Jonathan Haidt: Can a divided America heal?
Jonathan Haidt: Može li podijeljena Amerika zacijeliti?
Jonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures. Full bioChris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
Jon, ovo je zastrašujuće.
in the way that we're familiar with,
na način koji nam je poznat,
između lijevog i desnog.
and how did we get here?
i kako smo dovde stigli?
apocalyptic sort of feeling.
apokaliptičan.
that the other side is not just --
da druga strana nije samo --
we strongly dislike them,
jako su nam odbojni,
a threat to the nation.
prijetnju za naciju.
now on both sides.
sada na obje strane.
nego prije; mnogo je intenzivnije.
than before; it's much more intense.
vrstu društvene zagonetke
at any sort of social puzzle,
principles of moral psychology,
osnovna principa moralne psihologije
have to always keep in mind
treba imati na umu
pripadnici plemena.
insights into human social nature
uvida u ljudsku društvenu prirodu
against the stranger."
protiv stranca."
to create large societies
omogućila stvaranje velikih zajednica
in order to compete with others.
and out of small groups,
i iz malih grupa,
eternal conflict.
are making that more bitter,
doprinose ogorčenosti,
u mentalni sklop većine ljudi
baked into most people's mental wiring
a basic aspect of human social cognition.
aspekt ljudske društvene spoznaje.
vrlo mirno živjeti zajedno
really peacefully,
of fun ways of, like, playing war.
zabavnih načina za igranje rata.
to exercise this tribal nature
izražavamo tu plemensku prirodu
and exploration and meeting new people.
i istraživanju i upoznavanju novih ljudi.
promatrati kao nešto što raste ili pada --
as something that goes up or down --
da se stalno međusobno borimo,
to always be fighting each other,
can shrink or expand.
može se smanjivati ili povećavati.
može trajati beskonačno.
could continue indefinitely.
the sense of tribe for a while.
širili značenje plemena neko vrijeme.
the new left-right distinction.
lijevo-desne distinkcije.
as we've all inherited it,
kako smo to svi naslijedili,
versus capital distinction,
rada nasuprot kapitalu,
now, increasingly,
vidimo, sve više,
zapadnim demokracijama
who want to stop at nation,
of a sense of being rooted,
jači osjećaj ukorijenjenosti,
their community and their nation.
zajednice i nacije.
anti-parochial and who --
of the John Lennon song "Imagine."
pjesme Johna Lennona "Imagine"
da se nema za što ubijati ili umrijeti."
nothing to kill or die for."
globalnog upravljanja,
who want more global governance,
they don't like borders.
oni ne vole granice.
actually, his name is Shakespeare --
ustvari ime mu je Shakespeare --
pisao u Britaniji.
or drawbridge-downers?"
ili spuštači pokretnog mosta?"
52-48 on that point.
52-48 po tom pitanju
podijeljena po tom pitanju.
who grew up with The Beatles
koji su odrastali s Beatlesima
of dreaming of a more connected world --
sanjanja o povezanijem svijetu --
anyone think badly about that?"
itko mogao o tome misliti loše?"
feel that that isn't just silly;
da to nije samo smiješno;
and they're scared of it.
i oni se toga boje.
pogotovo u Europi, ali i ovdje,
in Europe but also here,
we have to look very carefully
vrlo pažljivo razmotriti
about diversity and immigration.
o različitosti i imigraciji.
postane ispolitizirano,
that the left loves and the right --
što lijevi vole, a desni --
can't think straight about it.
ne mogu o tome hladno razmišljati.
has grown enormously from it.
porasla zahvaljujući tome.
do a lot of good things.
čine mnogo dobrih stvari.
I think, don't see,
mislim, ne vide,
cuts social capital and trust.
umanjuje društveni kapital i povjerenje.
study by Robert Putnam,
studija Roberta Putnama,
o društvenom kapitalu.
feel that they are the same,
ljudi osjećaju jednakima
a redistributionist welfare state.
redistributivnu socijalnu državu.
malene, homogene zemlje.
of being small, homogenous countries.
a progressive welfare state,
vrijednosti, koji kaže,
left-leaning values, which says,
The world is a great place.
Svijet je sjajno mjesto.
we must welcome them in."
moramo ih srdačno primiti."
this summer,
u Švedskoj ovog ljeta,
is fairly politically correct
potpuno politički korektan
o negativnim stranama,
dovedete mnogo ljudi.
as we have in America,
poput nas u Americi,
racially divided, society.
vidljivo rasno podijeljenim, društvom.
uncomfortable to talk about.
vrlo je neugodno govoriti.
especially in Europe and for us, too,
posebno u Europi i kod nas također,
themselves not racists,
humans are just too different;
ljudska bića ipak suviše različita;
our sense of what humans are capable of,
precijenimo ljudske sposobnosti,
much more palatable
učiniti puno prihvatljivijim
scientist named Karen Stenner,
političke znanstvenice Karen Stenner,
we're all the same,
a predisposition to authoritarianism.
koji su skloni autoritarizmu.
there's not a threat
people are getting more different,
da su ljudi sve više različiti,
žele izbaciti devijantne.
they want to kick out the deviants.
an authoritarian reaction.
autoritarnu reakciju.
the Lennonist line --
an authoritarian reaction.
autoritarnu reakciju.
in America with the alt-right.
s alternativnom desnicom.
vidimo to širom Europe.
we've seen it all over Europe.
or the nationalists, are actually right --
ili nacionalisti, ustvari u pravu --
our cultural similarity,
našu kulturalnu sličnost,
matter very much.
approach to immigration
pristup imigraciji
a generous welfare state,
darežljivu socijalnu državu,
that we're all the same.
and fears about that
i strahovi oko toga
of the current divide.
strategic reasoning second.
strateško rasuđivanje na drugom.
the term "motivated reasoning"
"motivirano rasuđivanje"
and our verbal abilities
i naše verbalne sposobnosti
not to help us find out the truth,
nam pomognu otkriti istinu,
da manipuliramo jedni drugima,
defend our reputation ...
opravdavanju sebe samih.
at justifying ourselves.
group interests into account,
it's my team versus your team,
već moj tim nasuprot tvom timu,
that your side is wrong,
da je vaša strana u krivu,
ne možemo prihvatiti.
a political argument.
dobiti političku prepirku.
with reasons and evidence,
razumom i dokazima
the way reasoning works.
na koji rasuđivanje funkcionira.
give us Google:
uzmimo Google:
was born in Kenya.
Barack Obama rođen u Keniji.
10 million hits! Look, he was!"
10 milijuna rezultata! Vidi, istina je!"
surprise to a lot of people.
za mnogo ljudi.
by techno-optimists
društvene medije opisuju kao
that would bring people together.
koja će ujediniti ljude.
unexpected counter-effects to that.
neočekivane kontra efekte.
of yin-yang views
about certain things,
o određenim stvarima,
that human nature is good:
da je ljudska priroda dobra:
the walls and all will be well.
i svima će nam biti dobro.
ne libertarijanci --
not libertarians --
vjeruju da ljudi mogu biti pohlepni
believe people can be greedy
and we need restrictions.
i trebamo restrikcije.
širom svijeta,
all over the world,
i puno rasizma.
have been with us forever.
oduvijek su s nama.
this feeling of division?
taj osjećaj podijeljenosti?
različitih niti koje se sve spajaju.
different threads all coming together.
actually, America and Europe --
ustvari, Americi i Europi --
from Joe Henrich and others
Joea Henricha i drugih
vaša zemlja bila u ratu,
in a commons dilemma
o dilemi općeg doba
during World War II,
u vrijeme Drugog svjetskog rata,
looking for scraps of aluminum
and government,
at compromise and cooperation.
postizanju kompromisa i suradnji.
do kraja 90-ih.
by the end of the '90s.
krajem 90-ih.
each other within each country,
međusobnim sukobima
"The Greatest Generation,"
"Najveće generacije",
is the purification of the two parties.
dviju stranaka u Americi
i konzervativnih Demokrata.
and conservative Democrats.
that was really bipartisan.
Amerika imala pravo dvostranačje.
that started things moving,
koji su počeli pokretati stvari,
liberal party and conservative party.
liberalnu stranku i konzervativnu stranku.
really are different,
stvarno drugačiji,
our children to marry them,
se naša djeca s njima žene,
didn't matter very much.
kao što sam rekao,
for post-hoc reasoning and demonization.
za post-hoc rasuđivanje i demonizaciju.
on the internet now is quite troubling.
na Internetu prilično je zabrinjavajući.
on Twitter about the election
na Twitteru o izborima
brought to us by #Trump."
koju nam je donio #Trump."
dedication page. Disgusting!"
is troubling to me.
or a disagreement about something,
ili neslaganje o nečemu,
takes things to a much deeper level.
vodi stvari na puno dublju razinu.
Odvratnost je drukčija.
you get angry, you're not angry;
naljutite se, odljutite se;
as subhuman, monstrous,
kao nižu vrstu, čudovišnu,
on marital therapy.
o bračnoj terapiji.
of the couple shows disgust or contempt,
para pokazuje odvratnost ili prezir,
to get divorced soon,
that doesn't predict anything,
to ne predskazuje ništa,
ona je ustvari dobra.
it actually is good.
uses the word "disgust" a lot.
puno koristi riječ "odvratnost".
so disgust does matter a lot --
pa je odvratnost jako važna --
unique to him --
specifično za njega --
demoniziramo jedni druge,
the Manichaean worldview,
is a battle between good and evil
između dobra i zla
oni su u krivu ili ne sviđaju mi se,
they're wrong or I don't like them,
for example, on campus now.
na primjer, u kampusu.
to keep people off campus,
da se ljudi drže dalje od kampusa,
generation of young people,
ova generacija mladih ljudi,
involves a lot of disgust,
uključuje mnogo odvratnosti,
in politics as they get older.
u politiku kada odrastu.
proučavao odvratnost,
and I think about emotions a lot.
of disgust is actually love.
odvratnosti ustvari ljubav.
powerful means we have.
that they're lovely.
or changes your category as well.
ili mijenja i vašu kategoriju.
much more mixed up in the their towns
mnogo više izmješani u gradovima
velika moralna razdjelnica,
this great moral divide,
that we're moving to be near people
premještamo bliže ljudima
who's on the other side.
tko je na drugoj strani.
or say to Americans,
recimo Amerikancima,
about each other
razumjeti jedni o drugima
da promislimo minutu
thing to keep in mind --
koju treba imati na umu --
scientist Alan Abramowitz,
znanstvenika Alana Abramowitza
is increasingly governed
demokracijom sve više upravlja
"negativno poborništvo".
OK there's a candidate,
u redu, postoji kandidat,
you vote for the candidate.
glasate za kandidata.
i svih vrsta drugih trendova,
and all sorts of other trends,
se provode izbori
the other side so horrible, so awful,
pokušava drugu stranu učiniti
za mog momka po defaultu.
against the other side
glasamo protiv druge strane,
that if people are on the left,
ako su ljudi na ljevici,
that Republicans were bad,
da su republikanci loši,
I can paint with all the things
mogu obojati svim stvarima
with their candidate.
svojim kandidatom.
election in American history.
izbori u američkoj povijesti.
your feelings about the candidate
svoje osjećaje o kandidatu
who are given a choice.
kojima je dan izbor.
odvojenom moralnom svijetu --
in a separate moral world --
is that we're all trapped in "The Matrix,"
da smo svi zarobljeni u "Matrici",
a consensual hallucination.
matrica, konsenzualna halucinacija.
that the other side --
da je druga strana --
they're the worst people in the world,
oni su najgori ljudi na svijetu,
to back that up.
koje to podupiru.
different set of facts.
different threats to the country.
prijetnje po zemlju.
kao osoba u sredini
from being in the middle
jest: obje strane su u pravu.
is: both sides are right.
to this country,
nesposobna vidjeti sve njih.
incapable of seeing them all.
that we almost need a new type of empathy?
trebamo novu vrstu empatije?
Mogu se staviti u tvoju kožu."
I can put myself in your shoes."
the needy, the suffering.
potrebite, one koji pate.
to people who we feel as other,
na ljude koje osjećamo kao druge
to build that type of empathy?
da izgradimo tu vrstu empatije?
aktualna tema u psihologiji,
hot topic in psychology,
on the left in particular.
naročito na ljevici.
for the preferred classes of victims.
preferencijalne klase žrtava.
think are so important.
smatramo tako važnima.
because you get points for that.
if you do it when it's hard to do.
trebala donositi bodove
kada ju je teško osjećati.
of dealing with our race problems
50-godišnje razdoblje
i pravnom diskriminacijom
dugo vremena
for a long time
ljude primorati da uvide
threat on our hands.
prijetnju na vratu.
s kojom se suočavamo.
divide we face.
and gender and LGBT,
rase, spola i LGBT,
of the next 50 years,
to get better on their own.
mnogo ustavnih reformi
a lot of institutional reforms,
dugačak i zapetljan razgovor.
wonky conversation.
ljudi shvate da je ovo prekretnica.
realizing that this is a turning point.
if you don't want to --
ako ne želite --
sljedeće četiri godine provesti
to spend the next four years
ste bili prošle godine -- dignite ruku.
for the last year -- raise your hand.
čitajte Marka Aurelija.
read Marcus Aurelius.
for how to drop the fear,
kako odagnati strah,
kao svoje neprijatelje.
wisdom for this kind of empathy.
smjernica za ovu vrstu empatije.
da pomognu ozdravljenju?
people do to help heal?
to overcome your deepest prejudices.
prevladati najdublje predrasude.
and stronger than race prejudices
i jače od rasnih predrasuda
that's the main thing.
to je glavna stvar.
stvarno nekoga upoznate.
awful for one of you --
pasti jednom od vas --
i onda pružite ruku
reach out and say you want to talk.
Friends and Influence People" --
i utjecati na ljude" --
započnete prihvaćanjem,
if you start by acknowledging,
ne slažemo,
about you, Uncle Bob,"
poštujem kod tebe, ujače Bob,"
appreciation, it's like magic.
to je kao čarolija.
koje sam naučio
things I've learned
u ispričavanju
at apologizing now,
somebody was right about.
da je netko bio u pravu.
and it's actually really fun.
i ustvari je zabavan.
speaking with you.
pričati s tobom.
the ground that we're on
na kojem se nalazimo
of morality and human nature.
morala i ljudske prirode.
koje si podijelio s nama.
this time with us.
ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Jonathan Haidt - Social psychologistJonathan Haidt studies how -- and why -- we evolved to be moral and political creatures.
Why you should listen
By understanding more about our moral psychology and its biases, Jonathan Haidt says we can design better institutions (including companies, universities and democracy itself), and we can learn to be more civil and open-minded toward those who are not on our team.
Haidt is a social psychologist whose research on morality across cultures led to his 2008 TED Talk on the psychological roots of the American culture war, and his 2013 TED Talk on how "common threats can make common ground." In both of those talks he asks, "Can't we all disagree more constructively?" Haidt's 2012 TED Talk explored the intersection of his work on morality with his work on happiness to talk about "hive psychology" -- the ability that humans have to lose themselves in groups pursuing larger projects, almost like bees in a hive. This hivish ability is crucial, he argues, for understanding the origins of morality, politics, and religion. These are ideas that Haidt develops at greater length in his book, The Righteous Mind: Why Good People are Divided by Politics and Religion.
Haidt joined New York University Stern School of Business in July 2011. He is the Thomas Cooley Professor of Ethical Leadership, based in the Business and Society Program. Before coming to Stern, Professor Haidt taught for 16 years at the University of Virginia in the department of psychology.
Haidt's writings appear frequently in the New York Times and The Wall Street Journal. He was named one of the top global thinkers by Foreign Policy magazine and by Prospect magazine. Haidt received a B.A. in Philosophy from Yale University, and an M.A. and Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Pennsylvania.
Jonathan Haidt | Speaker | TED.com
Chris Anderson - TED Curator
After a long career in journalism and publishing, Chris Anderson became the curator of the TED Conference in 2002 and has developed it as a platform for identifying and disseminating ideas worth spreading.
Why you should listen
Chris Anderson is the Curator of TED, a nonprofit devoted to sharing valuable ideas, primarily through the medium of 'TED Talks' -- short talks that are offered free online to a global audience.
Chris was born in a remote village in Pakistan in 1957. He spent his early years in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, where his parents worked as medical missionaries, and he attended an American school in the Himalayas for his early education. After boarding school in Bath, England, he went on to Oxford University, graduating in 1978 with a degree in philosophy, politics and economics.
Chris then trained as a journalist, working in newspapers and radio, including two years producing a world news service in the Seychelles Islands.
Back in the UK in 1984, Chris was captivated by the personal computer revolution and became an editor at one of the UK's early computer magazines. A year later he founded Future Publishing with a $25,000 bank loan. The new company initially focused on specialist computer publications but eventually expanded into other areas such as cycling, music, video games, technology and design, doubling in size every year for seven years. In 1994, Chris moved to the United States where he built Imagine Media, publisher of Business 2.0 magazine and creator of the popular video game users website IGN. Chris eventually merged Imagine and Future, taking the combined entity public in London in 1999, under the Future name. At its peak, it published 150 magazines and websites and employed 2,000 people.
This success allowed Chris to create a private nonprofit organization, the Sapling Foundation, with the hope of finding new ways to tackle tough global issues through media, technology, entrepreneurship and, most of all, ideas. In 2001, the foundation acquired the TED Conference, then an annual meeting of luminaries in the fields of Technology, Entertainment and Design held in Monterey, California, and Chris left Future to work full time on TED.
He expanded the conference's remit to cover all topics, including science, business and key global issues, while adding a Fellows program, which now has some 300 alumni, and the TED Prize, which grants its recipients "one wish to change the world." The TED stage has become a place for thinkers and doers from all fields to share their ideas and their work, capturing imaginations, sparking conversation and encouraging discovery along the way.
In 2006, TED experimented with posting some of its talks on the Internet. Their viral success encouraged Chris to begin positioning the organization as a global media initiative devoted to 'ideas worth spreading,' part of a new era of information dissemination using the power of online video. In June 2015, the organization posted its 2,000th talk online. The talks are free to view, and they have been translated into more than 100 languages with the help of volunteers from around the world. Viewership has grown to approximately one billion views per year.
Continuing a strategy of 'radical openness,' in 2009 Chris introduced the TEDx initiative, allowing free licenses to local organizers who wished to organize their own TED-like events. More than 8,000 such events have been held, generating an archive of 60,000 TEDx talks. And three years later, the TED-Ed program was launched, offering free educational videos and tools to students and teachers.
Chris Anderson | Speaker | TED.com