TED2007
David Gallo: Underwater astonishments
David Gallo 揭露海底驚奇
Filmed:
Readability: 3.6
15,797,194 views
David Gallo 公開關於海洋生物驚人的、讓人目瞪口呆的電影片段。包括了會變色的魷魚、章魚的完美偽裝術以及居住在漆黑深海中能像時代廣場的霓虹燈一般閃爍的魚。
David Gallo - Oceanographer
A pioneer in ocean exploration, David Gallo is an enthusiastic ambassador between the sea and those of us on dry land. Full bio
A pioneer in ocean exploration, David Gallo is an enthusiastic ambassador between the sea and those of us on dry land. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:18
We're going to go on a dive to the deep sea,
0
0
3000
我們將要潛入深海中。
00:21
and anyone that's had that lovely opportunity knows
1
3000
4000
而任何曾有如此美妙經驗的人都知道
00:25
that for about two and half hours on the way down,
2
7000
2000
在我們潛入海底的兩個半小時旅程中，
00:27
it's a perfectly positively pitch-black world.
3
9000
4000
外面是一片漆黑的世界。
00:31
And we used to see the most mysterious animals out the window
4
13000
2000
然後我們將會在窗外看到最神秘的
00:33
that you couldn't describe: these blinking lights --
5
15000
2000
你無法用言語描述的生物。這些閃爍的光線：
00:35
a world of bioluminescence, like fireflies.
6
17000
2000
一個生物螢光的世界，如同螢火蟲一般。
00:37
Dr. Edith Widder -- she's now at the Ocean Research and Conservation Association --
7
19000
4000
Edith Witter 博士 — 她目前在海洋研究保育機構工作 —
00:41
was able to come up with a camera
8
23000
2000
她研制了一部攝影機
00:43
that could capture some of these incredible animals,
9
25000
3000
才能捕捉這些不可思議的生物的其中一些鏡頭，
00:46
and that's what you're seeing here on the screen.
10
28000
3000
就是你們目前正在螢幕上面觀賞的這段影片。
00:49
That's all bioluminescence. So, like I said: just like fireflies.
11
31000
2000
這些都是生物螢光。因此，像我說過的：就如同螢火蟲一般。
00:51
There's a flying turkey under a tree. (Laughter)
12
33000
3000
這些是在樹下飛翔的火雞。（笑聲）
00:54
I'm a geologist by training. But I love that.
13
36000
5000
我知道。我唸得是地理。但是我愛死這些生物了。
01:01
And you see, some of the bioluminescence
14
43000
2000
你可以看到某些這種生物螢光
01:03
they use to avoid being eaten,
15
45000
1000
被用來防止被獵食，
01:04
some they use to attract prey,
16
46000
2000
相對的，某些則用來吸引獵物。
01:06
but all of it, from an artistic point of view, is positively amazing.
17
48000
4000
但是他們全部，以藝術的眼光來說，沒有比「神奇」更好的形容詞了。
01:10
And a lot of what goes on inside ...
18
52000
2000
這些生物體內也發生一連串的反應 —
01:12
there's a fish with glowing eyes, pulsating eyes.
19
54000
2000
這是眼睛會發光閃爍的魚，
01:14
Some of the colors are designed to hypnotize,
20
56000
3000
某些顏色被用來催眠。
01:17
these lovely patterns. And then this last one,
21
59000
4000
這些可愛的圖紋。還有這最後一個：
01:21
one of my favorites, this pinwheel design.
22
63000
3000
我最喜愛的風火輪設計。
01:24
Just absolutely amazing, every single dive.
23
66000
3000
每一次的下潛經驗都是一次驚奇。
01:27
That's the unknown world, and today we've only explored about 3 percent
24
69000
3000
這是未知的世界。直到今天我們只探索了
01:30
of what's out there in the ocean.
25
72000
2000
整個大海的 3% 而已。
01:32
Already we've found the world's highest mountains,
26
74000
2000
但我們已經發現了世界最高的山脈，
01:34
the world's deepest valleys,
27
76000
3000
最深的峽谷，
01:37
underwater lakes, underwater waterfalls --
28
79000
2000
水下的湖，水下的瀑布 —
01:39
a lot of that we shared with you from the stage.
29
81000
2000
今天於台上我們將與您分享。
01:41
And in a place where we thought no life at all,
30
83000
3000
在我們曾經以為沒有生命的地方，
01:44
we find more life, we think, and diversity and density
31
86000
2000
我們發現了生命的驚人密度及多樣性，
01:46
than the tropical rainforest, which tells us that
32
88000
2000
甚至超越了熱帶雨林。這告訴我們
01:48
we don't know much about this planet at all.
33
90000
2000
我們根本還不了解這個星球。
01:50
There's still 97 percent, and either that 97 percent is empty or just full of surprises.
34
92000
5000
還有 97% ，不論你認為是 97% 的空虛還是 97% 的驚奇。
01:55
But I want to jump up to shallow water now
35
97000
2000
但是我現在想要帶你們到淺水域來，
01:57
and look at some creatures that are positively amazing.
36
99000
3000
來看看這些驚奇的生物。
02:00
Cephalopods -- head-foots. As a kid I knew them as calamari, mostly. (Laughter)
37
102000
5000
頭足綱（類）動物。我年幼時主要是從 calamari 這道菜開始認識牠們。
02:05
This is an octopus --
38
107000
2000
這是章魚。
02:07
this is the work of Dr. Roger Hanlon at the Marine Biological Lab --
39
109000
2000
這是 Roger Hanlon 博士於海洋生物實驗室的研究成果。
02:09
and it's just fascinating how cephalopods can,
40
111000
4000
知道頭足綱動物們如何藉由牠們不可思議的眼睛
02:13
with their incredible eyes, sense their surroundings,
41
115000
2000
來察覺牠們周遭的環境是令人著迷的事情，
02:15
look at light, look at patterns.
42
117000
2000
牠們能察覺光線跟圖案。
02:17
Here's an octopus moving across the reef,
43
119000
3000
這是一隻章魚橫越珊瑚礁。
02:20
finds a spot to settle down, curls up and then disappears into the background.
44
122000
5000
找到一個棲身之處，捲曲並消失在背景中。
02:25
Tough thing to do.
45
127000
2000
非常困難的一件事。
02:27
In the next bit, we're going to see a couple squid.
46
129000
2000
接下來，我們將要看到一對烏賊。
02:29
These are squid. Now males, when they fight,
47
131000
2000
這是一隻烏賊。現在是兩隻在打架的雄烏賊，
02:31
if they're really aggressive, they turn white.
48
133000
1000
如果他們懷有強烈的敵意，他們會變成白色的。
02:32
And these two males are fighting,
49
134000
2000
這兩隻雄性烏賊正在打架。
02:34
they do it by bouncing their butts together,
50
136000
2000
他們打架時會互撞屁股，
02:36
which is an interesting concept. Now, here's a male on the left
51
138000
3000
這是一個有趣的概念。現在左邊有一隻雄烏賊
02:39
and a female on the right,
52
141000
2000
右邊有一隻雌烏賊。
02:41
and the male has managed to split his coloration
53
143000
3000
現在，這隻雄烏賊將他的體色一分為二，
02:44
so the female only always sees the kinder gentler squid in him.
54
146000
2000
所以雌烏賊永遠只會見到雄烏賊紳士有禮的一面。
02:46
And the male ... (Laughter) We're going to see it again.
55
148000
5000
但是雄烏賊就 —（笑聲）我們再看一次。
02:51
Let's take a look at it again. Watch the coloration:
56
153000
3000
讓我們再看一次。注意他的體色：
02:54
white on the right, brown on the left.
57
156000
3000
右邊是白的，左邊是棕的。
02:57
He takes a step back -- so he's keeping off the other males
58
159000
4000
他往後退了一步，這樣他可以藉由將身體切為兩半
03:01
by splitting his body -- and comes up on the other side ...
59
163000
3000
並顯現另外一半來隔離其他雄性烏賊 ...
03:04
Bingo! Now I'm told that's
60
166000
2000
就是這樣！我被告知
03:06
not just a squid phenomenon with males, but I don't know.
61
168000
2000
這種雄性行為並不只是烏賊獨有的，但我不知道。
03:08
(Laughter)
62
170000
2000
（掌聲）
03:11
Cuttlefish. I love cuttlefish. This is a Giant Australian Cuttlefish.
63
173000
3000
魷魚。我喜愛魷魚。這是一隻巨型澳洲魷魚。
03:14
And there he is, his droopy little eyes up here.
64
176000
3000
他在那邊。他下垂的小眼睛在上面那裡。
03:17
But they can do pretty amazing things, too.
65
179000
3000
他們可以做非常讓人驚奇的事情。
03:20
Here we're going to see one backing into a crevice, and
66
182000
4000
這邊我們看到一隻倒退著進入一道縫隙，然後 —
03:24
watch his tentacles --
67
186000
2000
仔細看他的觸角。
03:26
he just pulls them in, makes them look just like algae.
68
188000
3000
他就這麼將它們拉進去。讓他看起來如同海藻一般。
03:29
Disappears right into the background.
69
191000
3000
瞬間融入背景中消失蹤影。
03:32
Positively amazing. Here's two males fighting.
70
194000
2000
就是這麼令人驚奇。這邊有兩隻雄性在打架。
03:34
Once again, they're smart enough, these cephalopods;
71
196000
3000
再一次的，這些頭足動物們，牠們夠聰明 —
03:37
they know not to hurt each other.
72
199000
2000
牠們知道不能彼此傷害對方。
03:39
But look at the patterns that they can do with their skin.
73
201000
3000
但是看看牠們皮膚所能顯現出來的圖案，就像這樣！
03:42
That's an amazing thing.
74
204000
2000
除了神奇還是神奇。
03:44
Here's an octopus. Sometimes they don't want to be seen when they move
75
206000
3000
這邊是一隻章魚。有時候當牠們移動的時候不喜歡被看見，
03:47
because predators can see them.
76
209000
2000
因為獵食者也許會看到牠們。
03:49
Here, this guy actually can make himself look like a rock,
77
211000
2000
這邊，這傢伙讓自己看起來跟岩石一模一樣，
03:51
and, looking at his environment,
78
213000
3000
同時，觀察周遭環境，
03:54
can actually slide across the bottom,
79
216000
2000
在海底緩慢的滑行，
03:56
using the waves and the shadows so he can't be seen.
80
218000
3000
利用波浪造成的陰影移動，這樣比較不容易被看到。
03:59
His motion blends right into the background --
81
221000
5000
他融合得如此之好；動作與背景融合。
04:04
the moving rock trick. So, we're learning lots new from the shallow water.
82
226000
5000
這是模仿岩石移動的技巧。因此我們從淺海域學到了不少新知。
04:09
Still exploring the deep,
83
231000
2000
在持續探索深海的同時，
04:11
but learning lots from the shallow water.
84
233000
1000
學習關於淺海域的新知。
04:12
There's a good reason why: the shallow water's
85
234000
2000
牠們之所以發展出這些能力是有原因的：
04:14
full of predators -- here's a barracuda --
86
236000
2000
淺海域到處充滿著獵食者。這是一隻梭魚。
04:16
and if you're an octopus or a cephalopod,
87
238000
2000
如果你是章魚或是頭足動物
04:18
you need to really understand how to use your surroundings to hide.
88
240000
3000
你必需是利用周遭環境隱藏的大師。
04:21
In the next scene, you're going to see a nice coral bottom.
89
243000
2000
在下一幕中你將會看見一個珊瑚礁的底部。
04:23
And you see that an octopus would stand out
90
245000
2000
你會發現章魚在這種環境會顯得非常突出
04:25
very easily there if you couldn't use your camouflage,
91
247000
3000
如果你不能善用你的偽裝，你將會非常容易被發現，
04:28
use your skin to change color and texture.
92
250000
2000
使用你的皮膚來改變顏色和材質。
04:30
Here's some algae in the foreground ...
93
252000
4000
這一幕的前景有一些海藻。
04:34
and an octopus. Ain't that amazing? Now, Roger spooked him
94
256000
7000
還有一隻章魚。這不神奇嗎？現在，Roger 嚇到牠了，
04:41
so he took off in a cloud of ink, and when he
95
263000
3000
所以牠一溜煙的跑走了。當牠
04:44
lands the octopus says, "Oh, I've been seen.
96
266000
3000
停下來以後，這隻章魚會說：「老天，我被看見了。
04:47
The best thing to do is to get as big as I can get."
97
269000
2000
所以我必須盡力讓自己看起來愈大愈好。」
04:49
That big brown makes his eyespot very big.
98
271000
3000
這隻大棕色的傢伙讓牠的眼睛看起來非常的大。
04:52
So, he's bluffing. Let's do it backwards --
99
274000
2000
他在虛張聲勢。現在讓我們倒帶來看。
04:54
I thought he was joking when he first showed it to me.
100
276000
2000
當他指出那隻章魚給我看的時候，我以為他在開玩笑。
04:56
I thought it was all graphics -- so here it is in reverse.
101
278000
2000
我以為那都是特效。所以我們現在倒帶。
04:58
Watch the skin color; watch the skin texture.
102
280000
3000
仔細看牠皮膚的顏色跟材質。
05:01
Just an amazing animal, it can change color and texture
103
283000
3000
神乎其技的動物，可以同時改變顏色與材質
05:04
to match the surroundings. Watch him blend right into this algae.
104
286000
4000
使牠看起來與周遭環境一模一樣。看著牠與海藻融合在一起。
05:08
One, two, three. (Applause)
105
290000
2000
一、二、三。
05:13
And now he's gone, and so am I. Thank you very much.
106
295000
4000
現在牠不見了，我也要離開了。非常感謝大家。
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
David Gallo - OceanographerA pioneer in ocean exploration, David Gallo is an enthusiastic ambassador between the sea and those of us on dry land.
Why you should listen
David Gallo works to push the bounds of oceanic discovery. Active in undersea exploration (sometimes in partnership with legendary Titanic-hunter Robert Ballard), he was one of the first oceanographers to use a combination of manned submersibles and robots to map the ocean world with unprecedented clarity and detail. He was a co-expedition leader during an exploration of the RMS Titanic and the German battleship Bismarck, using Russian Mir subs.
On behalf of the Woods Hole labs, he appears around the country speaking on ocean and water issues. Most recently he co-led an expedition to create the first detailed and comprehensive map of the RMS Titanic and he co-led the successful international effort to locate the wreck site of Air France flight 447. He is involved in planning an international Antarctic expedition to locate and document the wreckage of Ernest Shackleton’s ship, HMS Endurance.
David Gallo | Speaker | TED.com