Jonathan Haidt: Can a divided America heal?
Džonatan Hajt (Jonathan Haidt): Da li se podeljena Amerika može zalečiti?
Jonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures. Full bioChris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
ovo deluje zastrašujuće.
nalazi u situaciji
in the way that we're familiar with,
ne samo na načine koji su nam poznati,
na levicu i desnicu.
and how did we get here?
i kako smo dospeli ovde?
apocalyptic sort of feeling.
koja je mnogo više apokaliptična.
centar za istraživanje Pju pokazuje
that the other side is not just --
da druga strana nije samo -
we strongly dislike them,
žestoko nam se ne dopadaju,
a threat to the nation.
opasnost za naciju.
now on both sides.
da je drugačije nego pre;
than before; it's much more intense.
bilo koju vrstu društvene zagonetke,
at any sort of social puzzle,
moralne psihologije,
principles of moral psychology,
have to always keep in mind
da imate na umu
insights into human social nature
i najboljih uvida
je beduinska izreka:
against the stranger."
to create large societies
da stvorimo velika društva
in order to compete with others.
da bismo se nadmetali sa drugima.
and out of small groups,
i iz malih grupa,
eternal conflict.
are making that more bitter,
u mentalnu strukturu većine ljudi
baked into most people's mental wiring
ljudske društvene kognicije.
a basic aspect of human social cognition.
zajedno i zaista mirno,
really peacefully,
of fun ways of, like, playing war.
kao da se igramo rata.
da izrazimo tu plemensku prirodu
to exercise this tribal nature
istraživanju i upoznavanju novih ljudi.
and exploration and meeting new people.
kao nešto što ide nabolje ili nagore -
as something that goes up or down --
to always be fighting each other,
da se uvek međusobno borimo,
can shrink or expand.
može da se smanjuje ili povećava.
could continue indefinitely.
može odvijati unedogled.
the sense of tribe for a while.
taj osećaj plemena neko vreme.
ono šta podrazumevamo
the new left-right distinction.
između levice i desnice.
kakvu smo je svi mi nasledili
as we've all inherited it,
versus capital distinction,
rada naspram kapitala,
now, increasingly,
who want to stop at nation,
da se zaustave na naciji,
mnogo jači osećaj ukorenjenosti,
of a sense of being rooted,
their community and their nation.
zajednice i nacije.
anti-parochial and who --
koji su antiparohijalni i koji -
of the John Lennon song "Imagine."
na pesmu Džona Lenona „Zamisli“.
ničeg za šta treba ubiti ili umreti.“
nothing to kill or die for."
više globalnog upravljanja,
who want more global governance,
they don't like borders.
i ne vole granice.
zapravo, njegovo ime je Šekspir -
actually, his name is Shakespeare --
pre deset godina.
or drawbridge-downers?"
ili oni koji ga spuštaju?“
52-48 on that point.
52:48 u vezi sa tom temom.
u vezi sa time.
who grew up with The Beatles
koji su odrasli uz Bitlse
of dreaming of a more connected world --
maštanja o povezanijem svetu -
i „kako neko može da pomisli loše o tome?“
anyone think badly about that?"
da je to ne samo blesavo,
feel that that isn't just silly;
and they're scared of it.
i plaše se toga.
pogotovo u Evropi ali i ovde,
in Europe but also here,
da vrlo pažljivo pogledamo
we have to look very carefully
about diversity and immigration.
o raznolikosti i imigraciji.
što levica voli, a desnica -
that the left loves and the right --
ne mogu ispravno da razmišljaju o tome.
can't think straight about it.
na mnogo načina.
has grown enormously from it.
se neverovatno razvila usled nje.
do a lot of good things.
čine mnogo dobrih stvari.
I think, don't see,
po meni, ne vide -
cuts social capital and trust.
narušava društveni kapital i poverenje.
study by Robert Putnam,
Roberta Patnama,
društvenog kapitala.
feel that they are the same,
smatra da su isti,
državu blagostanja preraspodeljenosti.
a redistributionist welfare state.
homogenih država.
of being small, homogenous countries.
a progressive welfare state,
left-leaning values, which says,
usmerenih ulevo, koje kažu:
The world is a great place.
we must welcome them in."
moramo im pružiti dobrodošlicu.“
this summer,
a bio sam u Švedskoj letos -
is fairly politically correct
prilično politički korektan
kao što to imamo u Americi,
as we have in America,
racially divided, society.
vidno rasno podeljenim društvom.
uncomfortable to talk about.
naročito u Evropi kao i za nas,
especially in Europe and for us, too,
themselves not racists,
da su ljudi jednostavno previše različiti;
humans are just too different;
our sense of what humans are capable of,
naš osećaj za ono što su ljudi sposobni
much more palatable
to da učinim prihvatljivijim
nužno raditi o rasi.
scientist named Karen Stenner,
po imenu Karen Stener koja pokazuje da,
da smo svi udruženi, da smo svi isti,
we're all the same,
a predisposition to authoritarianism.
predispoziciju ka autoritarizmu.
there's not a threat
da pomisle da se razdvajamo,
people are getting more different,
homofobno nastrojeni,
they want to kick out the deviants.
an authoritarian reaction.
autoritarnu reakciju.
the Lennonist line --
an authoritarian reaction.
autoritarnu reakciju.
sa alternativnom desnicom.
in America with the alt-right.
videli smo to širom Evrope.
we've seen it all over Europe.
or the nationalists, are actually right --
ili nacionalisti, zapravo u pravu -
our cultural similarity,
našu kulturološku sličnost,
matter very much.
approach to immigration
darežljive države blagostanja,
a generous welfare state,
that we're all the same.
and fears about that
i strahovi u vezi sa tim
of the current divide.
strategic reasoning second.
a strateško rezonovanje na drugom.
the term "motivated reasoning"
„motivisano rezonovanje“
and our verbal abilities
i verbalne sposobnosti
not to help us find out the truth,
da otkrijemo istinu,
da manipulišemo jedni drugima,
defend our reputation ...
at justifying ourselves.
opravdavanje samih sebe.
group interests into account,
već je moj tim protiv tvog tima,
it's my team versus your team,
that your side is wrong,
da tvoja strana greši,
a political argument.
u političkoj raspravi.
with reasons and evidence,
razlozima i dokazima,
the way reasoning works.
give us Google:
was born in Kenya.
Deset miliona pogodaka! Vidi, istina je!“
10 million hits! Look, he was!"
surprise to a lot of people.
kao neprijatno iznenađenje za mnoge.
by techno-optimists
često predstavljali
that would bring people together.
koja će udružiti ljude.
unexpected counter-effects to that.
u stanovišta jin-jang
of yin-yang views
u vezi sa određenim stvarima,
about certain things,
that human nature is good:
da je ljudska priroda dobra -
the walls and all will be well.
i sve će biti u redu.
ne libertarijanci -
not libertarians --
da ljudi mogu biti pohlepni,
believe people can be greedy
and we need restrictions.
all over the world,
da komuniciraju širom sveta,
i mnogo rasizma.
su oduvek bili uz nas.
have been with us forever.
this feeling of division?
ovaj osećaj podele?
different threads all coming together.
kako se šest do deset niti povezuju.
actually, America and Europe --
zapravo, u Americi i Evropi -
Džoa Henrika i ostalih koje kaže da,
from Joe Henrich and others
kroz problem tragedije zajedničkih dobara
in a commons dilemma
za vreme Drugog svetskog rata
during World War II,
looking for scraps of aluminum
za komadićima aluminijuma
and government,
at compromise and cooperation.
ostvarivanje kompromisa i saradnje.
bejbi bum generacije na kraju '90-ih.
by the end of the '90s.
each other within each country,
u međusobnim borbama unutar svake zemlje,
"The Greatest Generation,"
„najveće generacije“, ogroman je.
is the purification of the two parties.
je prečišćavanje dve stranke.
and conservative Democrats.
i konzervativne demokrate.
that was really bipartisan.
bila zapravo dvopartijska.
that started things moving,
koji su pokrenuli stvari,
liberalnu i konzervativnu stranku.
liberal party and conservative party.
really are different,
u obe stranke zaista različiti
da se naša deca venčaju sa njima,
our children to marry them,
nije bilo naročito važno.
didn't matter very much.
for post-hoc reasoning and demonization.
za naknadno rezonovanje i demonizaciju.
on the internet now is quite troubling.
na internetu prilično zabrinjava.
on Twitter about the election
obavio pretragu na Tviteru o izborima
brought to us by #Trump."
dedication page. Disgusting!"
strana za posvete. Odvratno!“
is troubling to me.
or a disagreement about something,
ili se ne slagati u vezi sa nečim
takes things to a much deeper level.
prenosi stvari na mnogo viši nivo.
you get angry, you're not angry;
ljuti ste, niste ljuti;
as subhuman, monstrous,
kao nedovoljno ljudsku, monstruoznu,
on marital therapy.
o bračnoj terapiji.
of the couple shows disgust or contempt,
pokazuje gađenje ili prezir,
to get divorced soon,
that doesn't predict anything,
on je zapravo dobar.
it actually is good.
dosta koristi reč „odvratno“.
uses the word "disgust" a lot.
tako da je gađenje zaista vrlo bitno -
so disgust does matter a lot --
unique to him --
što je osobeno za njega -
the Manichaean worldview,
is a battle between good and evil
da oni greše ili da nam se ne dopadaju,
they're wrong or I don't like them,
for example, on campus now.
u studentskim domovima, na primer.
to keep people off campus,
da se ljudi udalje iz domova,
ova generacija mladih,
generation of young people,
obuhvata mnogo gađenja,
involves a lot of disgust,
in politics as they get older.
kada postanu stariji.
and I think about emotions a lot.
i mnogo razmišljam o emocijama.
of disgust is actually love.
zapravo ljubav.
powerful means we have.
that they're lovely.
or changes your category as well.
ili promeni i vašu kategoriju.
much more mixed up in the their towns
u svojim gradovima
this great moral divide,
velika moralna podela;
da se selimo tako da budemo blizu ljudi
that we're moving to be near people
who's on the other side.
ili šta bi rekao Amerikancima,
or say to Americans,
about each other
jedni o drugima
da na minut promislimo
thing to keep in mind --
koju treba imati na umu -
scientist Alan Abramowitz,
politikologa Alana Abramovica
is increasingly governed
u sve većoj meri upravlja
„negativno pristalištvo“.
OK there's a candidate,
u redu, postoji kandidat,
you vote for the candidate.
glasaš za kandidata.
negativnog reklamiranja,
i raznoraznih novih trendova,
and all sorts of other trends,
the other side so horrible, so awful,
drugu stranu toliko groznom, tako užasnom,
da ćeš glasati za mog čoveka.
against the other side
protiv druge strane
that if people are on the left,
ako su ljudi na levoj strani,
that Republicans were bad,
da su republikanci loši,
I can paint with all the things
mogu da predstavim svime onim
with their candidate.
svojim kandidatom.
election in American history.
poborništvom u američkoj istoriji.
your feelings about the candidate
svoja osećanja prema kandidatu
who are given a choice.
kojima je dat izbor.
in a separate moral world --
u zasebnom moralnom svetu -
is that we're all trapped in "The Matrix,"
je da smo svi zarobljeni u „matriksu“,
a consensual hallucination.
konsenzualna halucinacija.
that the other side --
da je druga strana -
they're the worst people in the world,
najgori ljudi na svetu,
to back that up.
different set of facts.
different threats to the country.
from being in the middle
jeste da su obe strane u pravu.
is: both sides are right.
to this country,
da ih sve sagleda.
incapable of seeing them all.
that we almost need a new type of empathy?
je maltene potrebna nova vrsta empatije?
Mogu da se postavim na tvoje mesto.“
I can put myself in your shoes."
the needy, the suffering.
onima u nevolji, onima koji pate.
to people who we feel as other,
koje doživljavamo kao suprotstavljene
to build that type of empathy?
takvu vrstu empatije?
hot topic in psychology,
u psihologiji,
on the left in particular.
naročito na levoj strani.
prema favorizovanim kategorijama žrtvi.
for the preferred classes of victims.
think are so important.
mislimo da su vrlo bitne.
because you get points for that.
if you do it when it's hard to do.
da dobijate poene kada je to teško.
of dealing with our race problems
suočavanja sa našim rasističkim problemima
for a long time
threat on our hands.
sa kojom se suočavamo.
divide we face.
and gender and LGBT,
rod i zajednicu LGBT,
of the next 50 years,
u narednih 50 godina,
to get better on their own.
mnogo institucionalnih reformi
a lot of institutional reforms,
wonky conversation.
i nestabilan razgovor.
realizing that this is a turning point.
da je ovo prekretnica.
if you don't want to --
da provedete naredne četiri godine
to spend the next four years
for the last year -- raise your hand.
protekle godine - podignite ruku.
read Marcus Aurelius.
for how to drop the fear,
o tome kako napustiti strah,
kao svoje neprijatelje.
wisdom for this kind of empathy.
mnogo smernica za ovu vrstu empatije.
da bi pomogli u isceljenju?
people do to help heal?
to overcome your deepest prejudices.
da prevaziđete svoje najdublje predrasude.
and stronger than race prejudices
produbljenije i jače od rasnih predrasuda
that's the main thing.
to je glavna stvar.
za jednog od vas -
awful for one of you --
i zatim mu se obratite
reach out and say you want to talk.
pročitajte od Dejla Karnegija
Friends and Influence People" --
i uticati na ljude.“
ako počnete uz priznanje,
if you start by acknowledging,
about you, Uncle Bob,"
to deluje kao magija.
appreciation, it's like magic.
koje sam naučio
things I've learned
u izvinjavanju
at apologizing now,
u vezi sa čim je neko bio u pravu.
somebody was right about.
i zapravo je veoma zabavan.
and it's actually really fun.
razgovarati sa tobom.
speaking with you.
the ground that we're on
na kome se nalazimo
of morality and human nature.
o moralnosti i ljudskoj prirodi.
this time with us.
ovo vreme sa nama.
ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Jonathan Haidt - Social psychologistJonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures.
Why you should listen
By understanding more about our moral psychology and its biases, Jonathan Haidt says we can design better institutions (including companies, universities and democracy itself), and we can learn to be more civil and open-minded toward those who are not on our team.
Haidt is a social psychologist whose research on morality across cultures led to his 2008 TED Talk on the psychological roots of the American culture war, and his 2013 TED Talk on how "common threats can make common ground." In both of those talks he asks, "Can't we all disagree more constructively?" Haidt's 2012 TED Talk explored the intersection of his work on morality with his work on happiness to talk about "hive psychology" -- the ability that humans have to lose themselves in groups pursuing larger projects, almost like bees in a hive. This hivish ability is crucial, he argues, for understanding the origins of morality, politics, and religion. These are ideas that Haidt develops at greater length in his book, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion.
Haidt joined New York University Stern School of Business in July 2011. He is the Thomas Cooley Professor of Ethical Leadership, based in the Business and Society Program. Before coming to Stern, Professor Haidt taught for 16 years at the University of Virginia in the department of psychology.
Haidt's writings appear frequently in the New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. He was named one of the top global thinkers by Foreign Policy magazine and by Prospect magazine. Haidt received a B.A. in Philosophy from Yale University, and an M.A. and Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Pennsylvania.
Jonathan Haidt | Speaker | TED.com
Chris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading.
Why you should listen
Chris Anderson is the Curator of TED, a nonprofit devoted to sharing valuable ideas, primarily through the medium of 'TED Talks' -- short talks that are offered free online to a global audience.
Chris was born in a remote village in Pakistan in 1957. He spent his early years in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, where his parents worked as medical missionaries, and he attended an American school in the Himalayas for his early education. After boarding school in Bath, England, he went on to Oxford University, graduating in 1978 with a degree in philosophy, politics and economics.
Chris then trained as a journalist, working in newspapers and radio, including two years producing a world news service in the Seychelles Islands.
Back in the UK in 1984, Chris was captivated by the personal computer revolution and became an editor at one of the UK's early computer magazines. A year later he founded Future Publishing with a $25,000 bank loan. The new company initially focused on specialist computer publications but eventually expanded into other areas such as cycling, music, video games, technology and design, doubling in size every year for seven years. In 1994, Chris moved to the United States where he built Imagine Media, publisher of Business 2.0 magazine and creator of the popular video game users website IGN. Chris eventually merged Imagine and Future, taking the combined entity public in London in 1999, under the Future name. At its peak, it published 150 magazines and websites and employed 2,000 people.
This success allowed Chris to create a private nonprofit organization, the Sapling Foundation, with the hope of finding new ways to tackle tough global issues through media, technology, entrepreneurship and, most of all, ideas. In 2001, the foundation acquired the TED Conference, then an annual meeting of luminaries in the fields of Technology, Entertainment and Design held in Monterey, California, and Chris left Future to work full time on TED.
He expanded the conference's remit to cover all topics, including science, business and key global issues, while adding a Fellows program, which now has some 300 alumni, and the TED Prize, which grants its recipients "one wish to change the world." The TED stage has become a place for thinkers and doers from all fields to share their ideas and their work, capturing imaginations, sparking conversation and encouraging discovery along the way.
In 2006, TED experimented with posting some of its talks on the Internet. Their viral success encouraged Chris to begin positioning the organization as a global media initiative devoted to 'ideas worth spreading,' part of a new era of information dissemination using the power of online video. In June 2015, the organization posted its 2,000th talk online. The talks are free to view, and they have been translated into more than 100 languages with the help of volunteers from around the world. Viewership has grown to approximately one billion views per year.
Continuing a strategy of 'radical openness,' in 2009 Chris introduced the TEDx initiative, allowing free licenses to local organizers who wished to organize their own TED-like events. More than 8,000 such events have been held, generating an archive of 60,000 TEDx talks. And three years later, the TED-Ed program was launched, offering free educational videos and tools to students and teachers.
Chris Anderson | Speaker | TED.com