Jennifer Kahn: Gene editing can now change an entire species -- forever
Dženifera Kāna: Gēnu rediģēšana nu uz visiem laikiem spēj mainīt veselas sugas
In articles that span the gene-editing abilities of CRISPR, the roots of psychopathic behavior in children, and much more, Jennifer Kahn weaves gripping stories from unlikely sources. Full bio
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by telling you a brief story.
named Anthony James
vārdā Entonijs Džeimss
of making mosquitos
radīt odus, kas nepārnēsātu malāriju.
and pretty much a complete failure.
bet viņam faktiski nekas neizdevās.
to be really hard
izrādījās ļoti grūti.
just a few years ago,
tikai pirms dažiem gadiem,
that make it impossible
kas malārijas parazīta izdzīvošanu
to survive inside the mosquito.
a malaria-resistant mosquito,
all the malaria-carrying mosquitos?
malāriju pārnēsājošos odus?
genetically-engineered mosquitos
ģenētiski pārveidoto odu,
of native mosquitos to work.
nekā vidē jau esošie.
with the villagers.
nebija diez ko lielā cieņā.
Anthony James got an email
Entonijs Džeimss saņēma e-pastu
and his grad student Valentino Gantz
maģistrantu Valentino Gancu
that could not only guarantee
kas ne tikai garantē,
would be inherited,
incredibly quickly.
it would basically solve the problem
tas būtībā atrisinātu problēmu,
bija risinājuši 20 gadus.
working on for 20 years.
to carry the anti-malaria gene
divus odus ar pretmalārijas gēnu
so that any mosquitos
ka tiem odiem,
but would instead have red eyes.
bet gan sarkanas acis.
which was which.
sarkanacainos pretmalārijas odus
anti-malarial, red-eyed mosquitos
with 30 ordinary white-eyed ones,
kopā ar 30 parastajiem baltacainajiem,
3,800 grandchildren.
tie bija radījuši 3800 mazbērnu.
with just two red-eyed mosquitos
sarkanacainiem odiem
vajadzētu būt baltacainiem.
shouting into the phone.
ka klausulē burtiski kliedza.
odu iegūšana pārkāpj likumu,
only red-eyed mosquitos
cornerstone of biology,
says when a male and a female mate,
ka, tēviņam un mātītei pārojoties,
of its DNA from each parent.
and our new mosquito is aB,
bija aa un jaunais ods ir aB,
in four permutations:
even be possible.
known as CRISPR in 2012.
CRISPR – parādīšanās 2012. gadā.
heard about CRISPR,
ir dzirdējuši par CRISPR,
ir rīks, kas pētniekiem ļauj
is a tool that allows researchers
rediģēt gēnus.
easily and quickly.
that already existed in bacteria.
baktērijās jau esošu mehānismu.
that acts like a scissors
kas darbojas kā šķēres
kas šķēres vada
that directs the scissors
kā gēnu Word redaktors.
a word processor for genes.
out, put one in,
letter within a gene.
originally had two problems?
dziņiem sākotnēji bija divas problēmas?
to engineer a mosquito
thanks to CRISPR.
nu būtībā ir atrisināts.
at Harvard named Kevin Esvelt
Hārvardas biologs Kevins Esvelts
CRISPR inserted not only your new gene
ne tikai jauno gēnu,
that does the cutting and pasting.
also copied and pasted itself.
grieztu un ielīmētu arī pats sevi?
motion machine for gene editing.
mūžīgo mehānismu.
that a trait will get passed on,
your new gene
of every single individual.
meklēšanas funkcija datorā
a heterozygous trait homozygous.
heterozigotiskas iezīmes homozigotiskās.
a very powerful,
didn't work very well
īpaši labi nedarbojās,
with an organism's genes,
ar kāda organisma gēniem,
less evolutionarily fit.
all the mutant fruit flies they want
jebkādus augļu mušiņu mutantus,
par to parūpēsies.
just takes care of them.
and frightening about gene drives
jaudīgākais un biedējošākais ir,
nepiemīt milzīga evolucionāra nepilnība,
a big evolutionary handicap,
will spread the change relentlessly
jauno izmaiņu nepielūdzami izplatīs,
in the population.
a gene drive that works that well,
gēnu dzini nav viegli,
the door to some remarkable things.
brīnumainām lietām.
to the entire population in a year.
izplatītos pa visu populāciju.
eliminate malaria.
burtiski likvidēt malāriju.
from being able to do that,
vajadzīgi vēl daži gadi,
ik dienu mirst 1000 bērnu.
a day die of malaria.
could be almost zero.
varētu kļūt par gandrīz nulli.
chikungunya, yellow fever.
Čikungunjas vīrusu, dzelteno drudzi.
of an invasive species,
no kādas ievazātas sugas,
Lielajos ezeros.
out of the Great Lakes.
only male offspring.
tikai vīrišķos pēcnācējus.
there'll be no females left, no more carp.
mātīšu un nebūs vairs karpu.
hundreds of native species
atjaunot simtiem vietējo sugu,
could change an entire species,
varētu izmainīt veselas sugas
in a bio-containment lab
bioizolētā laboratorijā
that's not native to the US
kas nav sastopamas ASV,
for them to mate with.
tiem nebūtu, ar ko pāroties.
Asian carp with the all-male gene drive
Āzijas karpas ar tikai vīrišķajiem gēniem
from the Great Lakes back to Asia,
nejauši nokļūtu atpakaļ Āzijā,
the native Asian carp population.
vietējo Āzijas karpu populāciju.
cik saistīta ir mūsu pasaule.
given how connected our world is.
an invasive species problem.
ievazāto sugu problēma.
and oceans all the time.
pāri robežām un okeāniem.
might not stay confined
nepalikt ierobežots sugās,
that neighboring species
a gene drive could cross over,
ka gēnu dzinis pāriet uz citu sugu,
inficēt kādu citu karpu.
some other kind of carp.
tādu iezīmi kā acu krāsu.
just promotes a trait, like eye color.
chance that we'll see
dažādas dīvainas augļu mušiņas.
in the near future.
to eliminate the species entirely.
pilnīgai iznīcināšanai.
is that the technology to do this,
ka šī tehnoloģija,
and include a gene drive,
un iekļaut tajā gēnu dzini,
in the world can do.
pasaules laboratorijai.
with some equipment can do it.
to varētu paveikt talantīgs vidusskolēns.
that this sounds terrifying.
zinātnieks, ar ko esmu runājusi, domā,
nearly every scientist I talk to
actually that frightening or dangerous.
tik šausmīgi vai bīstami.
that scientists will be
ļoti uzmanīgi un atbildīgi.
about using them.
some actual limitations.
ir arī savi ierobežojumi.
only in sexually reproducing species.
sugām ar dzimumvairošanos.
vīrusu vai baktēriju konstruēšanai.
to engineer viruses or bacteria.
only with each successive generation.
tikai katra nākamā paaudze.
has a fast reproductive cycle,
ar strauju reproduktīvo ciklu,
small vertebrates like mice or fish.
mugurkaulniekos kā pelēs vai zivīs.
it would take centuries
pietiekoši plaši.
widely enough to matter.
to engineer a truly devastating trait.
patiesi iznīcinošu iezīmi nav tik viegli.
instead of rotting fruit,
nevis puvušiem,
American agriculture.
what the fly wants to eat,
and complicated project.
un sarežģīts projekts.
to change the fly's behavior
lai mainītu mušiņas uzvedību
and more complicated project.
un vēl sarežģītāks projekts.
that control behavior are complex.
and have to choose
izpētes programmu,
basic research program
laboratorijā un galu galā var neizdoties,
lab work and still might not pan out,
because at least in theory,
tā saucamo atpakaļgaitas dzini.
to build what's called a reversal drive.
the change made by the first gene drive.
pirmā dziņa veiktās izmaiņas.
the effects of a change,
that will cancel it out,
kas to atcels,
to change entire species at will.
varam mainīt veselas sugas.
how to regulate gene drives.
some other very smart people
ļoti gudri cilvēki
or peter out after a few generations.
vai tādus, kas pēc dažām paaudzēm izzudīs.
a conversation.
arvien vēl jādiskutē.
but Tanzania doesn't?
bet Tanzānija to nevēlas?
a gene drive that can fly?
nozīmīgu gēnu dzini?
about the risks and benefits
to use a gene drive,
izmantot gēnu dzini,
that the safest option
ka drošākais lēmums
and those need to be discussed,
un par tiem ir jārunā,
and kills 1,000 people a day.
un nogalina 1000 cilvēkus dienā.
kas nodara lielu postu citām sugām,
that do grave damage to other species,
in the coming months,
dzirdēsiet par gēnu dziņiem,
be hearing about them,
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jennifer Kahn - Science journalistIn articles that span the gene-editing abilities of CRISPR, the roots of psychopathic behavior in children, and much more, Jennifer Kahn weaves gripping stories from unlikely sources.
Why you should listen
Jennifer Kahn likes to seek out complex stories, with the goal of illuminating their nuances. She teaches in the magazine program at the UC Berkeley Graduate School of Journalism, and is a contributing writer for the New York Times Magazine; she has written features and cover stories for The New Yorker, National Geographic, Outside, Wired and many more.
Her work has appeared in the Best American Science Writing anthology series four times, most recently for the New Yorker story “A Cloud of Smoke,” a story on the complicated death of a policeman after 9/11.
Jennifer Kahn | Speaker | TED.com