Jonathan Haidt: Can a divided America heal?
Jonathan Haidt: 我们能否重愈美国之隙?
Jonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures. Full bioChris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
in the way that we're familiar with,
我们为何变成这样?
and how did we get here?
apocalyptic sort of feeling.
that the other side is not just --
we strongly dislike them,
或强烈地不喜欢他们。
a threat to the nation.
now on both sides.
than before; it's much more intense.
而且特别的强烈。
at any sort of social puzzle,
principles of moral psychology,
道德心理学原则,
have to always keep in mind
insights into human social nature
揭示人类社会本质的谚语
against the stranger."
to create large societies
社会逐渐强大,
in order to compete with others.
and out of small groups,
逐渐壮大,
eternal conflict.
are making that more bitter,
在哪些方面使之恶化,
baked into most people's mental wiring
是根深蒂固的?
a basic aspect of human social cognition.
这是人类社会认知的基本方面,
really peacefully,
of fun ways of, like, playing war.
的有趣的活动,例如模拟打仗。
to exercise this tribal nature
and exploration and meeting new people.
探险和认识新朋友。
as something that goes up or down --
看作是有毁誉参半的——
to always be fighting each other,
can shrink or expand.
也可以增大。
could continue indefinitely.
可以无限期地继续。
the sense of tribe for a while.
the new left-right distinction.
新的左右派别分歧出现的地方。
as we've all inherited it,
我们所了解的左右派,
versus capital distinction,
now, increasingly,
我们所看到越来越多的是
who want to stop at nation,
of a sense of being rooted,
their community and their nation.
立足于本位主义。
anti-parochial and who --
反狭隘主义的。
of the John Lennon song "Imagine."
就会想起约翰·列侬的“想象”:
nothing to kill or die for."
没有杀戮或战争“。
who want more global governance,
they don't like borders.
他们不喜欢边界,
actually, his name is Shakespeare --
实际上,他的名字叫莎士比亚——
or drawbridge-downers?"
还是‘大开闸门’好呢?”
52-48 on that point.
who grew up with The Beatles
of dreaming of a more connected world --
anyone think badly about that?"
有人认为它不好?“
feel that that isn't just silly;
and they're scared of it.
他们对此恐惧。
in Europe but also here,
特别是在欧洲,
就是移民问题。
we have to look very carefully
从社会学的角度来
about diversity and immigration.
that the left loves and the right --
右派的天敌,
can't think straight about it.
has grown enormously from it.
大大得益于此。
do a lot of good things.
I think, don't see,
cuts social capital and trust.
削减了社会资本和彼此的信任。
study by Robert Putnam,
罗伯特普特南
feel that they are the same,
人们越觉得彼此类似,
a redistributionist welfare state.
重新分配国家的福利。
of being small, homogenous countries.
a progressive welfare state,
left-leaning values, which says,
The world is a great place.
世界本是美好的
we must welcome them in."
我们必须欢迎他们。“
this summer,
今年夏天我是在瑞典,
is fairly politically correct
在政治上保持其正确性,
as we have in America,
racially divided, society.
且是明显的种族分裂的社会。
uncomfortable to talk about.
especially in Europe and for us, too,
特别是在欧洲和我们,
themselves not racists,
humans are just too different;
人类只是太不同了。
our sense of what humans are capable of,
从而变得岌岌可危。
much more palatable
可能更容易接受。
scientist named Karen Stenner,
做了一项精彩的研究:
当人们认为彼此团结时
we're all the same,
a predisposition to authoritarianism.
独裁主义的倾向。
there's not a threat
人们来自不同的地方
people are getting more different,
they want to kick out the deviants.
他们便想驱逐异教徒,
an authoritarian reaction.
the Lennonist line --
an authoritarian reaction.
in America with the alt-right.
也看到了同样的情形。
we've seen it all over Europe.
同样地,整个欧洲也在盛行。
我认为,
or the nationalists, are actually right --
实际上是正确的:
our cultural similarity,
matter very much.
approach to immigration
a generous welfare state,
一个慷慨的福利国家,
that we're all the same.
and fears about that
越来越多
of the current divide.
strategic reasoning second.
the term "motivated reasoning"
and our verbal abilities
not to help us find out the truth,
它们不再是帮助我们找出真相的工具,
defend our reputation ...
保护我们的声誉...
at justifying ourselves.
group interests into account,
it's my team versus your team,
而是我的团队抗衡你的团队
that your side is wrong,
a political argument.
with reasons and evidence,
the way reasoning works.
give us Google:
给我们Google
was born in Kenya.
10 million hits! Look, he was!"
1000万次点击! 看,真的是呀!“
surprise to a lot of people.
震惊了很多人。
by techno-optimists
that would bring people together.
unexpected counter-effects to that.
它也制造了意想不到的反作用力。
of yin-yang views
about certain things,
that human nature is good:
the walls and all will be well.
一切都会变得美好。
not libertarians --
不是自由主义者——
believe people can be greedy
and we need restrictions.
all over the world,
出现很多种族主义者。
have been with us forever.
与生俱来,挥之不去,
this feeling of division?
这种分裂的感觉呢?
different threads all coming together.
不同的原因交织在一起,
actually, America and Europe --
实际上包括美国和欧洲
from Joe Henrich and others
in a commons dilemma
during World War II,
第二次世界大战期间,
looking for scraps of aluminum
and government,
渐入佳境
at compromise and cooperation.
妥协和合作,
by the end of the '90s.
我们只剩下婴儿潮一代——
each other within each country,
每个国家的内部,
"The Greatest Generation,"
is the purification of the two parties.
and conservative Democrats.
和保守民主党。
that was really bipartisan.
美国是真正的两党制,
that started things moving,
情况开始变化,
liberal party and conservative party.
自由党和保守党。
really are different,
our children to marry them,
didn't matter very much.
for post-hoc reasoning and demonization.
最具刺激性的推动力。
on the internet now is quite troubling.
on Twitter about the election
做了一下有关选举的快速搜索,
brought to us by #Trump."
Trump带给我们丑陋之物。”
dedication page. Disgusting!"
is troubling to me.
or a disagreement about something,
或对某事有分歧,
takes things to a much deeper level.
使事情深层化。
you get angry, you're not angry;
你生气,你不生气,
as subhuman, monstrous,
亚人类,怪异,
on marital therapy.
of the couple shows disgust or contempt,
表现出厌恶或蔑视,
to get divorced soon,
that doesn't predict anything,
这不预示任何东西。
it actually is good.
它实际上是好兆头。
uses the word "disgust" a lot.
使用了许多“厌恶”,
so disgust does matter a lot --
所以厌恶很重要——
unique to him --
the Manichaean worldview,
is a battle between good and evil
they're wrong or I don't like them,
他们错了或我不喜欢他们,
for example, on campus now.
例如,在校园里,
to keep people off campus,
让人们离校。
generation of young people,
involves a lot of disgust,
就出现这么多的厌恶,
in politics as they get older.
恐怕不会想参与政治。
and I think about emotions a lot.
我想它与情绪密切相关。
of disgust is actually love.
可能是我们具有的
powerful means we have.
that they're lovely.
他们很可爱,
or changes your category as well.
much more mixed up in the their towns
美国人以前不分左右政治,
this great moral divide,
that we're moving to be near people
谁在政治上与我们一致,
who's on the other side.
但离我们很远,
or say to Americans,
或美国人
about each other
thing to keep in mind --
scientist Alan Abramowitz,
is increasingly governed
OK there's a candidate,
OK 有一个候选人,
you vote for the candidate.
投票给他/她,
and all sorts of other trends,
和各种其他媒体的传播,
the other side so horrible, so awful,
另一方丑化成可怕,可耻的家伙,
against the other side
是反对另一边,
that if people are on the left,
如果人支持左派,
that Republicans were bad,
“嗯,我以前觉得共和党人是坏的”
I can paint with all the things
with their candidate.
election in American history.
your feelings about the candidate
你对候选人的感受
who are given a choice.
in a separate moral world --
在各自单独的道德世界中,
is that we're all trapped in "The Matrix,"
使用的隐喻是我们都被困在“矩阵”中,
a consensual hallucination.
一个自愿的幻觉世界。
that the other side --
那一边,
they're the worst people in the world,
是世界上最糟糕的人。
to back that up.
different set of facts.
different threats to the country.
对这个国家不同的威胁,
from being in the middle
我试图理解双方,
is: both sides are right.
双方其实都是对的。
to this country,
incapable of seeing them all.
that we almost need a new type of empathy?
我们几乎需要一种新型的共情心?
I can put myself in your shoes."
我可以感同身受“
the needy, the suffering.
有需要的人,痛苦的人,
to people who we feel as other,
我们不关注的人,
to build that type of empathy?
hot topic in psychology,
热门的心理话题,
on the left in particular.
它是一个非常受欢迎的词。
for the preferred classes of victims.
同情某种类别的受害者,
think are so important.
because you get points for that.
因为你目标明确,
if you do it when it's hard to do.
很难做到的地方。
of dealing with our race problems
处理种族问题
for a long time
它是我们的首要任务
threat on our hands.
divide we face.
我们面对的最严重的分歧,
and gender and LGBT,
性别和LGBT问题依然存在,
of the next 50 years,
to get better on their own.
a lot of institutional reforms,
wonky conversation.
realizing that this is a turning point.
就是一个转折点。
if you don't want to --
如果你不想变得更糟。
to spend the next four years
for the last year -- raise your hand.
read Marcus Aurelius.
阅读Marcus Aurelius,
for how to drop the fear,
教你如何放下恐惧:
wisdom for this kind of empathy.
people do to help heal?
帮助人们愈合伤口?
to overcome your deepest prejudices.
克服这种根生蒂固的偏见。
and stronger than race prejudices
that's the main thing.
——这是关键。
awful for one of you --
reach out and say you want to talk.
说你想说的话。
Friends and Influence People" --
《如何赢得朋友和影响他人》
if you start by acknowledging,
如果你开始承认,
about you, Uncle Bob,"
appreciation, it's like magic.
那将好似魔力,
things I've learned
at apologizing now,
somebody was right about.
and it's actually really fun.
而且真得会很有趣。
speaking with you.
the ground that we're on
of morality and human nature.
this time with us.
ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Jonathan Haidt - Social psychologistJonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures.
Why you should listen
By understanding more about our moral psychology and its biases, Jonathan Haidt says we can design better institutions (including companies, universities and democracy itself), and we can learn to be more civil and open-minded toward those who are not on our team.
Haidt is a social psychologist whose research on morality across cultures led to his 2008 TED Talk on the psychological roots of the American culture war, and his 2013 TED Talk on how "common threats can make common ground." In both of those talks he asks, "Can't we all disagree more constructively?" Haidt's 2012 TED Talk explored the intersection of his work on morality with his work on happiness to talk about "hive psychology" -- the ability that humans have to lose themselves in groups pursuing larger projects, almost like bees in a hive. This hivish ability is crucial, he argues, for understanding the origins of morality, politics, and religion. These are ideas that Haidt develops at greater length in his book, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion.
Haidt joined New York University Stern School of Business in July 2011. He is the Thomas Cooley Professor of Ethical Leadership, based in the Business and Society Program. Before coming to Stern, Professor Haidt taught for 16 years at the University of Virginia in the department of psychology.
Haidt's writings appear frequently in the New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. He was named one of the top global thinkers by Foreign Policy magazine and by Prospect magazine. Haidt received a B.A. in Philosophy from Yale University, and an M.A. and Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Pennsylvania.
Jonathan Haidt | Speaker | TED.com
Chris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading.
Why you should listen
Chris Anderson is the Curator of TED, a nonprofit devoted to sharing valuable ideas, primarily through the medium of 'TED Talks' -- short talks that are offered free online to a global audience.
Chris was born in a remote village in Pakistan in 1957. He spent his early years in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, where his parents worked as medical missionaries, and he attended an American school in the Himalayas for his early education. After boarding school in Bath, England, he went on to Oxford University, graduating in 1978 with a degree in philosophy, politics and economics.
Chris then trained as a journalist, working in newspapers and radio, including two years producing a world news service in the Seychelles Islands.
Back in the UK in 1984, Chris was captivated by the personal computer revolution and became an editor at one of the UK's early computer magazines. A year later he founded Future Publishing with a $25,000 bank loan. The new company initially focused on specialist computer publications but eventually expanded into other areas such as cycling, music, video games, technology and design, doubling in size every year for seven years. In 1994, Chris moved to the United States where he built Imagine Media, publisher of Business 2.0 magazine and creator of the popular video game users website IGN. Chris eventually merged Imagine and Future, taking the combined entity public in London in 1999, under the Future name. At its peak, it published 150 magazines and websites and employed 2,000 people.
This success allowed Chris to create a private nonprofit organization, the Sapling Foundation, with the hope of finding new ways to tackle tough global issues through media, technology, entrepreneurship and, most of all, ideas. In 2001, the foundation acquired the TED Conference, then an annual meeting of luminaries in the fields of Technology, Entertainment and Design held in Monterey, California, and Chris left Future to work full time on TED.
He expanded the conference's remit to cover all topics, including science, business and key global issues, while adding a Fellows program, which now has some 300 alumni, and the TED Prize, which grants its recipients "one wish to change the world." The TED stage has become a place for thinkers and doers from all fields to share their ideas and their work, capturing imaginations, sparking conversation and encouraging discovery along the way.
In 2006, TED experimented with posting some of its talks on the Internet. Their viral success encouraged Chris to begin positioning the organization as a global media initiative devoted to 'ideas worth spreading,' part of a new era of information dissemination using the power of online video. In June 2015, the organization posted its 2,000th talk online. The talks are free to view, and they have been translated into more than 100 languages with the help of volunteers from around the world. Viewership has grown to approximately one billion views per year.
Continuing a strategy of 'radical openness,' in 2009 Chris introduced the TEDx initiative, allowing free licenses to local organizers who wished to organize their own TED-like events. More than 8,000 such events have been held, generating an archive of 60,000 TEDx talks. And three years later, the TED-Ed program was launched, offering free educational videos and tools to students and teachers.
Chris Anderson | Speaker | TED.com