TED2007
David Gallo: Underwater astonishments
David Gallo odhaľuje divy podmorského sveta
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David Gallo ukazuje fascinujúce zábery úžasných morských tvorov, ako napríklad sépiu, ktorá mení farbu, dokonale zamaskovanú chobotnicu a ryby žijúce v najtmavších hĺbkach oceánu, ktorých neonové svetielkovanie pripomína Times Square.
David Gallo - Oceanographer
A pioneer in ocean exploration, David Gallo is an enthusiastic ambassador between the sea and those of us on dry land. Full bio
A pioneer in ocean exploration, David Gallo is an enthusiastic ambassador between the sea and those of us on dry land. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
We're going to go on a dive to the deep sea,
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Ponoríme sa hlboko pod hladinu mora.
00:21
and anyone that's had that lovely opportunity knows
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Každý, kto mal túto jedinečnú príležitosť vie,
00:25
that for about two and half hours on the way down,
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že po zhruba dva a pol hodine klesania
00:27
it's a perfectly positively pitch-black world.
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nastane absolútne tmavý svet.
00:31
And we used to see the most mysterious animals out the window
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Z okna vidíme zvieratá také záhadné,
00:33
that you couldn't describe: these blinking lights --
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že ich ani nevieme opísať. Blikajúce svetlá,
00:35
a world of bioluminescence, like fireflies.
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svet bioluminiscencie, ako svetlušky.
00:37
Dr. Edith Widder -- she's now at the Ocean Research and Conservation Association --
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Doktorke Edith Witterovej, ktorá v súčasnosti pracuje v Spoločnosti na výskum a ochranu (Research Conservation Association),
00:41
was able to come up with a camera
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sa podarilo vyvinúť kameru,
00:43
that could capture some of these incredible animals,
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ktorá dokáže zachytiť niektoré z týchto neuveriteľných tvorov.
00:46
and that's what you're seeing here on the screen.
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A tu ich vidíte na obrazovke.
00:49
That's all bioluminescence. So, like I said: just like fireflies.
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Všetko je to bioluminiscencia. Ako som povedal, ako svetlušky.
00:51
There's a flying turkey under a tree. (Laughter)
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To je lietajúci moriak, pod stromom. (Smiech)
00:54
I'm a geologist by training. But I love that.
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Viem. Som geológ z povolania. Ale páči sa mi to.
01:01
And you see, some of the bioluminescence
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Niektoré zvieratá používajú bioluminiscenciu,
01:03
they use to avoid being eaten,
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aby sa nestali korisťou.
01:04
some they use to attract prey,
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Ďalšie na to, aby korisť prilákali.
01:06
but all of it, from an artistic point of view, is positively amazing.
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Ale každý druh je z umeleckého hľadiska úplne úžasný.
01:10
And a lot of what goes on inside ...
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A veľa z toho, čo sa odohráva vo vnútri...
01:12
there's a fish with glowing eyes, pulsating eyes.
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Tu je ryba so žiariacimi očami, pulzujúcimi očami.
01:14
Some of the colors are designed to hypnotize,
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Niektoré farby slúžia na hypnotizáciu.
01:17
these lovely patterns. And then this last one,
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Prekrásne vzory. A posledný,
01:21
one of my favorites, this pinwheel design.
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môj najobľúbenejší, veterník.
01:24
Just absolutely amazing, every single dive.
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Každý ponor je absolútne úžasný.
01:27
That's the unknown world, and today we've only explored about 3 percent
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Je to neznámy svet. Dodnes sme preskúmali len 3 percentá z toho,
01:30
of what's out there in the ocean.
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čo je v oceánoch.
01:32
Already we've found the world's highest mountains,
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Už teraz sme našli najvyššie hory na svete,
01:34
the world's deepest valleys,
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najhlbšie údolia,
01:37
underwater lakes, underwater waterfalls --
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podvodné jazerá a vodopády,
01:39
a lot of that we shared with you from the stage.
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o veľa z toho sme sa s vami podelili z pódia.
01:41
And in a place where we thought no life at all,
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Na mieste, o ktorom sme si mysleli, že neskrýva žiaden život,
01:44
we find more life, we think, and diversity and density
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nachádzame viac života, viac rozmanitosti a koncentrovanosti
01:46
than the tropical rainforest, which tells us that
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než v tropickom pralese. To nám hovorí,
01:48
we don't know much about this planet at all.
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že o tejto planéte v podstate nič nevieme.
01:50
There's still 97 percent, and either that 97 percent is empty or just full of surprises.
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Stále nám ostáva 97 percent, a môžu byť buď prázdne, alebo plné prekvapení.
01:55
But I want to jump up to shallow water now
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Ale teraz by som sa chcel vynoriť do plytkých vôd
01:57
and look at some creatures that are positively amazing.
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a pozrieť sa na niektoré stvorenia, ktoré sú absolútne fascinujúce.
02:00
Cephalopods -- head-foots. As a kid I knew them as calamari, mostly. (Laughter)
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Cephalopody – hlavonožce. Ako dieťa som poznal väčšinou kalamáre.
02:05
This is an octopus --
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Toto je chobotnica.
02:07
this is the work of Dr. Roger Hanlon at the Marine Biological Lab --
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Toto je práca doktora Rogera Hanlona z Laboratória morskej biológie (Marine Biology Lab).
02:09
and it's just fascinating how cephalopods can,
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Je fascinujúce ako hlavonožce
02:13
with their incredible eyes, sense their surroundings,
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očami, svojimi neuveriteľnými očami, vnímajú svoje okolie,
02:15
look at light, look at patterns.
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Ako vidia svetlo, ako vidia vzory.
02:17
Here's an octopus moving across the reef,
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Toto je chobotnica pohybujúca sa po útese.
02:20
finds a spot to settle down, curls up and then disappears into the background.
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Nájde si miesto, usadí sa, zvinie sa a splynie s pozadím.
02:25
Tough thing to do.
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Nie je to ľahké.
02:27
In the next bit, we're going to see a couple squid.
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Ďalej vidíme párik kalamárov.
02:29
These are squid. Now males, when they fight,
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Toto je kalamár. Keď samce bojujú,
02:31
if they're really aggressive, they turn white.
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ak sú veľmi agresívne, sfarbia sa na bielo.
02:32
And these two males are fighting,
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Tieto dva samce bojujú.
02:34
they do it by bouncing their butts together,
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Robia to tak, že do seba narážajú zadočkami,
02:36
which is an interesting concept. Now, here's a male on the left
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čo je zaujímavá predstava. Tu máme samca naľavo a
02:39
and a female on the right,
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samičku napravo.
02:41
and the male has managed to split his coloration
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Samec dokáže rozpoltiť svoje zafarbenie,
02:44
so the female only always sees the kinder gentler squid in him.
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takže samička vždy vidí len jeho priateľskejšiu, nežnejšiu polovicu.
02:46
And the male ... (Laughter) We're going to see it again.
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Samec,... (Smiech) Uvidíme to ešte raz.
02:51
Let's take a look at it again. Watch the coloration:
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Pozrime si to znovu. Sledujte zafarbenie.
02:54
white on the right, brown on the left.
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Biela napravo, hnedá naľavo.
02:57
He takes a step back -- so he's keeping off the other males
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Urobí krok vzad, takže odstrašuje iné samce jednou polovicou
03:01
by splitting his body -- and comes up on the other side ...
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svojho tela a na druhej strane...
03:04
Bingo! Now I'm told that's
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Bingo! Bolo mi povedané, že toto
03:06
not just a squid phenomenon with males, but I don't know.
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nie je len záležitosť samcov u kalamára, ale neviem.
03:08
(Laughter)
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Potlesk.
03:11
Cuttlefish. I love cuttlefish. This is a Giant Australian Cuttlefish.
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Sépie. Milujem sépie. Toto je obria austrálska sépia.
03:14
And there he is, his droopy little eyes up here.
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A toto je on. Tu hore sú jeho ospalé oči.
03:17
But they can do pretty amazing things, too.
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Vedia však robiť úžasné veci.
03:20
Here we're going to see one backing into a crevice, and
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Tu vidíme jedného ako zacúva do štrbiny, a...
03:24
watch his tentacles --
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sledujte jeho chápadlá.
03:26
he just pulls them in, makes them look just like algae.
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Len ich zatiahne dnu. Vyzerá ako riasy.
03:29
Disappears right into the background.
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Splynie s prostredím.
03:32
Positively amazing. Here's two males fighting.
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Úžasné. Tu sa bijú dva samce.
03:34
Once again, they're smart enough, these cephalopods;
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A znova, tieto hlavonožce sú natoľko inteligentné,
03:37
they know not to hurt each other.
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aby sa zbytočne navzájom nezranili.
03:39
But look at the patterns that they can do with their skin.
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Ale pozrite sa na obrazce, ktoré vedia vytvárať na koži.
03:42
That's an amazing thing.
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Úžasná vec.
03:44
Here's an octopus. Sometimes they don't want to be seen when they move
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Tu máme chobotnicu. Niekedy nechcú, aby ich bolo vidno keď sa hýbu,
03:47
because predators can see them.
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pretože predátori by ich spozorovali.
03:49
Here, this guy actually can make himself look like a rock,
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Tento chlapík sa vie zamaskovať, aby vyzeral ako skala
03:51
and, looking at his environment,
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a vďaka sledovaniu okolia
03:54
can actually slide across the bottom,
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sa vie pohybovať po dne.
03:56
using the waves and the shadows so he can't be seen.
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Používa vlny a tiene tak, aby ho nebolo vidno.
03:59
His motion blends right into the background --
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Zapadne. Jeho pohyb splynie s prostredím.
04:04
the moving rock trick. So, we're learning lots new from the shallow water.
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Pohybujúca sa skala. Takže v plytkých vodách sa vieme naučiť veľa nového.
04:09
Still exploring the deep,
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Stále skúmame aj hlboké vody,
04:11
but learning lots from the shallow water.
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ale učíme sa veľa nového z plytkých vôd.
04:12
There's a good reason why: the shallow water's
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Je na to dobrý dôvod. Plytké vody sú
04:14
full of predators -- here's a barracuda --
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plné predátorov. Tu máme barakudu.
04:16
and if you're an octopus or a cephalopod,
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A ak ste chobotnica alebo hlavonožec,
04:18
you need to really understand how to use your surroundings to hide.
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musíte vedieť, ako využiť prostredie na úkryt.
04:21
In the next scene, you're going to see a nice coral bottom.
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V ďalšom zábere uvidíte pekné koralové dno.
04:23
And you see that an octopus would stand out
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Vidíte, že chobotnica by tu bola
04:25
very easily there if you couldn't use your camouflage,
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nápadná, keby sa nevedela kamuflovať,
04:28
use your skin to change color and texture.
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zmeniť farbu a textúru kože.
04:30
Here's some algae in the foreground ...
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V popredí máme nejaké riasy.
04:34
and an octopus. Ain't that amazing? Now, Roger spooked him
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A chobotnicu. Nie je to skvelé? Roger ho vystrašil,
04:41
so he took off in a cloud of ink, and when he
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takže zmizol v oblaku atramentu. Keď
04:44
lands the octopus says, "Oh, I've been seen.
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pristane, povie si: "Oh, zbadali ma."
04:47
The best thing to do is to get as big as I can get."
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"Najlepšie urobím, keď budem taký veľký ako sa len dá."
04:49
That big brown makes his eyespot very big.
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Vďaka tej hnedej oblasti vyzerá jeho oko veľmi veľké.
04:52
So, he's bluffing. Let's do it backwards --
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Blufuje. Pustíme si to spätne.
04:54
I thought he was joking when he first showed it to me.
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Myslel som, že žartuje, keď mi to ukázal.
04:56
I thought it was all graphics -- so here it is in reverse.
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Myslel som, že ide o efekty. Takže tu to máme spätne.
04:58
Watch the skin color; watch the skin texture.
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Sledujte farbu kože a jej textúru.
05:01
Just an amazing animal, it can change color and texture
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Úžasné zviera. Dokáže zmeniť farbu a textúru,
05:04
to match the surroundings. Watch him blend right into this algae.
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aby splynulo s prostredím. Sledujte ako splynie s tými riasami.
05:08
One, two, three. (Applause)
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Raz. Dva. Tri.
05:13
And now he's gone, and so am I. Thank you very much.
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A už je fuč a ja idem tiež. Ďakujem veľmi pekne.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Gallo - OceanographerA pioneer in ocean exploration, David Gallo is an enthusiastic ambassador between the sea and those of us on dry land.
Why you should listen
David Gallo works to push the bounds of oceanic discovery. Active in undersea exploration (sometimes in partnership with legendary Titanic-hunter Robert Ballard), he was one of the first oceanographers to use a combination of manned submersibles and robots to map the ocean world with unprecedented clarity and detail. He was a co-expedition leader during an exploration of the RMS Titanic and the German battleship Bismarck, using Russian Mir subs.
On behalf of the Woods Hole labs, he appears around the country speaking on ocean and water issues. Most recently he co-led an expedition to create the first detailed and comprehensive map of the RMS Titanic and he co-led the successful international effort to locate the wreck site of Air France flight 447. He is involved in planning an international Antarctic expedition to locate and document the wreckage of Ernest Shackleton’s ship, HMS Endurance.
David Gallo | Speaker | TED.com