TED2015
Aomawa Shields: How we'll find life on other planets
Aomawa Shields: Kako ćemo pronaći život na drugim planetama
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Astronomkinja Aomawa Shields je u potrazi za dokazima da život možda postoji drugdje u svemiru, ispitujući atmosfere udaljenih egzoplaneta. Kada ne istražuje nebesa, klasično obrazovana glumica (i TED Fellow) istražuje načine da uključi mlade djevojke u znanost pomoću kazališta, pisanja i vizualne umjetnosti. "Možda će se, jednog dana, priključiti redovima astronoma koji su puni proturječja," kaže ona, "i iskoristiti svoje znanje da otkriju, jednom zauvijek, da uistinu nismo sami u svemiru."
Aomawa Shields - Astronomer, astrobiologist, actor, writer
Aomawa Shields studies the climate and habitability of planets outside of the Solar System. Full bio
Aomawa Shields studies the climate and habitability of planets outside of the Solar System. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
I am in search of another planet
in the universe where life exists.
in the universe where life exists.
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U potrazi sam za nekim drugim planetom
na kojem ima života.
na kojem ima života.
00:18
I can't see this planet
with my naked eyes
with my naked eyes
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Ne mogu ga vidjeti golim okom,
00:21
or even with the most powerful telescopes
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pa čak ni pomoću najmoćnijih teleskopa
00:23
we currently possess.
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koje trenutno posjedujemo.
00:25
But I know that it's there.
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Ali znam da postoji.
00:27
And understanding contradictions
that occur in nature
that occur in nature
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Razumijevanje proturječnosti
koje se javljaju u prirodi
koje se javljaju u prirodi
00:31
will help us find it.
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pomoći će nam da ga pronađemo.
00:33
On our planet,
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Na našem planetu
00:34
where there's water, there's life.
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gdje ima vode, ima i života.
00:36
So we look for planets that orbit
at just the right distance
at just the right distance
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Pa tako tražimo planete koji kruže
na taman pravoj udaljenosti
na taman pravoj udaljenosti
00:39
from their stars.
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od svojih zvijezda.
00:42
At this distance,
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Na toj udaljenosti,
00:43
shown in blue on this diagram
for stars of different temperatures,
for stars of different temperatures,
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prikazanoj plavom bojom na dijagramu
za zvijezde različitih temperatura,
za zvijezde različitih temperatura,
00:47
planets could be warm enough
for water to flow on their surfaces
for water to flow on their surfaces
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planeti bi mogli biti dovoljno topli
da voda teče njihovom površinom
da voda teče njihovom površinom
00:50
as lakes and oceans
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poput jezera i oceana
00:52
where life might reside.
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gdje možda postoji život.
00:54
Some astronomers focus their time
and energy on finding planets
and energy on finding planets
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Neki su astronomi posvetili svoje vrijeme
i energiju pronalasku planeta
i energiju pronalasku planeta
00:58
at these distances from their stars.
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na tim udaljenostima od svojih zvijezda.
01:00
What I do picks up where their job ends.
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Moj posao se nastavlja tamo
gdje njihov prestaje.
gdje njihov prestaje.
01:03
I model the possible
climates of exoplanets.
climates of exoplanets.
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Oblikujem moguće
klime egzoplaneta.
klime egzoplaneta.
01:07
And here's why that's important:
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A evo zašto je to bitno:
01:09
there are many factors
besides distance from its star
besides distance from its star
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mnogo je faktora osim
udaljenosti od njihovih zvijezda
udaljenosti od njihovih zvijezda
01:12
that control whether
a planet can support life.
a planet can support life.
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koji kontroliraju može li
planet podržati život.
planet podržati život.
01:16
Take the planet Venus.
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Primjerice, planet Venera...
01:18
It's named after the Roman goddess
of love and beauty,
of love and beauty,
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Nazvan je prema rimskoj božici
ljubavi i ljepote
ljubavi i ljepote
01:22
because of its benign,
ethereal appearance in the sky.
ethereal appearance in the sky.
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zbog svoje dobroćudnog, eteričnog
izgleda na nebu.
izgleda na nebu.
01:26
But spacecraft measurements
revealed a different story.
revealed a different story.
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Ali mjerenja svemirske letjelice
otkrila su drugačiju priču.
otkrila su drugačiju priču.
01:30
The surface temperature is close
to 900 degrees Fahrenheit,
to 900 degrees Fahrenheit,
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Temperatura površine doseže blizu
900 °F,
900 °F,
01:34
500 Celsius.
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500 °C.
01:36
That's hot enough to melt lead.
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To je dovoljno vruće da rastopi olovo.
01:39
Its thick atmosphere, not its distance
from the sun, is the reason.
from the sun, is the reason.
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Razlog je njegova gusta atmosfera,
a ne udaljenost od Sunca.
a ne udaljenost od Sunca.
01:42
It causes a greenhouse effect on steroids,
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Uzrokuje efekt staklenika na steroidima,
01:46
trapping heat from the sun
and scorching the planet's surface.
and scorching the planet's surface.
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zarobljavajući toplinu sunca
i pržeći površinu planeta.
i pržeći površinu planeta.
01:50
The reality totally contradicted
initial perceptions of this planet.
initial perceptions of this planet.
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Realnost je totalno proturječila
prvim percepcijama ovoga planeta.
prvim percepcijama ovoga planeta.
01:55
From these lessons
from our own solar system,
from our own solar system,
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Iz ovih lekcija
našega vlastitog solarnog sistema,
našega vlastitog solarnog sistema,
01:58
we've learned that a planet's atmosphere
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naučili smo da je atmosfera planeta
02:00
is crucial to its climate
and potential to host life.
and potential to host life.
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presudna za klimu i potencijal
da podržava život.
da podržava život.
02:04
We don't know what the atmospheres
of these planets are like
of these planets are like
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Ne znamo kakve su atmosfere ovih planeta
02:07
because the planets are so small
and dim compared to their stars
and dim compared to their stars
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jer su planeti premali i slabo osvjetljeni
u usporedbi sa svojim zvjezdama
u usporedbi sa svojim zvjezdama
02:12
and so far away from us.
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i predaleko od nas.
02:14
For example, one of the closest planets
that could support surface water --
that could support surface water --
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Primjerice, jedan od najbližih planeta
koji bi mogao podržavati površinsku vodu
koji bi mogao podržavati površinsku vodu
02:18
it's called Gliese 667 Cc --
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zove se Gliese 667 Cc
02:22
such a glamorous name, right,
nice phone number for a name --
nice phone number for a name --
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tako glamurozno ime, zar ne,
dobar broj mobitela kao ime --
dobar broj mobitela kao ime --
02:26
it's 23 light years away.
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udaljen je 23 svjetlosne godine.
02:29
So that's more than 100 trillion miles.
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To je više od 100 trilijuna milja.
02:32
Trying to measure
the atmospheric composition
the atmospheric composition
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Teško je i pokušati
izmjeriti sadržaj atmosfere
izmjeriti sadržaj atmosfere
02:35
of an exoplanet passing
in front of its host star is hard.
in front of its host star is hard.
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egzoplaneta u prolasku
ispred svoje zvijezde.
ispred svoje zvijezde.
02:39
It's like trying to see a fruit fly
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To je kao pokušati vidjeti
voćnu mušicu
voćnu mušicu
02:41
passing in front of a car's headlight.
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u letu ispred farova automobila.
02:44
OK, now imagine that car
is 100 trillion miles away,
is 100 trillion miles away,
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U redu, sada zamislite da je
taj auto udaljen 100 trilijuna milja,
taj auto udaljen 100 trilijuna milja,
02:47
and you want to know
the precise color of that fly.
the precise color of that fly.
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a vi želite znati točnu boju te mušice.
02:52
So I use computer models
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Zato koristim računalne modele
02:54
to calculate the kind of atmosphere
a planet would need
a planet would need
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da bi izračunala vrstu atmosfere
potrebnu planetu
potrebnu planetu
02:57
to have a suitable climate
for water and life.
for water and life.
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kako bi imao odgovarajuću klimu
za vodu i život.
za vodu i život.
03:01
Here's an artist's concept
of the planet Kepler-62f,
of the planet Kepler-62f,
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Evo umjetničkog koncepta
planeta Kepler-62f,
planeta Kepler-62f,
03:05
with the Earth for reference.
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sa Zemljom kao referencom.
03:07
It's 1,200 light years away,
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Udaljen je 1.200 svjetlosnih godina
03:09
and just 40 percent larger than Earth.
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i samo 40% veći od Zemlje.
03:12
Our NSF-funded work found that it
could be warm enough for open water
could be warm enough for open water
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Naš rad, poduprt od NSF, otkrio je da bi
mogao biti dovoljno topao za otvorenu vodu
mogao biti dovoljno topao za otvorenu vodu
03:16
from many types of atmospheres
and orientations of its orbit.
and orientations of its orbit.
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iz mnogih tipova atmosfere i
orijentacija vlastite orbite.
orijentacija vlastite orbite.
03:20
So I'd like future telescopes
to follow up on this planet
to follow up on this planet
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Voljela bih da budući teleskopi
prate ovaj planet
prate ovaj planet
03:23
to look for signs of life.
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i traže znakove života.
03:26
Ice on a planet's surface
is also important for climate.
is also important for climate.
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Led na površini planeta je
također važan za klimu.
također važan za klimu.
03:29
Ice absorbs longer,
redder wavelengths of light,
redder wavelengths of light,
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Led upija duže,
crvenije valne dužine svjetla,
crvenije valne dužine svjetla,
03:33
and reflects shorter, bluer light.
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a reflektira kraće, plavije svjetlo.
03:35
That's why the iceberg
in this photo looks so blue.
in this photo looks so blue.
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Zato se santa leda na ovoj slici
čini tako plavom.
čini tako plavom.
03:39
The redder light from the sun
is absorbed on its way through the ice.
is absorbed on its way through the ice.
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Crveno svjetlo od Sunca
upija se na putu kroz led.
upija se na putu kroz led.
03:42
Only the blue light
makes it all the way to the bottom.
makes it all the way to the bottom.
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Samo plavo svjetlo dospije
skroz do dna.
skroz do dna.
03:45
Then it gets reflected
back to up to our eyes
back to up to our eyes
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Zatim se reflektira
natrag u naše oči
natrag u naše oči
03:48
and we see blue ice.
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i vidimo plavi led.
03:50
My models show that planets
orbiting cooler stars
orbiting cooler stars
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Moji modeli pokazuju da bi planeti
koji kruže oko hladnijih zvijezda
koji kruže oko hladnijih zvijezda
03:53
could actually be warmer
than planets orbiting hotter stars.
than planets orbiting hotter stars.
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mogli zapravo biti topliji od onih
koji kruže oko toplijih zvijezda.
koji kruže oko toplijih zvijezda.
03:56
There's another contradiction --
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Još je jedna proturječnost --
03:58
that ice absorbs the longer
wavelength light from cooler stars,
wavelength light from cooler stars,
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led upija svjetlost duže valne duljine
od hladnijih zvijezda,
od hladnijih zvijezda,
04:02
and that light, that energy,
heats the ice.
heats the ice.
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a ta svjetlost, ta energija,
zagrijava led.
zagrijava led.
04:06
Using climate models to explore
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Korištenje klimatskih modela
radi istraživanja
radi istraživanja
04:09
how these contradictions
can affect planetary climate
can affect planetary climate
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kako ove proturječnosti utječu na
klimu planeta
klimu planeta
04:12
is vital to the search for life elsewhere.
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je bitno za traženje života drugdje.
04:16
And it's no surprise
that this is my specialty.
that this is my specialty.
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I nije čudno što je ovo
moja specijalnost.
moja specijalnost.
04:19
I'm an African-American female astronomer
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Ja sam afroamerička žena astronom
04:22
and a classically trained actor
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i klasično obrazovana glumica
04:24
who loves to wear makeup
and read fashion magazines,
and read fashion magazines,
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koja voli nositi šminku
i čitati modne časopise,
i čitati modne časopise,
04:28
so I am uniquely positioned to appreciate
contradictions in nature --
contradictions in nature --
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tako da sam posebno pozicionirana da
cijenim kontradikcije u prirodi --
cijenim kontradikcije u prirodi --
04:33
(Laughter)
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(Smijeh)
04:34
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
04:38
... and how they can inform our search
for the next planet where life exists.
for the next planet where life exists.
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... i kako one mogu pomoći pri traženju
sljedećeg planeta gdje postoji život.
sljedećeg planeta gdje postoji život.
04:42
My organization, Rising Stargirls,
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Moja organizacija, Rising Stargirls,
04:45
teaches astronomy
to middle-school girls of color,
to middle-school girls of color,
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podušava astronomiju
tamnoputim srednjoškolkama
tamnoputim srednjoškolkama
04:48
using theater, writing and visual art.
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koristeći teatar, pisanje
i vizualnu umjetnost.
i vizualnu umjetnost.
04:52
That's another contradiction --
science and art don't often go together,
science and art don't often go together,
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To je druga proturječnost --
znanost i umjetnost često ne idu zajedno,
znanost i umjetnost često ne idu zajedno,
04:56
but interweaving them can help
these girls bring their whole selves
these girls bring their whole selves
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ali njihovo isprepletanje može pomoći
ovim djevojkama da se cijele unesu
ovim djevojkama da se cijele unesu
05:00
to what they learn,
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u ono što uče,
05:01
and maybe one day join
the ranks of astronomers
the ranks of astronomers
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pa se možda jednog dana pridruže
rangovima astronoma
rangovima astronoma
05:05
who are full of contradictions,
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koji su puni proturječnosti,
05:06
and use their backgrounds
to discover, once and for all,
to discover, once and for all,
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i iskoriste svoje pozadinsko znanje i
iskustvo kako bi napokon dokazale
iskustvo kako bi napokon dokazale
05:10
that we are truly not alone
in the universe.
in the universe.
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da uistinu nismo sami u svemiru.
05:14
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
05:15
(Applause)
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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Aomawa Shields - Astronomer, astrobiologist, actor, writerAomawa Shields studies the climate and habitability of planets outside of the Solar System.
Why you should listen
Dr. Aomawa Shields received her PhD in Astronomy and Astrobiology from the University of Washington in 2014. She also received an MFA in Acting from UCLA in 2001, and a Bachelor's degree in Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences from MIT in 1997. She is currently an NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellow, a UC President's Postdoctoral Program Fellow, and a 2015 TED Fellow at the University of California, Los Angeles, and the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics.
Dr. Shields is the founder of Rising Stargirls, an organization dedicated to encouraging girls of all colors and backgrounds to explore and discover the universe using theater, writing, and visual art. She uses her theater and writing background to communicate science to the public in engaging, innovative ways.
Aomawa Shields | Speaker | TED.com