,
di seluruh dunia,
all over the world,
have been with us forever.
pada kita sejak dulu.
this feeling of division?
perasaan terpecah ini?
different threads all coming together.
mencuat bersamaan.
beberapa di antaranya.
actually, America and Europe --
adalah Perang Dunia II.
from Joe Henrich and others
Joe Henrich dkk
negara Anda sedang perang,
in a commons dilemma
setelahnya dalam commons dilemma
during World War II,
semasa Perang Dunia II,
looking for scraps of aluminum
sisa-sisa aluminium
and government,
at compromise and cooperation.
dan bekerja sama.
ini adalah para baby boomers.
by the end of the '90s.
each other within each country,
satu sama lain dalam negara masing-masing
"The Greatest Generation,"
"Generasi Terhebat,"
is the purification of the two parties.
adalah purifikasi dua partai.
Partai Republik yang liberal
and conservative Democrats.
that was really bipartisan.
pertengahan abad ke-20.
that started things moving,
liberal party and conservative party.
partai liberal dan partai konservatif.
di kedua partai ini sangat berbeda,
really are different,
our children to marry them,
menikahi mereka,
didn't matter very much.
ini bukan persoalan besar.
dan seperti sudah saya katakan,
for post-hoc reasoning and demonization.
untuk mencari alasan dan menyalahkan.
on the internet now is quite troubling.
cukup meresahkan.
on Twitter about the election
tentang pemilu
grafiti bernada rasis:
brought to us by #Trump."
dibawakan oleh #Trump."
dedication page. Disgusting!"
Menjijikkan!"
is troubling to me.
bagi saya.
or a disagreement about something,
tentang sesuatu hal,
takes things to a much deeper level.
perasaan jijik itu jauh lebih mendalam.
30 kali sehari.
you get angry, you're not angry;
mereka marah, lalu tidak marah;
as subhuman, monstrous,
lebih rendah daripada manusia, monster,
on marital therapy.
tentang terapi pernikahan.
of the couple shows disgust or contempt,
salah seorang terlihat jijik atau benci,
to get divorced soon,
akan segera bercerai.
itu tidak memprediksi apa pun,
that doesn't predict anything,
ini sesuatu yang baik.
it actually is good.
uses the word "disgust" a lot.
menggunakan kata "jijik."
so disgust does matter a lot --
jadi jijik itu sangat penting --
unique to him --
ini adalah sesuatu yang khas Trump --
the Manichaean worldview,
pertarungan antara kekuatan baik dan jahat
is a battle between good and evil
they're wrong or I don't like them,
mereka salah
berurusan dengan mereka.
for example, on campus now.
menyaksikan ini di kampus-kampus.
menjauhkan mereka dari kampus,
to keep people off campus,
generation of young people,
generasi muda
involves a lot of disgust,
banyak perasaan jijik,
in politics as they get older.
politik ketika mereka dewasa.
rasa jijik?
bertahun-tahun,
and I think about emotions a lot.
tentang emosi.
of disgust is actually love.
adalah kasih sayang.
menutup perbatasan,
dinding perbatasan itu.
powerful means we have.
yang kita punya.
akan sekelompok orang,
dengan satu orang
that they're lovely.
ternyata mereka orang baik.
or changes your category as well.
mengubah kategorisasi Anda.
much more mixed up in the their towns
lebih beragam di kota-kota mereka
jadi perpecahan moral yang besar
this great moral divide,
kita cenderung berada di sekitar
that we're moving to be near people
pandangan politiknya mirip.
who's on the other side.
yang berbeda pandangan.
or say to Americans,
tentang satu sama lain
about each other
merefleksikan kembali
thing to keep in mind --
scientist Alan Abramowitz,
Alan Abramowitz,
is increasingly governed
di Amerika semakin diarahkan
"partisan negatif."
OK there's a candidate,
ada seorang kandidat,
dan kita memilihnya di pemilu.
you vote for the candidate.
and all sorts of other trends,
menggambarkan pihak lawan
the other side so horrible, so awful,
memilih kandidat saya.
against the other side
karena tidak suka pihak lawan,
that if people are on the left,
seseorang ada di sayap kiri,
pendukung Partai Republik itu buruk,
that Republicans were bad,
I can paint with all the things
setiap pendukung Partai Republik
with their candidate.
dengan kandidat mereka.
election in American history.
dalam sejarah Amerika.
your feelings about the candidate
perasaan Anda tentang kandidat
who are given a choice.
orang-orang yang memilih.
dunia moral yang berbeda --
in a separate moral world --
kita semua terjebak dalam "The Matrix,"
is that we're all trapped in "The Matrix,"
a consensual hallucination.
sebuah matrix, halusinasi bersama.
that the other side --
pihak lawan adalah --
they're the worst people in the world,
rasis, orang terparah di dunia,
mendukung pendapat tersebut.
to back that up.
video game yang berbeda,
different set of facts.
fakta-fakta yang berbeda.
yang berbeda terhadap negara ini.
different threats to the country.
berada di tengah-tengah
from being in the middle
is: both sides are right.
adalah: kedua pihak benar.
to this country,
incapable of seeing them all.
melihatnya secara keseluruhan.
that we almost need a new type of empathy?
agaknya membutuhkan empati jenis baru?
empati itu dijelaskan sbb:
I can put myself in your shoes."
di posisi Anda."
the needy, the suffering.
orang yang membutuhkan, yang menderita.
to people who we feel as other,
orang yang kita anggap lawan,
to build that type of empathy?
membangun empati seperti ini?
hot topic in psychology,
dalam studi psikologi,
terutama di sayap kiri.
on the left in particular.
for the preferred classes of victims.
berempati pada korban yang kita sukai.
di sayap kiri, adalah penting.
think are so important.
because you get points for that.
karena Anda dipuji ketika melakukannya.
if you do it when it's hard to do.
empati itu sulit dilakukan.
of dealing with our race problems
berkutat dengan masalah ras
prioritas utama kita
for a long time
threat on our hands.
selalu ada di tangan kita.
sayap kiri dan kanan
yang pernah kita hadapi.
divide we face.
and gender and LGBT,
jender, dan LGBT,
of the next 50 years,
untuk 50 tahun ke depan,
to get better on their own.
dengan sendirinya.
a lot of institutional reforms,
reformasi institusi,
dan melelahkan.
wonky conversation.
realizing that this is a turning point.
dengan orang-orang
kita tidak ingin --
if you don't want to --
to spend the next four years
menghabiskan 4 tahun ke depan
for the last year -- raise your hand.
-- angkat tangan.
read Marcus Aurelius.
bacalah Marcus Aurelius.
for how to drop the fear,
melepaskan ketakutan,
wisdom for this kind of empathy.
kebijaksanaan kuno
people do to help heal?
orang-orang untuk kembali pulih?
to overcome your deepest prejudices.
ingin mengalahkan prasangka terdalam Anda.
and stronger than race prejudices
lebih kuat daripada prasangka rasial
that's the main thing.
itu yang utama.
awful for one of you --
akan merasa sangat menderita --
reach out and say you want to talk.
hubungi mereka dan ajak bicara.
Mencari Kawan dan Mempengaruhi Orang Lain"
Friends and Influence People" --
Anda mulai dengan mengakui,
if you start by acknowledging,
about you, Uncle Bob,"
darimu, Paman Bob,"
konservatif adalah..."
appreciation, it's like magic.
mudah saja.
yang saya pelajari
things I've learned
hubungan pribadi saya.
at apologizing now,
sangat ahli meminta maaf,
somebody was right about.
and it's actually really fun.
dan sebenarnya menyenangkan.
speaking with you.
dengan Anda.
the ground that we're on
tanah yang kita pijak
of morality and human nature.
tentang moral dan sifat alamiah manusia.
sangat relevan.
bersama kami.
this time with us.
ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Jonathan Haidt - Social psychologistJonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures.
Why you should listen
By understanding more about our moral psychology and its biases, Jonathan Haidt says we can design better institutions (including companies, universities and democracy itself), and we can learn to be more civil and open-minded toward those who are not on our team.
Haidt is a social psychologist whose research on morality across cultures led to his 2008 TED Talk on the psychological roots of the American culture war, and his 2013 TED Talk on how "common threats can make common ground." In both of those talks he asks, "Can't we all disagree more constructively?" Haidt's 2012 TED Talk explored the intersection of his work on morality with his work on happiness to talk about "hive psychology" -- the ability that humans have to lose themselves in groups pursuing larger projects, almost like bees in a hive. This hivish ability is crucial, he argues, for understanding the origins of morality, politics, and religion. These are ideas that Haidt develops at greater length in his book, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion.
Haidt joined New York University Stern School of Business in July 2011. He is the Thomas Cooley Professor of Ethical Leadership, based in the Business and Society Program. Before coming to Stern, Professor Haidt taught for 16 years at the University of Virginia in the department of psychology.
Haidt's writings appear frequently in the New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. He was named one of the top global thinkers by Foreign Policy magazine and by Prospect magazine. Haidt received a B.A. in Philosophy from Yale University, and an M.A. and Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Pennsylvania.
Jonathan Haidt | Speaker | TED.com
Chris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading.
Why you should listen
Chris Anderson is the Curator of TED, a nonprofit devoted to sharing valuable ideas, primarily through the medium of 'TED Talks' -- short talks that are offered free online to a global audience.
Chris was born in a remote village in Pakistan in 1957. He spent his early years in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, where his parents worked as medical missionaries, and he attended an American school in the Himalayas for his early education. After boarding school in Bath, England, he went on to Oxford University, graduating in 1978 with a degree in philosophy, politics and economics.
Chris then trained as a journalist, working in newspapers and radio, including two years producing a world news service in the Seychelles Islands.
Back in the UK in 1984, Chris was captivated by the personal computer revolution and became an editor at one of the UK's early computer magazines. A year later he founded Future Publishing with a $25,000 bank loan. The new company initially focused on specialist computer publications but eventually expanded into other areas such as cycling, music, video games, technology and design, doubling in size every year for seven years. In 1994, Chris moved to the United States where he built Imagine Media, publisher of Business 2.0 magazine and creator of the popular video game users website IGN. Chris eventually merged Imagine and Future, taking the combined entity public in London in 1999, under the Future name. At its peak, it published 150 magazines and websites and employed 2,000 people.
This success allowed Chris to create a private nonprofit organization, the Sapling Foundation, with the hope of finding new ways to tackle tough global issues through media, technology, entrepreneurship and, most of all, ideas. In 2001, the foundation acquired the TED Conference, then an annual meeting of luminaries in the fields of Technology, Entertainment and Design held in Monterey, California, and Chris left Future to work full time on TED.
He expanded the conference's remit to cover all topics, including science, business and key global issues, while adding a Fellows program, which now has some 300 alumni, and the TED Prize, which grants its recipients "one wish to change the world." The TED stage has become a place for thinkers and doers from all fields to share their ideas and their work, capturing imaginations, sparking conversation and encouraging discovery along the way.
In 2006, TED experimented with posting some of its talks on the Internet. Their viral success encouraged Chris to begin positioning the organization as a global media initiative devoted to 'ideas worth spreading,' part of a new era of information dissemination using the power of online video. In June 2015, the organization posted its 2,000th talk online. The talks are free to view, and they have been translated into more than 100 languages with the help of volunteers from around the world. Viewership has grown to approximately one billion views per year.
Continuing a strategy of 'radical openness,' in 2009 Chris introduced the TEDx initiative, allowing free licenses to local organizers who wished to organize their own TED-like events. More than 8,000 such events have been held, generating an archive of 60,000 TEDx talks. And three years later, the TED-Ed program was launched, offering free educational videos and tools to students and teachers.
Chris Anderson | Speaker | TED.com