ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Jonathan Haidt - Social psychologist
Jonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures.

Why you should listen

By understanding more about our moral psychology and its biases, Jonathan Haidt says we can design better institutions (including companies, universities and democracy itself), and we can learn to be more civil and open-minded toward those who are not on our team.

Haidt is a social psychologist whose research on morality across cultures led to his 2008 TED Talk on the psychological roots of the American culture war, and his 2013 TED Talk on how "common threats can make common ground." In both of those talks he asks, "Can't we all disagree more constructively?" Haidt's 2012 TED Talk explored the intersection of his work on morality with his work on happiness to talk about "hive psychology" -- the ability that humans have to lose themselves in groups pursuing larger projects, almost like bees in a hive. This hivish ability is crucial, he argues, for understanding the origins of morality, politics, and religion. These are ideas that Haidt develops at greater length in his book, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion.

Haidt joined New York University Stern School of Business in July 2011. He is the Thomas Cooley Professor of Ethical Leadership, based in the Business and Society Program. Before coming to Stern, Professor Haidt taught for 16 years at the University of Virginia in the department of psychology.

Haidt's writings appear frequently in the New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. He was named one of the top global thinkers by Foreign Policy magazine and by Prospect magazine. Haidt received a B.A. in Philosophy from Yale University, and an M.A. and Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Pennsylvania.

More profile about the speaker
Jonathan Haidt | Speaker | TED.com
Chris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading.

Why you should listen

Chris Anderson is the Curator of TED, a nonprofit devoted to sharing valuable ideas, primarily through the medium of 'TED Talks' -- short talks that are offered free online to a global audience.

Chris was born in a remote village in Pakistan in 1957. He spent his early years in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, where his parents worked as medical missionaries, and he attended an American school in the Himalayas for his early education. After boarding school in Bath, England, he went on to Oxford University, graduating in 1978 with a degree in philosophy, politics and economics.

Chris then trained as a journalist, working in newspapers and radio, including two years producing a world news service in the Seychelles Islands.

Back in the UK in 1984, Chris was captivated by the personal computer revolution and became an editor at one of the UK's early computer magazines. A year later he founded Future Publishing with a $25,000 bank loan. The new company initially focused on specialist computer publications but eventually expanded into other areas such as cycling, music, video games, technology and design, doubling in size every year for seven years. In 1994, Chris moved to the United States where he built Imagine Media, publisher of Business 2.0 magazine and creator of the popular video game users website IGN. Chris eventually merged Imagine and Future, taking the combined entity public in London in 1999, under the Future name. At its peak, it published 150 magazines and websites and employed 2,000 people.

This success allowed Chris to create a private nonprofit organization, the Sapling Foundation, with the hope of finding new ways to tackle tough global issues through media, technology, entrepreneurship and, most of all, ideas. In 2001, the foundation acquired the TED Conference, then an annual meeting of luminaries in the fields of Technology, Entertainment and Design held in Monterey, California, and Chris left Future to work full time on TED.

He expanded the conference's remit to cover all topics, including science, business and key global issues, while adding a Fellows program, which now has some 300 alumni, and the TED Prize, which grants its recipients "one wish to change the world." The TED stage has become a place for thinkers and doers from all fields to share their ideas and their work, capturing imaginations, sparking conversation and encouraging discovery along the way.

In 2006, TED experimented with posting some of its talks on the Internet. Their viral success encouraged Chris to begin positioning the organization as a global media initiative devoted to 'ideas worth spreading,' part of a new era of information dissemination using the power of online video. In June 2015, the organization posted its 2,000th talk online. The talks are free to view, and they have been translated into more than 100 languages with the help of volunteers from around the world. Viewership has grown to approximately one billion views per year.

Continuing a strategy of 'radical openness,' in 2009 Chris introduced the TEDx initiative, allowing free licenses to local organizers who wished to organize their own TED-like events. More than 8,000 such events have been held, generating an archive of 60,000 TEDx talks. And three years later, the TED-Ed program was launched, offering free educational videos and tools to students and teachers.

More profile about the speaker
Chris Anderson | Speaker | TED.com
TEDNYC

Jonathan Haidt: Can a divided America heal?

Jonathan Haidt: 我们能否重愈美国之隙?

Filmed:
2,005,570 views

在2016年消极的总统选举之后,美国应该如何恢复?社会心理学家Jonathan Haidt研究构成政治选择的道德基础。在与TED负责人克里斯·安德森的谈话中, 他描述了导致美国这种尖锐分裂的思维方式和历史原因,并提供了这个国家如何向前迈进的蓝图。
- Social psychologist
Jonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures. Full bio - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
Chris克里斯 Anderson安德森: So, Jon乔恩, this feels感觉 scary害怕.
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Jon, 这感觉真有点恐怖。
00:15
Jonathan乔纳森 Haidt海特: Yeah.
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JH:是的。
00:16
CACA: It feels感觉 like the world世界 is in a place地点
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CA: 好像世人形同陌路,
00:18
that we haven't没有 seen看到 for a long time.
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不曾相识。
00:20
People don't just disagree不同意
in the way that we're familiar with,
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人们不只是一如往常,
00:24
on the left-right左右 political政治 divide划分.
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对左右派的分歧争执不休,
00:26
There are much deeper更深 differences分歧 afoot在进行中.
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还有更深层次的疏离。
究竟发生了什么?
我们为何变成这样?
00:29
What on earth地球 is going on,
and how did we get here?
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00:33
JHJH: This is different不同.
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JH: 现在不同以往,
00:36
There's a much more
apocalyptic世界末日 sort分类 of feeling感觉.
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有种世界末日般绝望的感觉。
00:39
Survey调查 research研究 by Pew座位 Research研究 shows节目
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皮尤研究的调查显示,
00:41
that the degree to which哪一个 we feel
that the other side is not just --
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我们对另一派的感觉程度,
00:45
we don't just dislike反感 them;
we strongly非常 dislike反感 them,
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并不是简单地不喜欢他们
或强烈地不喜欢他们。
00:48
and we think that they are
a threat威胁 to the nation国家.
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我们觉得对方对整个民族造成了威胁。
00:51
Those numbers数字 have been going up and up,
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这些人的占比一直在上升,
00:53
and those are over 50 percent百分
now on both sides双方.
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现在两边具有这种想法的人都超过了50%。
00:56
People are scared害怕,
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人们感到恐惧,
00:57
because it feels感觉 like this is different不同
than before; it's much more intense激烈.
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因为这种感觉有别于以前,
而且特别的强烈。
01:01
Whenever每当 I look
at any sort分类 of social社会 puzzle难题,
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每当我审视社会难题时,
01:04
I always apply应用 the three basic基本
principles原则 of moral道德 psychology心理学,
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我都会采用三个最基本的
道德心理学原则,
01:07
and I think they'll他们会 help us here.
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在这里应该也能起到作用。
01:09
So the first thing that you
have to always keep in mind心神
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所以,当考虑政治问题时,
01:11
when you're thinking思维 about politics政治
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必须首先意识到,
01:13
is that we're tribal部落的.
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我们是部落式的,
01:15
We evolved进化 for tribalism部落.
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我们演化为部落主义。
01:16
One of the simplest简单 and greatest最大
insights见解 into human人的 social社会 nature性质
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其中最简单且最伟大
揭示人类社会本质的谚语
01:19
is the Bedouin贝都因人 proverb谚语:
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是由贝都因总结的:
01:20
"Me against反对 my brother哥哥;
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“ 我反对我的兄弟;
01:22
me and my brother哥哥 against反对 our cousin表姐;
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我和我兄弟反对我们的表兄;
01:24
me and my brother哥哥 and cousins表兄弟
against反对 the stranger陌生人."
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而我们一起反对陌生人。"
01:26
And that tribalism部落 allowed允许 us
to create创建 large societies社会
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部落主义使我们自身的
社会逐渐强大,
01:31
and to come together一起
in order订购 to compete竞争 with others其他.
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大家一起便可与其他部落抗衡。
01:34
That brought us out of the jungle丛林
and out of small groups,
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这使我们走出丛林
逐渐壮大,
01:38
but it means手段 that we have
eternal永恒 conflict冲突.
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但也意味着固有的矛盾性。
01:40
The question you have to look at is:
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你需要关注的问题是:
01:42
What aspects方面 of our society社会
are making制造 that more bitter,
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我们的社会
在哪些方面使之恶化,
01:44
and what are calming平静 them down?
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又在哪些方面平息了这种矛盾?
01:46
CACA: That's a very dark黑暗 proverb谚语.
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CA: 这谚语听上去挺沉重。
01:47
You're saying that that's actually其实
baked烘烤的 into most people's人们 mental心理 wiring接线
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你是说在一定程度上,
01:52
at some level水平?
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这种观念对大多数人来说
是根深蒂固的?
01:53
JHJH: Oh, absolutely绝对. This is just
a basic基本 aspect方面 of human人的 social社会 cognition认识.
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JH:哦,绝对的
这是人类社会认知的基本方面,
01:57
But we can also live生活 together一起
really peacefully安然,
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但我们也可以和平共处。
01:59
and we've我们已经 invented发明 all kinds
of fun开玩笑 ways方法 of, like, playing播放 war战争.
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而且我们还发明了各种
的有趣的活动,例如模拟打仗。
02:02
I mean, sports体育, politics政治 --
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我是说体育,政治——
02:04
these are all ways方法 that we get
to exercise行使 this tribal部落的 nature性质
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这些活动都是在不伤及他人的情况下,
02:08
without actually其实 hurting伤害 anyone任何人.
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体现这种部落性质。
02:09
We're also really good at trade贸易
and exploration勘探 and meeting会议 new people.
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我们也非常擅长贸易,
探险和认识新朋友。
02:14
So you have to see our tribalism部落
as something that goes up or down --
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所以必须把部落主义
看作是有毁誉参半的——
02:17
it's not like we're doomed注定
to always be fighting战斗 each other,
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我们并不是注定就是相互争斗。
02:20
but we'll never have world世界 peace和平.
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但永远没有世界和平。
02:22
CACA: The size尺寸 of that tribe部落
can shrink收缩 or expand扩大.
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CA:部落的大小可以缩小
也可以增大。
02:26
JHJH: Right.
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JH: 对的。
02:27
CACA: The size尺寸 of what we consider考虑 "us"
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CA:我们认为“我们”的大小,
02:29
and what we consider考虑 "other" or "them"
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以及我们认为的“其他”或“他们”,
02:31
can change更改.
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都是可以变化的。
02:34
And some people believed相信 that process处理
could continue继续 indefinitely无限期.
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有些人认为这个过程
可以无限期地继续。
02:40
JHJH: That's right.
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JH: 是的。
02:41
CACA: And we were indeed确实 expanding扩大
the sense of tribe部落 for a while.
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CA:我们对部落的认同确实在扩张。
02:44
JHJH: So this is, I think,
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JH:所以我认为,
02:45
where we're getting得到 at what's possibly或者
the new left-right左右 distinction分别.
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这可能就是
新的左右派别分歧出现的地方。
02:49
I mean, the left-right左右
as we've我们已经 all inherited遗传 it,
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我的意思是
我们所了解的左右派,
02:51
comes out of the labor劳动
versus capital首都 distinction分别,
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来自劳动力与资本的差异
02:54
and the working加工 class, and Marx马克思.
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和工人阶级,马克思。
02:56
But I think what we're seeing眼看
now, increasingly日益,
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但现在
我们所看到越来越多的是
02:59
is a divide划分 in all the Western西 democracies民主
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西方民主国家内部的分歧。
03:01
between之间 the people
who want to stop at nation国家,
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一些人主张本国内
03:05
the people who are more parochial教区 --
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狭隘的民族主义,
03:07
and I don't mean that in a bad way --
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我没有贬低之意,
03:09
people who have much more
of a sense of being存在 rooted,
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他们关心自己的城镇,
03:12
they care关心 about their town,
their community社区 and their nation国家.
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社区和国家的盛衰。
立足于本位主义。
03:15
And then those who are
anti-parochial反狭隘 and who --
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而另外一些人是则是
反狭隘主义的。
03:19
whenever每当 I get confused困惑, I just think
of the John约翰 Lennon列侬 song歌曲 "Imagine想像."
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每当我对此困惑时
就会想起约翰·列侬的“想象”:
03:23
"Imagine想像 there's no countries国家,
nothing to kill or die for."
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“想象一个没有国界的地方,
没有杀戮或战争“。
03:26
And so these are the people
who want more global全球 governance治理,
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这些人想要更多的治理全球,
03:29
they don't like nation国家 states状态,
they don't like borders国界.
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他们不喜欢民族化的国家
他们不喜欢边界,
03:32
You see this all over Europe欧洲 as well.
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这在欧洲也极其普遍。
03:33
There's a great metaphor隐喻 guy --
actually其实, his name名称 is Shakespeare莎士比亚 --
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有个家伙做了形象的比喻
实际上,他的名字叫莎士比亚——
03:37
writing写作 ten years年份 ago in Britain英国.
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是十年前在英国时写的,
03:38
He had a metaphor隐喻:
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他的比喻是这样的:
03:39
"Are we drawbridge-uppers吊桥,鞋面
or drawbridge-downers吊桥,镇静剂?"
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“我们是闭关锁国好呢
还是‘大开闸门’好呢?”
03:43
And Britain英国 is divided分为
52-48 on that point.
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英国对此以52-48的比例分裂,
03:46
And America美国 is divided分为 on that point, too.
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在这一点上美国也分歧很大。
03:49
CACA: And so, those of us
who grew成长 up with The Beatles披头士乐队
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CA:我们这些与披头士一同长大,
03:52
and that sort分类 of hippie嬉皮士 philosophy哲学
of dreaming做梦 of a more connected连接的 world世界 --
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追随世界大同的嬉皮哲学的人们,
03:56
it felt so idealistic理想主义 and "how could
anyone任何人 think badly about that?"
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惊讶:如此的理想主义“怎么可能
有人认为它不好?“
04:00
And what you're saying is that, actually其实,
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你现在所说的,实际上是:
04:02
millions百万 of people today今天
feel that that isn't just silly愚蠢;
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成千上万的人们不仅觉得它愚蠢,
04:07
it's actually其实 dangerous危险 and wrong错误,
and they're scared害怕 of it.
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更是危险和错误的,
他们对此恐惧。
04:09
JHJH: I think the big issue问题, especially特别
in Europe欧洲 but also here,
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JH:我认为关键问题
特别是在欧洲,
04:13
is the issue问题 of immigration移民.
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但就算这里也如此:
就是移民问题。
04:14
And I think this is where
we have to look very carefully小心
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我认为我们必须
从社会学的角度来
04:17
at the social社会 science科学
about diversity多样 and immigration移民.
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审视多样性和移民问题。
04:21
Once一旦 something becomes politicized政治,
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一旦事物被政治化,
04:22
once一旦 it becomes something
that the left loves and the right --
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一旦它成为左派的挚爱
右派的天敌,
04:25
then even the social社会 scientists科学家们
can't think straight直行 about it.
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那么甚至社会学家都不得其解。
04:29
Now, diversity多样 is good in a lot of ways方法.
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现在,多样性在很多方面是好的,
04:31
It clearly明确地 creates创建 more innovation革新.
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它明显开创了许多先河。
04:33
The American美国 economy经济
has grown长大的 enormously巨大 from it.
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美国经济的迅速增长
大大得益于此。
04:35
Diversity多样 and immigration移民
do a lot of good things.
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多样性和移民贡献了很多好的东西。
04:38
But what the globalists全球主义者,
I think, don't see,
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但是全球主义者没有看到,
04:40
what they don't want to see,
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或是不想看到的是:
04:42
is that ethnic民族 diversity多样
cuts削减 social社会 capital首都 and trust相信.
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种族多样性
削减了社会资本和彼此的信任。
04:48
There's a very important重要
study研究 by Robert罗伯特 Putnam普特南,
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“独自玩保龄”的作者
罗伯特普特南
04:51
the author作者 of "Bowling保龄球 Alone单独,"
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有一个非常重要的
04:52
looking at social社会 capital首都 databases数据库.
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有关社会资本数据库的研究:
04:54
And basically基本上, the more people
feel that they are the same相同,
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基本上
人们越觉得彼此类似,
04:57
the more they trust相信 each other,
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就越会彼此信任,
04:59
the more they can have
a redistributionistredistributionist welfare福利 state.
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他们就越有可能
重新分配国家的福利。
05:02
Scandinavian斯堪的纳维亚 countries国家 are so wonderful精彩
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斯堪的纳维亚国家之所以好,
05:04
because they have this legacy遗产
of being存在 small, homogenous均质 countries国家.
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就是因为他们有保持小国同质的传统,
05:07
And that leads引线 to
a progressive进步 welfare福利 state,
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从而形成了高质的福利国家。
05:11
a set of progressive进步
left-leaning左倾 values, which哪一个 says,
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一些左倾价值思潮践行
05:14
"Drawbridge吊桥 down!
The world世界 is a great place地点.
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“国门打开!
世界本是美好的
05:17
People in Syria叙利亚 are suffering痛苦 --
we must必须 welcome欢迎 them in."
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叙利亚人民正在受苦,
我们必须欢迎他们。“
05:20
And it's a beautiful美丽 thing.
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这本是一件美丽的事情。
05:21
But if, and I was in Sweden瑞典
this summer夏季,
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但如果
今年夏天我是在瑞典,
05:24
if the discourse演讲 in Sweden瑞典
is fairly相当 politically政治上 correct正确
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所用话题都必须
在政治上保持其正确性,
05:27
and they can't talk about the downsides缺点,
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不能谈论它的任何缺陷。
05:30
you end结束 up bringing使 a lot of people in.
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引进大量人口,
05:32
That's going to cut social社会 capital首都,
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那将削减社会资本,
05:33
it makes品牌 it hard to have a welfare福利 state
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这将很难保持原有的社会福利。
05:35
and they might威力 end结束 up,
as we have in America美国,
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最后就像我们美国一样:
05:38
with a racially种族 divided分为, visibly明显地
racially种族 divided分为, society社会.
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成为种族分裂
且是明显的种族分裂的社会。
05:41
So this is all very
uncomfortable不舒服 to talk about.
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这一切都非常难以启齿,
05:44
But I think this is the thing,
especially特别 in Europe欧洲 and for us, too,
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但我认为这些,
特别是在欧洲和我们,
05:47
we need to be looking at.
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都必须直视的。
05:48
CACA: You're saying that people of reason原因,
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CA:你是说有理性的人,
05:50
people who would consider考虑
themselves他们自己 not racists种族主义者,
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他们不认为自己是种族主义者,
05:53
but moral道德, upstanding正直 people,
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但从道义上讲,
05:55
have a rationale合理 that says
humans人类 are just too different不同;
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直率的人有理由说
人类只是太不同了。
05:58
that we're in danger危险 of overloading超载
our sense of what humans人类 are capable of,
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融合极其不同的人种
06:03
by mixing混合 in people who are too different不同.
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实际上超出了我们的能力
从而变得岌岌可危。
06:06
JHJH: Yes, but I can make it
much more palatable可口
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JH:是的,但我可以换种说法
可能更容易接受。
06:09
by saying it's not necessarily一定 about race种族.
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这不一定是种族的区别,
06:12
It's about culture文化.
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而是文化的不同。
06:14
There's wonderful精彩 work by a political政治
scientist科学家 named命名 Karen卡伦 StennerStenner,
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有一个叫凯伦·斯登纳的政治学者
做了一项精彩的研究:
06:18
who shows节目 that when people have a sense
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它显示出:
当人们认为彼此团结时
06:21
that we are all united联合的,
we're all the same相同,
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大家都是一样的,
06:23
there are many许多 people who have
a predisposition倾向 to authoritarianism独裁主义.
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其中有很多人都有
独裁主义的倾向。
06:27
Those people aren't particularly尤其 racist种族主义者
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当他们觉得
06:29
when they feel as through通过
there's not a threat威胁
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社会和道德秩序没有受到威胁时,
06:31
to our social社会 and moral道德 order订购.
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这部分人并不是特别的种族主义者,
06:33
But if you prime主要 them experimentally实验
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但是在实验中如果告诉他们
人们来自不同的地方
06:35
by thinking思维 we're coming未来 apart距离,
people are getting得到 more different不同,
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那么他们就会变得有所区分。
06:38
then they get more racist种族主义者, homophobic同性恋,
they want to kick out the deviants离经叛道.
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出现更多的种族主义者,憎恨同性恋者
他们便想驱逐异教徒,
06:41
So it's in part部分 that you get
an authoritarian独裁的 reaction反应.
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这就是产生专制的部分原因。
06:44
The left, following以下 through通过
the LennonistLennonist line线 --
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那些追随列宁主义,
06:47
the John约翰 Lennon列侬 line线 --
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约翰·列侬的左派,
06:48
does things that create创建
an authoritarian独裁的 reaction反应.
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他们的意识形态创造了专制反应。
06:50
We're certainly当然 seeing眼看 that
in America美国 with the alt-rightALT-权.
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当然我们在美国的极其右派中
也看到了同样的情形。
06:53
We saw it in Britain英国,
we've我们已经 seen看到 it all over Europe欧洲.
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在英国,我们见到它
同样地,整个欧洲也在盛行。
06:56
But the more positive part部分 of that
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但其积极的一部分在于
我认为,
06:58
is that I think the localists地方主义者,
or the nationalists民族主义者, are actually其实 right --
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主张本地化或民族主义者
实际上是正确的:
07:03
that, if you emphasize注重
our cultural文化 similarity相似,
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如果你强调文化的相似性,
07:07
then race种族 doesn't actually其实
matter very much.
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种族实际上并不那么重要。
07:09
So an assimilationist同化
approach途径 to immigration移民
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所以移民同化措施
07:12
removes移除了 a lot of these problems问题.
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会消除很多这些问题。
07:13
And if you value having
a generous慷慨 welfare福利 state,
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如果你想要
一个慷慨的福利国家,
07:16
you've got to emphasize注重
that we're all the same相同.
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你必须强调大家都一样。
07:18
CACA: OK, so rising升起 immigration移民
and fears恐惧 about that
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CA:好吧,移民和对此的担忧
越来越多
07:21
are one of the causes原因
of the current当前 divide划分.
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是当前分裂的原因之一,
07:25
What are other causes原因?
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另外 还有什么其他原因呢?
07:26
JHJH: The next下一个 principle原理 of moral道德 psychology心理学
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JH:道德心理学的另一个原则是:
07:28
is that intuitions直觉 come first,
strategic战略 reasoning推理 second第二.
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直觉占先,合理的推论排在第二。
07:32
You've probably大概 heard听说
the term术语 "motivated动机 reasoning推理"
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你可能听说过术语“动机推理”
07:35
or "confirmation确认 bias偏压."
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或“确认偏差”。
07:36
There's some really interesting有趣 work
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关于我们的高智商和言语能力
07:38
on how our high intelligence情报
and our verbal口头 abilities能力
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有一些很有趣的研究结果:
07:41
might威力 have evolved进化
not to help us find out the truth真相,
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随着进化
它们不再是帮助我们找出真相的工具,
07:45
but to help us manipulate操作 each other,
defend保卫 our reputation声誉 ...
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而是帮助我们互相操纵,
保护我们的声誉...
07:48
We're really, really good
at justifying理由 ourselves我们自己.
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我们极其善于强词夺理
07:51
And when you bring带来
group interests利益 into account帐户,
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当开始考虑集团利益时
07:53
so it's not just me,
it's my team球队 versus your team球队,
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不再只是我,
而是我的团队抗衡你的团队
07:56
whereas if you're evaluating评估 evidence证据
that your side is wrong错误,
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尽管有证据证明你是错的,
07:59
we just can't accept接受 that.
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我们也不能接受,
08:01
So this is why you can't win赢得
a political政治 argument论据.
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这就是为什么你赢不了政治辩论。
08:03
If you're debating辩论 something,
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如果你在辩论一个话题
08:05
you can't persuade说服 the person
with reasons原因 and evidence证据,
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你不能用理由和证据说服对方,
08:08
because that's not
the way reasoning推理 works作品.
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因为这对推理不起作用。
08:10
So now, give us the internet互联网,
give us Google谷歌:
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所以现在,给我们互联网
给我们Google
08:14
"I heard听说 that Barack巴拉克 Obama奥巴马
was born天生 in Kenya肯尼亚.
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“我听说了奥巴马出生在肯尼亚
08:17
Let me Google谷歌 that -- oh my God!
10 million百万 hits点击! Look, he was!"
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让我Google 一下 - 我的上帝!
1000万次点击! 看,真的是呀!“
08:21
CACA: So this has come as an unpleasant不愉快
surprise to a lot of people.
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CA:所以这个不怎么样的现实
震惊了很多人。
08:24
Social社会 media媒体 has often经常 been framed陷害
by techno-optimistsTECHNO-乐观
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社交媒体经常被高科技乐观者,
08:27
as this great connecting force
that would bring带来 people together一起.
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模式化成使人们相互连接的伟大动力。
08:32
And there have been some
unexpected意外 counter-effects反效果 to that.
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但实际上
它也制造了意想不到的反作用力。
08:36
JHJH: That's right.
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JH:没错,
08:38
That's why I'm very enamored迷恋
of yin-yang阴阳 views意见
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这就是为什么我很沉迷于
08:40
of human人的 nature性质 and left-right左右 --
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对人性的阴阳观点和左右派别——
08:42
that each side is right
about certain某些 things,
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每一方对某些问题都是一定的正确性,
08:44
but then it goes blind to other things.
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但对另一面又有盲目性。
08:46
And so the left generally通常 believes相信
that human人的 nature性质 is good:
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所以左派一般都相信人性是好的,
08:49
bring带来 people together一起, knock down
the walls墙壁 and all will be well.
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清除障碍,让人们聚在一起
一切都会变得美好。
08:52
The right -- social社会 conservatives保守派,
not libertarians自由主义者 --
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右派——社会保守主义者
不是自由主义者——
08:55
social社会 conservatives保守派 generally通常
believe people can be greedy贪婪
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社会保守主义者一般认为,
08:59
and sexual有性 and selfish自私,
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人们贪婪,性别歧视和自私,
09:01
and we need regulation,
and we need restrictions限制.
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我们需要监管和限制。
09:04
So, yeah, if you knock down all the walls墙壁,
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如果拆除障碍
09:06
allow允许 people to communicate通信
all over the world世界,
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允许世界各地的人们随意沟通,
09:08
you get a lot of pornA片 and a lot of racism种族主义.
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色情的东西便会泛滥
出现很多种族主义者。
09:10
CACA: So help us understand理解.
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CA:那么帮助我们理解一下,
09:12
These principles原则 of human人的 nature性质
have been with us forever永远.
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这些人性的本质
与生俱来,挥之不去,
09:18
What's changed that's deepened加深
this feeling感觉 of division?
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那么是什么加深了
这种分裂的感觉呢?
09:24
JHJH: You have to see six to ten
different不同 threads线程 all coming未来 together一起.
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JH:你会遇到六到十个
不同的原因交织在一起,
09:29
I'll just list名单 a couple一对 of them.
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我在这里只列举几个原因:
09:31
So in America美国, one of the big --
actually其实, America美国 and Europe欧洲 --
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在美国,
实际上包括美国和欧洲
09:35
one of the biggest最大 ones那些 is World世界 War战争 IIII.
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最关键的是第二次世界大战。
09:37
There's interesting有趣 research研究
from Joe Henrich亨里奇 and others其他
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Joe Henrich和其他一些人的有趣研究发现,
09:40
that says if your country国家 was at war战争,
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如果你的国家沦陷战争,
09:42
especially特别 when you were young年轻,
209
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特别是在你小的时候,
09:44
then we test测试 you 30 years年份 later后来
in a commons公地 dilemma困境
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30年后在一般的困境
09:47
or a prisoner's囚犯 dilemma困境,
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或牢狱中再测试你,
09:49
you're more cooperative合作社.
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你更善于合作。
09:50
Because of our tribal部落的 nature性质, if you're --
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因为我们的部落性质——
09:53
my parents父母 were teenagers青少年
during World世界 War战争 IIII,
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我父母的青少年时期正值
第二次世界大战期间,
09:56
and they would go out
looking for scraps下脚料 of aluminum
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他们会出去寻找铝屑
09:59
to help the war战争 effort功夫.
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来支持战争,
10:00
I mean, everybody每个人 pulled together一起.
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我的意思是,大家团结一致。
10:02
And so then these people go on,
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然后这些人成长,
10:04
they rise上升 up through通过 business商业
and government政府,
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他们通过生意或在政府部门任职
渐入佳境
10:06
they take leadership领导 positions位置.
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从而担任领导职位,
10:08
They're really good
at compromise妥协 and cooperation合作.
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他们真的很擅长
妥协和合作,
10:11
They all retire退休 by the '90s.
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他们都在90年代退休了。
10:13
So we're left with baby宝宝 boomers
by the end结束 of the '90s.
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到90年代末
我们只剩下婴儿潮一代——
10:17
And their youth青年 was spent花费 fighting战斗
each other within each country国家,
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1968年以后。
10:21
in 1968 and afterwards之后.
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他们的青春奋斗只发生在
每个国家的内部,
10:22
The loss失利 of the World世界 War战争 IIII generation,
"The Greatest最大 Generation,"
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失去二战这“最伟大的一代”
10:26
is huge巨大.
227
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1284
损失巨大,
10:28
So that's one.
228
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1175
这是原因之一。
10:30
Another另一个, in America美国,
is the purification纯化 of the two parties派对.
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在美国另外一个原因是两党的净化,
10:33
There used to be liberal自由主义的 Republicans共和党人
and conservative保守 Democrats民主党.
230
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曾经我们是自由共和党
和保守民主党。
10:37
So America美国 had a mid-中-20th century世纪
that was really bipartisan两党.
231
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在20世纪中叶
美国是真正的两党制,
10:40
But because of a variety品种 of factors因素
that started开始 things moving移动,
232
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但是由于各种因素
情况开始变化,
10:44
by the 90's, we had a purified净化的
liberal自由主义的 party派对 and conservative保守 party派对.
233
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到了90年代,我们有了净化后的
自由党和保守党。
10:48
So now, the people in either party派对
really are different不同,
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2645
现在,两个党派中的成员截然不同,
10:50
and we really don't want
our children孩子 to marry结婚 them,
235
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2483
我们开始反对彼此的子女联姻。
10:53
which哪一个, in the '60s,
didn't matter very much.
236
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2068
但在60年代,这没有什么关系。
10:55
So, the purification纯化 of the parties派对.
237
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这便党派净化的原因。
10:57
Third第三 is the internet互联网 and, as I said,
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第三个便是互联网,如上所述,
10:59
it's just the most amazing惊人 stimulant刺激物
for post-hoc事后 reasoning推理 and demonization妖魔化.
239
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4683
这是事后颠倒黑白魔鬼般
最具刺激性的推动力。
11:04
CACA: The tone of what's happening事件
on the internet互联网 now is quite相当 troubling令人不安.
240
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CA:现在互联网上的某些评论相当恶劣,
11:09
I just did a quick search搜索
on Twitter推特 about the election选举
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我只是在Twitter上
做了一下有关选举的快速搜索,
11:12
and saw two tweets微博 next下一个 to each other.
242
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看到两个彼此相邻的tweets,
11:15
One, against反对 a picture图片 of racist种族主义者 graffiti涂鸦:
243
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4212
一个是针对一张种族主义涂鸦的图片:
11:20
"This is disgusting讨厌!
244
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1633
“这真是太恶心了!
11:21
Ugliness丑陋 in this country国家,
brought to us by #Trump王牌."
245
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在这个国家
Trump带给我们丑陋之物。”
11:25
And then the next下一个 one is:
246
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1382
下一个是:
11:27
"Crooked Hillary希拉里
dedication贡献 page. Disgusting讨厌!"
247
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3303
“ 骗子希拉里奉献的页面, 恶心!“
11:31
So this idea理念 of "disgust厌恶"
is troubling令人不安 to me.
248
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这种“厌恶”的想法困扰着我,
11:35
Because you can have an argument论据
or a disagreement异议 about something,
249
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因为你可以争论一件事
或对某事有分歧,
11:38
you can get angry愤怒 at someone有人.
250
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你可以生某人的气。
11:41
Disgust厌恶, I've heard听说 you say,
takes things to a much deeper更深 level水平.
251
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厌恶,我听说你说过
使事情深层化。
11:44
JHJH: That's right. Disgust厌恶 is different不同.
252
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JH:没错 厌恶是不同的,
11:46
Anger愤怒 -- you know, I have kids孩子.
253
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1963
生气——你知道 我有孩子。
11:48
They fight斗争 10 times a day,
254
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他们每天打10次架
11:50
and they love each other 30 times a day.
255
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1967
但每天互相示爱30次。
11:52
You just go back and forth向前:
you get angry愤怒, you're not angry愤怒;
256
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2910
你只是来回反复:
你生气,你不生气,
11:55
you're angry愤怒, you're not angry愤怒.
257
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你生气,你不生气……
11:56
But disgust厌恶 is different不同.
258
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但厌恶是不同的,
11:58
Disgust厌恶 paints油漆 the person
as subhuman类人的, monstrous滔天,
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4473
厌恶形容此人是
亚人类,怪异,
12:02
deformed变形, morally道德 deformed变形.
260
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变态,道德败坏。
12:04
Disgust厌恶 is like indelible不可磨灭 ink墨水.
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厌恶就像不褪色的墨水。
12:07
There's research研究 from John约翰 Gottman高特曼
on marital婚姻 therapy治疗.
262
715768
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在约翰·高特曼婚姻治疗的研究中显示:
12:11
If you look at the faces面孔 -- if one
of the couple一对 shows节目 disgust厌恶 or contempt鄙视,
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观察夫妇的脸,如果其中一个人的脸
表现出厌恶或蔑视,
12:16
that's a predictor预报器 that they're going
to get divorced离婚 soon不久,
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这将预示他们很快就要离婚了。
12:19
whereas if they show显示 anger愤怒,
that doesn't predict预测 anything,
265
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相反,如果他们表现出愤怒
这不预示任何东西。
12:22
because if you deal合同 with anger愤怒 well,
it actually其实 is good.
266
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因为如果你能处理好愤怒
它实际上是好兆头。
12:25
So this election选举 is different不同.
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所以这次选举截然不同,
12:26
Donald唐纳德 Trump王牌 personally亲自
uses使用 the word "disgust厌恶" a lot.
268
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3654
唐纳德·特朗普口口声声
使用了许多“厌恶”,
12:30
He's very germ-sensitive细菌敏感,
so disgust厌恶 does matter a lot --
269
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他对细菌非常敏感
所以厌恶很重要——
12:33
more for him, that's something
unique独特 to him --
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更多为他,这是他的独到之处。
12:37
but as we demonize妖魔化 each other more,
271
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但是当我们多次相互丑化,
12:40
and again, through通过
the Manichaean摩尼教 worldview世界观,
272
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仅是通过非此即彼的二元观点看问题,
12:43
the idea理念 that the world世界
is a battle战斗 between之间 good and evil邪恶
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世界将在善与恶之间斗争
12:46
as this has been ramping斜坡 up,
274
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1347
从而矛盾愈演愈烈。
12:47
we're more likely容易 not just to say
they're wrong错误 or I don't like them,
275
755686
3326
更多时候 我们可能不只是说
他们错了或我不喜欢他们,
12:51
but we say they're evil邪恶, they're satanic撒旦,
276
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而是说他们是邪恶的,是撒旦,
12:53
they're disgusting讨厌, they're revolting令人作呕.
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他们很恶心,令人作呕。
12:55
And then we want nothing to do with them.
278
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而后,我们拒绝与他们来往。
12:58
And that's why I think we're seeing眼看 it,
for example, on campus校园 now.
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766806
3487
这就是为什么我们会遇到这些冲突。
例如,在校园里,
13:02
We're seeing眼看 more the urge敦促
to keep people off campus校园,
280
770317
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我们看到更多的紧急措施
让人们离校。
13:04
silence安静 them, keep them away.
281
772981
1945
保持沉默,让他们远离,
13:06
I'm afraid害怕 that this whole整个
generation of young年轻 people,
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恐怕整个这代年轻人,
13:09
if their introduction介绍 to politics政治
involves涉及 a lot of disgust厌恶,
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3793
如果在他们刚刚涉及政治时
就出现这么多的厌恶,
13:13
they're not going to want to be involved参与
in politics政治 as they get older旧的.
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那么在他们成熟后
恐怕不会想参与政治。
13:17
CACA: So how do we deal合同 with that?
285
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CA:那么我们如何解决厌恶
13:19
Disgust厌恶. How do you defuse化解 disgust厌恶?
286
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4480
如何消除厌恶呢?
13:24
JHJH: You can't do it with reasons原因.
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1948
JH:好像不能以理服人,
13:27
I think ...
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1191
我认为...
13:30
I studied研究 disgust厌恶 for many许多 years年份,
and I think about emotions情绪 a lot.
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798257
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我研究厌恶多年
我想它与情绪密切相关。
13:33
And I think that the opposite对面
of disgust厌恶 is actually其实 love.
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3525
我认为与厌恶相对的实际上就是爱,
13:37
Love is all about, like ...
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爱就是所有,像...
13:41
Disgust厌恶 is closing关闭 off, borders国界.
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厌恶是关闭,有边界。
13:43
Love is about dissolving溶解 walls墙壁.
293
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爱是关于消除障碍,
13:47
So personal个人 relationships关系, I think,
294
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我认为,个人关系
可能是我们具有的
13:49
are probably大概 the most
powerful强大 means手段 we have.
295
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最强大的武器。
13:53
You can be disgusted厌恶的 by a group of people,
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你可以被一群人厌恶,
13:56
but then you meet遇到 a particular特定 person
297
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1918
随后,你遇到某一特定的人,
13:57
and you genuinely真正的 discover发现
that they're lovely可爱.
298
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2776
然后你真正地发现
他们很可爱,
14:00
And then gradually逐渐 that chips芯片 away
or changes变化 your category类别 as well.
299
828754
4296
然后逐渐把你也同化了。
14:06
The tragedy悲剧 is, Americans美国人 used to be
much more mixed up in the their towns城市
300
834016
5977
可惜的是
美国人以前不分左右政治,
14:12
by left-right左右 or politics政治.
301
840017
2134
在他们的城镇相互融合,
14:14
And now that it's become成为
this great moral道德 divide划分,
302
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2331
但现在形成了这个伟大的道德鸿沟。
14:16
there's a lot of evidence证据
that we're moving移动 to be near people
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有很多证据表明
谁在政治上与我们一致,
14:19
who are like us politically政治上.
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1512
我们就会像他们靠近,
14:21
It's harder更难 to find somebody
who's谁是 on the other side.
305
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2530
很难找到志同道合的异党。
14:23
So they're over there, they're far away.
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2290
因此,他们虽然就在附近
但离我们很远,
14:26
It's harder更难 to get to know them.
307
854101
1570
也很难去了解他们。
14:27
CACA: What would you say to someone有人
or say to Americans美国人,
308
855695
4224
CA:你会告诫某人
或美国人
14:31
people generally通常,
309
859943
1158
或大众
14:33
about what we should understand理解
about each other
310
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我们应该如何了解对方,
14:35
that might威力 help us rethink反思 for a minute分钟
311
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3475
从而有助于我们重新思考一下,
14:39
this "disgust厌恶" instinct直觉?
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2203
这个“厌恶”的本能?
14:42
JHJH: Yes.
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1152
JH:对呀,
14:43
A really important重要
thing to keep in mind心神 --
314
871262
2153
记住这点很重要——
14:45
there's research研究 by political政治
scientist科学家 Alan艾伦 Abramowitz阿布拉莫维茨,
315
873439
4716
政治学家Alan Abramowitz的研究表明,
14:50
showing展示 that American美国 democracy民主
is increasingly日益 governed治理
316
878179
3993
美国的民主越来越受到
14:54
by what's called "negative partisanship党派之争."
317
882196
2243
所谓的“消极党派“的掌控。
14:56
That means手段 you think,
OK there's a candidate候选人,
318
884875
3111
这意味着
OK 有一个候选人,
15:00
you like the candidate候选人,
you vote投票 for the candidate候选人.
319
888010
2406
你喜欢这个候选人
投票给他/她,
15:02
But with the rise上升 of negative advertising广告
320
890440
2059
但随着负面消息
15:04
and social社会 media媒体
and all sorts排序 of other trends趋势,
321
892523
2224
在社交媒体
和各种其他媒体的传播,
15:06
increasingly日益, the way elections选举 are doneDONE
322
894771
2041
选举就完蛋了。
15:08
is that each side tries尝试 to make
the other side so horrible可怕, so awful可怕,
323
896836
3981
每一方都在试图把
另一方丑化成可怕,可耻的家伙,
15:12
that you'll你会 vote投票 for my guy by default默认.
324
900841
2041
从而投票给我方成了默认方式。
15:15
And so as we more and more vote投票
against反对 the other side
325
903319
2970
因此越来越多的投票
是反对另一边,
15:18
and not for our side,
326
906313
1331
而不是支持我们这边。
15:19
you have to keep in mind心神
that if people are on the left,
327
907668
5507
你必须记住
如果人支持左派,
15:25
they think, "Well, I used to think
that Republicans共和党人 were bad,
328
913199
2910
他们认为
“嗯,我以前觉得共和党人是坏的”
15:28
but now Donald唐纳德 Trump王牌 proves证明 it.
329
916133
1483
现在唐纳德·特朗普证明这点,
15:29
And now every一切 Republican共和党人,
I can paint涂料 with all the things
330
917640
2851
那么每个共和党人,
15:32
that I think about Trump王牌."
331
920515
1382
我都可以用我所了解特朗普的东西脸谱化。
15:33
And that's not necessarily一定 true真正.
332
921921
1593
但这不一定是真的,
15:35
They're generally通常 not very happy快乐
with their candidate候选人.
333
923538
2692
他们一般也不喜欢他们的候选人,
15:38
This is the most negative partisanship党派之争
election选举 in American美国 history历史.
334
926254
4716
这次选举是美国历史上最消极的党派之争。
15:43
So you have to first separate分离
your feelings情怀 about the candidate候选人
335
931860
3363
所以首选你必须区分
你对候选人的感受
15:47
from your feelings情怀 about the people
who are given特定 a choice选择.
336
935247
2937
和对选民的感受。
15:50
And then you have to realize实现 that,
337
938208
2483
然后你必须意识到,
15:53
because we all live生活
in a separate分离 moral道德 world世界 --
338
941246
2420
为我们都生活
在各自单独的道德世界中,
15:55
the metaphor隐喻 I use in the book
is that we're all trapped被困 in "The Matrix矩阵,"
339
943690
3451
在我的书中
使用的隐喻是我们都被困在“矩阵”中,
15:59
or each moral道德 community社区 is a matrix矩阵,
a consensual两厢情愿 hallucination幻觉.
340
947165
3524
或每个道德群体是一个矩阵
一个自愿的幻觉世界。
16:02
And so if you're within the blue蓝色 matrix矩阵,
341
950713
2243
所以如果你在民主党的阵营中,
16:04
everything's一切的 completely全然 compelling引人注目
that the other side --
342
952980
3194
一切都引人沮丧
那一边,
16:08
they're troglodytes穴居人, they're racists种族主义者,
they're the worst最差 people in the world世界,
343
956198
3631
他们是老顽固,种族主义者,
是世界上最糟糕的人。
16:11
and you have all the facts事实
to back that up.
344
959853
2104
你有所有的事实作为佐证,
16:13
But somebody in the next下一个 house from yours你的
345
961981
2275
但你的邻居生活在
16:16
is living活的 in a different不同 moral道德 matrix矩阵.
346
964280
2033
不同的道德矩阵中,
16:18
They live生活 in a different不同 video视频 game游戏,
347
966337
1947
他们住在不同的游戏世界里,
16:20
and they see a completely全然
different不同 set of facts事实.
348
968308
2378
他们看到完全不同的事实。
16:22
And each one sees看到
different不同 threats威胁 to the country国家.
349
970710
2676
各方看到的是
对这个国家不同的威胁,
16:25
And what I've found发现
from being存在 in the middle中间
350
973410
2090
作为中间人
我试图理解双方,
16:27
and trying to understand理解 both sides双方
is: both sides双方 are right.
351
975524
2927
并发现:
双方其实都是对的。
16:30
There are a lot of threats威胁
to this country国家,
352
978475
2120
现在很多问题威胁着这个国家,
16:32
and each side is constitutionally宪法
incapable无法 of seeing眼看 them all.
353
980619
3485
但每一方都看不到问题的实质。
16:36
CACA: So, are you saying
that we almost几乎 need a new type类型 of empathy同情?
354
984963
6519
CA:那么,你说的是
我们几乎需要一种新型的共情心?
16:43
Empathy同情 is traditionally传统 framed陷害 as:
355
991506
2170
共情传统上被描述为:
16:45
"Oh, I feel your pain疼痛.
I can put myself in your shoes."
356
993700
2691
“哦,我感觉到你的痛苦
我可以感同身受“
16:48
And we apply应用 it to the poor较差的,
the needy贫穷, the suffering痛苦.
357
996415
2929
我们把它用于穷人,
有需要的人,痛苦的人,
16:52
We don't usually平时 apply应用 it
to people who we feel as other,
358
1000023
3823
我们通常不会用在
我们不关注的人,
16:55
or we're disgusted厌恶的 by.
359
1003870
1465
或我们厌恶的人身上。
16:57
JHJH: No. That's right.
360
1005359
1151
JH:不错,是这样的。
16:58
CACA: What would it look like
to build建立 that type类型 of empathy同情?
361
1006534
4830
CA:建立那种类型的共情会是什么样子呢?
17:04
JHJH: Actually其实, I think ...
362
1012268
1238
JH:其实,我想...
17:06
Empathy同情 is a very, very
hot topic话题 in psychology心理学,
363
1014145
2305
共情是非常非常
热门的心理话题,
17:08
and it's a very popular流行 word
on the left in particular特定.
364
1016474
2658
特别在左派
它是一个非常受欢迎的词。
17:11
Empathy同情 is a good thing, and empathy同情
for the preferred首选 classes of victims受害者.
365
1019156
4000
共情是一件好事
同情某种类别的受害者,
17:15
So it's important重要 to empathize同情
366
1023180
1453
所以左派同情
17:16
with the groups that we on the left
think are so important重要.
367
1024657
2824
他们认为该同情的对象。
17:19
That's easy简单 to do,
because you get points for that.
368
1027505
2531
那很容易
因为你目标明确,
17:22
But empathy同情 really should get you points
if you do it when it's hard to do.
369
1030442
3649
但共情真的应该触及到
很难做到的地方。
17:26
And, I think ...
370
1034513
1754
而且,我想...
17:28
You know, we had a long 50-year-年 period
of dealing交易 with our race种族 problems问题
371
1036291
5088
我们有着长达50年
处理种族问题
17:33
and legal法律 discrimination区别,
372
1041403
2255
和法律歧视的历史,
17:35
and that was our top最佳 priority优先
for a long time
373
1043682
2187
很长一段时间以来
它是我们的首要任务
17:37
and it still is important重要.
374
1045893
1250
而且现在仍然很重要。
17:39
But I think this year,
375
1047167
1529
但是今年
17:40
I'm hoping希望 it will make people see
376
1048720
2404
我希望人们看到
17:43
that we have an existential存在
threat威胁 on our hands.
377
1051148
2795
我们存在一个当务之急:
17:45
Our left-right左右 divide划分, I believe,
378
1053967
2667
左右党派的分裂。
17:48
is by far the most important重要
divide划分 we face面对.
379
1056658
2160
我坚信这是迄今为止
我们面对的最严重的分歧,
17:50
We still have issues问题 about race种族
and gender性别 and LGBTLGBT,
380
1058842
3031
种族的问题
性别和LGBT问题依然存在,
17:53
but this is the urgent紧急 need
of the next下一个 50 years年份,
381
1061897
3371
但这是未来50年迫切需要解决的。
17:57
and things aren't going
to get better on their own拥有.
382
1065292
2861
问题不会自行消失
18:01
So we're going to need to do
a lot of institutional制度 reforms改革,
383
1069021
2835
所以我们需要很多体制改革。
18:03
and we could talk about that,
384
1071880
1409
我们可以对此进行谈论,
18:05
but that's like a whole整个 long,
wonky靠不住的 conversation会话.
385
1073313
2330
但那将是一个冗长的话题。
18:07
But I think it starts启动 with people
realizing实现 that this is a turning车削 point.
386
1075667
3846
但我认为当人们开始意识到这个问题
就是一个转折点。
18:11
And yes, we need a new kind of empathy同情.
387
1079537
2809
是的,我们需要一种新的同理心,
18:14
We need to realize实现:
388
1082370
1505
我们需要意识到
18:15
this is what our country国家 needs需求,
389
1083899
1542
这是我们国家需要的。
18:17
and this is what you need
if you don't want to --
390
1085465
2354
这是你需要的
如果你不想变得更糟。
18:19
Raise提高 your hand if you want
to spend the next下一个 four years年份
391
1087843
2695
如果你想花四年的时间,
18:22
as angry愤怒 and worried担心 as you've been
for the last year -- raise提高 your hand.
392
1090562
3486
像去年一样生气和担心,请举手。
18:26
So if you want to escape逃逸 from this,
393
1094072
1705
如果你想逃离这些,
18:27
read Buddha, read Jesus耶稣,
read Marcus马库斯 Aurelius奥勒留.
394
1095801
2151
读佛教,读耶稣
阅读Marcus Aurelius,
18:29
They have all kinds of great advice忠告
for how to drop下降 the fear恐惧,
395
1097976
5062
他们有各种各样好的建议,
教你如何放下恐惧:
18:35
reframe重构 things,
396
1103062
1178
重塑事实,
18:36
stop seeing眼看 other people as your enemy敌人.
397
1104264
2083
化敌为友,
18:38
There's a lot of guidance指导 in ancient
wisdom智慧 for this kind of empathy同情.
398
1106371
3307
古代有很多智慧指导这种同理心。
18:41
CACA: Here's这里的 my last question:
399
1109702
1377
CA:这是我的最后一个问题:
18:43
Personally亲自, what can
people do to help heal愈合?
400
1111103
4335
作为个人,什么可以
帮助人们愈合伤口?
18:47
JHJH: Yeah, it's very hard to just decide决定
to overcome克服 your deepest最深 prejudices偏见.
401
1115462
4083
JH:好的,其实真的很难
克服这种根生蒂固的偏见。
18:51
And there's research研究 showing展示
402
1119569
1461
有研究显示,在这个国家,
18:53
that political政治 prejudices偏见 are deeper更深
and stronger than race种族 prejudices偏见
403
1121054
4349
政治偏见更顽固于
18:57
in the country国家 now.
404
1125427
1260
种族偏见,
18:59
So I think you have to make an effort功夫 --
that's the main主要 thing.
405
1127395
3432
所以我想你必须努力
——这是关键。
19:02
Make an effort功夫 to actually其实 meet遇到 somebody.
406
1130851
2004
努力去认识一些人,
19:04
Everybody每个人 has a cousin表姐, a brother-in-law长者的意思是铁则,
407
1132879
2210
每个人都有表兄弟,姐夫或妹夫,
19:07
somebody who's谁是 on the other side.
408
1135113
1869
肯定有人在另一方。
19:09
So, after this election选举 --
409
1137006
1816
在这次选举后
19:11
wait a week or two,
410
1139252
1351
等上一两个星期,
19:12
because it's probably大概 going to feel
awful可怕 for one of you --
411
1140627
2836
因为其中一方可能会感到尴尬。
19:15
but wait a couple一对 weeks, and then
reach达到 out and say you want to talk.
412
1143487
4152
但等几个星期后,接触他
说你想说的话。
19:19
And before you do it,
413
1147663
1424
在你做这之前,
19:21
read Dale戴尔 Carnegie卡内基, "How to Win赢得
Friends and Influence影响 People" --
414
1149111
3145
读一下戴尔卡内基的
《如何赢得朋友和影响他人》
19:24
(Laughter笑声)
415
1152280
1039
(笑声)
19:25
I'm totally完全 serious严重.
416
1153343
1167
我是认真的。
19:26
You'll你会 learn学习 techniques技术
if you start开始 by acknowledging承认,
417
1154534
2590
你会学到技巧,
如果你开始承认,
19:29
if you start开始 by saying,
418
1157148
1161
如果你开始说,
19:30
"You know, we don't agree同意 on a lot,
419
1158333
1670
“你知道我们有很多不同观点
19:32
but one thing I really respect尊重
about you, Uncle叔叔 Bob短发,"
420
1160027
2538
但鲍勃叔叔,有一点我真的很尊重您“
19:34
or "... about you conservatives保守派, is ... "
421
1162589
2059
或“...关于你们保守派,是...”
19:36
And you can find something.
422
1164672
1334
你可以找到一些有用的东西,
19:38
If you start开始 with some
appreciation升值, it's like magic魔法.
423
1166030
2763
如果一开始你就表达一些赏识
那将好似魔力,
19:40
This is one of the main主要
things I've learned学到了
424
1168817
2114
这是我学到的关键东西。
19:42
that I take into my human人的 relationships关系.
425
1170955
1913
我考虑到人际关系,
19:44
I still make lots of stupid mistakes错误,
426
1172892
1920
我还是经常犯愚蠢的错误,
19:46
but I'm incredibly令人难以置信 good
at apologizing道歉 now,
427
1174836
2016
但我现在学会了道歉,
19:48
and at acknowledging承认 what
somebody was right about.
428
1176876
2417
并承认别人是对的。
19:51
And if you do that,
429
1179317
1154
如果你能这样做,
19:52
then the conversation会话 goes really well,
and it's actually其实 really fun开玩笑.
430
1180495
3494
谈话就会进行得很好
而且真得会很有趣。
19:56
CACA: Jon乔恩, it's absolutely绝对 fascinating迷人
speaking请讲 with you.
431
1184717
2645
CA:Jon,与你谈天绝对令人振奋,
19:59
It's really does feel like
the ground地面 that we're on
432
1187386
3758
真正感到我们所处的环境,
20:03
is a ground地面 populated人口稠密 by deep questions问题
of morality道德 and human人的 nature性质.
433
1191168
4867
是一个充满了道德和人性深层问题的地方。
20:08
Your wisdom智慧 couldn't不能 be more relevant相应.
434
1196366
2424
你的智慧切中要害,
20:10
Thank you so much for sharing分享
this time with us.
435
1198814
2295
非常感谢和我们一同分享这个话题。
20:13
JHJH: Thanks谢谢, Chris克里斯.
436
1201133
1152
JH: 谢谢Chris
20:14
JHJH: Thanks谢谢, everyone大家.
437
1202309
1161
JH:谢谢大家
20:15
(Applause掌声)
438
1203494
2000
(掌声)
Translated by Jing Peng
Reviewed by Hime IX

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ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Jonathan Haidt - Social psychologist
Jonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures.

Why you should listen

By understanding more about our moral psychology and its biases, Jonathan Haidt says we can design better institutions (including companies, universities and democracy itself), and we can learn to be more civil and open-minded toward those who are not on our team.

Haidt is a social psychologist whose research on morality across cultures led to his 2008 TED Talk on the psychological roots of the American culture war, and his 2013 TED Talk on how "common threats can make common ground." In both of those talks he asks, "Can't we all disagree more constructively?" Haidt's 2012 TED Talk explored the intersection of his work on morality with his work on happiness to talk about "hive psychology" -- the ability that humans have to lose themselves in groups pursuing larger projects, almost like bees in a hive. This hivish ability is crucial, he argues, for understanding the origins of morality, politics, and religion. These are ideas that Haidt develops at greater length in his book, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion.

Haidt joined New York University Stern School of Business in July 2011. He is the Thomas Cooley Professor of Ethical Leadership, based in the Business and Society Program. Before coming to Stern, Professor Haidt taught for 16 years at the University of Virginia in the department of psychology.

Haidt's writings appear frequently in the New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. He was named one of the top global thinkers by Foreign Policy magazine and by Prospect magazine. Haidt received a B.A. in Philosophy from Yale University, and an M.A. and Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Pennsylvania.

More profile about the speaker
Jonathan Haidt | Speaker | TED.com
Chris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading.

Why you should listen

Chris Anderson is the Curator of TED, a nonprofit devoted to sharing valuable ideas, primarily through the medium of 'TED Talks' -- short talks that are offered free online to a global audience.

Chris was born in a remote village in Pakistan in 1957. He spent his early years in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, where his parents worked as medical missionaries, and he attended an American school in the Himalayas for his early education. After boarding school in Bath, England, he went on to Oxford University, graduating in 1978 with a degree in philosophy, politics and economics.

Chris then trained as a journalist, working in newspapers and radio, including two years producing a world news service in the Seychelles Islands.

Back in the UK in 1984, Chris was captivated by the personal computer revolution and became an editor at one of the UK's early computer magazines. A year later he founded Future Publishing with a $25,000 bank loan. The new company initially focused on specialist computer publications but eventually expanded into other areas such as cycling, music, video games, technology and design, doubling in size every year for seven years. In 1994, Chris moved to the United States where he built Imagine Media, publisher of Business 2.0 magazine and creator of the popular video game users website IGN. Chris eventually merged Imagine and Future, taking the combined entity public in London in 1999, under the Future name. At its peak, it published 150 magazines and websites and employed 2,000 people.

This success allowed Chris to create a private nonprofit organization, the Sapling Foundation, with the hope of finding new ways to tackle tough global issues through media, technology, entrepreneurship and, most of all, ideas. In 2001, the foundation acquired the TED Conference, then an annual meeting of luminaries in the fields of Technology, Entertainment and Design held in Monterey, California, and Chris left Future to work full time on TED.

He expanded the conference's remit to cover all topics, including science, business and key global issues, while adding a Fellows program, which now has some 300 alumni, and the TED Prize, which grants its recipients "one wish to change the world." The TED stage has become a place for thinkers and doers from all fields to share their ideas and their work, capturing imaginations, sparking conversation and encouraging discovery along the way.

In 2006, TED experimented with posting some of its talks on the Internet. Their viral success encouraged Chris to begin positioning the organization as a global media initiative devoted to 'ideas worth spreading,' part of a new era of information dissemination using the power of online video. In June 2015, the organization posted its 2,000th talk online. The talks are free to view, and they have been translated into more than 100 languages with the help of volunteers from around the world. Viewership has grown to approximately one billion views per year.

Continuing a strategy of 'radical openness,' in 2009 Chris introduced the TEDx initiative, allowing free licenses to local organizers who wished to organize their own TED-like events. More than 8,000 such events have been held, generating an archive of 60,000 TEDx talks. And three years later, the TED-Ed program was launched, offering free educational videos and tools to students and teachers.

More profile about the speaker
Chris Anderson | Speaker | TED.com

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