TED2015
Anand Varma: The first 21 days of a bee's life
Anand Varma: Uzbudljiv pogled na prvi 21 dan života pčele
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Čuli smo da pčele nestaju. Ali šta kolonije pčela čini tako ranjivim? Fotograf Anand Varma uzgajao je pčele u svom dvorištu, ispred fotoaparata, kako bi dobio pogled iz bliza. Ovaj projekat Nacionalne geografije pruža lirski pogled u košnicu i otkriva jednu od najvećih pretnji po nju, parazita koji napada mlade pčele u prvi 21 dan njihovog života. Uz svoje neverovatne snimke i muziku orkestra Magik*Magik, Varma pokazuje problem, i šta se radi da bi se on rešio. (Ovaj govor bio je deo sesije na TED2015 koju je priredio magazin Pop-Up: popupmagazine.com ili @popupmag na Tviteru).
Anand Varma - Photographer
Anand Varma's photos tell the story behind the science on everything from primate behavior and hummingbird biomechanics to amphibian disease and forest ecology. Full bio
Anand Varma's photos tell the story behind the science on everything from primate behavior and hummingbird biomechanics to amphibian disease and forest ecology. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:13
(Music)
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(Muzika)
00:26
These bees are in my backyard
in Berkeley, California.
in Berkeley, California.
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Ove pčele su u mom dvorištu
u Berkliju u Kaliforniji.
u Berkliju u Kaliforniji.
00:30
Until last year,
I'd never kept bees before,
I'd never kept bees before,
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Do prošle godine,
nikada nisam držao pčele,
nikada nisam držao pčele,
00:33
but National Geographic asked me
to photograph a story about them,
to photograph a story about them,
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ali Nacionalna geografija me je zamolila
da fotografišem prilog o njima
da fotografišem prilog o njima
00:37
and I decided, to be able
to take compelling images,
to take compelling images,
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i odlučio sam, kako bih napravio
uverljive slike,
uverljive slike,
00:39
I should start keeping bees myself.
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da treba i sam da držim pčele.
00:42
And as you may know,
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Kao što možda znate,
00:43
bees pollinate one third
of our food crops,
of our food crops,
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pčele oprašuju jednu trećinu naših useva
00:46
and lately they've been having
a really hard time.
a really hard time.
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i u poslednje vreme im je prilično teško.
00:49
So as a photographer, I wanted to explore
what this problem really looks like.
what this problem really looks like.
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Kao fotograf, želeo sam da istražim
kako ovaj problem zapravo izgleda.
kako ovaj problem zapravo izgleda.
00:54
So I'm going to show you
what I found over the last year.
what I found over the last year.
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Pokazaću vam šta sam otkrio
tokom prošle godine.
tokom prošle godine.
00:58
This furry little creature
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Ovo čupavo malo stvorenje
00:59
is a fresh young bee halfway emerged
from its brood cell,
from its brood cell,
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je mlada pčelica koja je izmilela
napola iz svog legla
napola iz svog legla
01:04
and bees right now are dealing
with several different problems,
with several different problems,
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a pčele trenutno imaju posla
sa nekoliko različitih problema,
sa nekoliko različitih problema,
01:07
including pesticides, diseases,
and habitat loss,
and habitat loss,
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uključujući pesticide, zaraze
i gubitak staništa,
i gubitak staništa,
01:11
but the single greatest threat
is a parasitic mite from Asia,
is a parasitic mite from Asia,
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ali najveća pretnja im je
parazitska grinja iz Azije,
parazitska grinja iz Azije,
01:16
Varroa destructor.
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Varroa destructor.
01:18
And this pinhead-sized mite
crawls onto young bees
crawls onto young bees
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A ova grinja veličine čiode
se prikrade mladim pčelama
se prikrade mladim pčelama
01:21
and sucks their blood.
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i isisava njihovu krv.
01:23
This eventually destroys a hive
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Ovo na kraju uništava košnicu
01:25
because it weakens
the immune system of the bees,
the immune system of the bees,
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jer slabi imuni sistem pčela
01:28
and it makes them more vulnerable
to stress and disease.
to stress and disease.
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i čini ih još podložnijim
stresu i bolestima.
stresu i bolestima.
01:33
Now, bees are the most sensitive
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Pčele su najosetljivije
01:35
when they're developing
inside their brood cells,
inside their brood cells,
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kada se razvijaju
unutar svojih ćelija legla
unutar svojih ćelija legla
01:38
and I wanted to know
what that process really looks like,
what that process really looks like,
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i želeo sam da znam
kako taj proces zaista izgleda
kako taj proces zaista izgleda
01:41
so I teamed up
with a bee lab at U.C. Davis
with a bee lab at U.C. Davis
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pa sam zajedno sa laboratorijom
za pčelarstvo na Univerzitetu Dejvis,
za pčelarstvo na Univerzitetu Dejvis,
01:44
and figured out how to raise bees
in front of a camera.
in front of a camera.
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otkrio kako da uzgajam pčele
ispred fotoaparata.
ispred fotoaparata.
01:47
I'm going to show you
the first 21 days of a bee's life
the first 21 days of a bee's life
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Pokazaću vam prvi 21 dan u životu pčele
01:50
condensed into 60 seconds.
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sabijen u 60 sekundi.
01:55
This is a bee egg
as it hatches into a larva,
as it hatches into a larva,
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Ovo je jaje pčele koje se leže u larvu
02:00
and those newly hatched larvae
swim around their cells
swim around their cells
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i sveže izležene larve plivaju
u svojim ćelijama,
u svojim ćelijama,
02:05
feeding on this white goo
that nurse bees secrete for them.
that nurse bees secrete for them.
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hraneći se belom tečnošću
koju za njih luče pčele dadilje.
koju za njih luče pčele dadilje.
02:11
Then, their head and their legs
slowly differentiate
slowly differentiate
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Onda polako počinju da se razlikuju
njihove glave i tela
njihove glave i tela
02:16
as they transform into pupae.
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dok se transformišu u pupe.
02:21
Here's that same pupation process,
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Evo istog tog procesa pupljenja
02:23
and you can actually see the mites
running around in the cells.
running around in the cells.
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i zapravo možete da vidite
kako grinje trčkaraju po ćelijama.
kako grinje trčkaraju po ćelijama.
02:27
Then the tissue in their body reorganizes
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Onda se reorganizuje tkivo
u njihovim telima
u njihovim telima
02:31
and the pigment slowly
develops in their eyes.
develops in their eyes.
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i polako se razvija pigment
u njihovim očima.
u njihovim očima.
02:38
The last step of the process
is their skin shrivels up
is their skin shrivels up
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Poslednji korak procesa je taj
da se njihova koža smežura
da se njihova koža smežura
02:44
and they sprout hair.
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i narastu im dlake.
02:47
(Music)
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(Muzika)
03:00
So -- (Applause)
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Dakle - (Aplauz)
03:06
As you can see halfway
through that video,
through that video,
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Kako možete videti na polovini tog snimka,
03:09
the mites were running around
on the baby bees,
on the baby bees,
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grinje su trčale oko malih pčela,
03:12
and the way that beekeepers
typically manage these mites
typically manage these mites
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a pčelari obično rešavaju problem
sa ovim grinjama
sa ovim grinjama
03:16
is they treat their hives with chemicals.
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tako što košnice prskaju hemikalijama.
03:19
In the long run, that's bad news,
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Na duge staze, to su loše vesti,
03:21
so researchers are working
on finding alternatives
on finding alternatives
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tako da istraživači rade na pronalaženju
alternativnih rešenja
alternativnih rešenja
03:25
to control these mites.
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kako bi se kontrolisale ove grinje.
Ovo je jedno od tih rešenja.
03:28
This is one of those alternatives.
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03:30
It's an experimental breeding program
at the USDA Bee Lab in Baton Rouge,
at the USDA Bee Lab in Baton Rouge,
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To je eksperimentalni program uzgoja
u Laboratoriji za pčele
u Laboratoriji za pčele
Ministarstva poljoprivrede SAD
u Baton Ružu
u Baton Ružu
03:35
and this queen and her attendant bees
are part of that program.
are part of that program.
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a ova kraljica i njene pčele sluge
deo su tog programa.
deo su tog programa.
03:39
Now, the researchers figured out
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Istraživači su otkrili da neke od pčela
03:43
that some of the bees have
a natural ability to fight mites,
a natural ability to fight mites,
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imaju prirodnu sposobnost
borbe protiv grinja,
borbe protiv grinja,
03:47
so they set out to breed
a line of mite-resistant bees.
a line of mite-resistant bees.
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pa su krenuli da uzgoje vrstu pčela
koja je otporna na grinje.
koja je otporna na grinje.
03:52
This is what it takes
to breed bees in a lab.
to breed bees in a lab.
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Ovo je potrebno da bi se pčele
uzgajale u laboratoriji.
uzgajale u laboratoriji.
03:55
The virgin queen is sedated
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Kraljica koja je nevina se uspava
03:58
and then artificially inseminated
using this precision instrument.
using this precision instrument.
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i onda veštački oplodi koristeći
ovaj precizni instrument.
ovaj precizni instrument.
04:03
Now, this procedure allows the researchers
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Ovaj zahvat istraživačima dozvoljava
04:05
to control exactly
which bees are being crossed,
which bees are being crossed,
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da kontrolišu tačno koje pčele
se ukrštaju
se ukrštaju
04:10
but there's a tradeoff
in having this much control.
in having this much control.
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ali postoji kompromis
kada imate ovoliko kontrole.
kada imate ovoliko kontrole.
04:13
They succeeded in breeding
mite-resistant bees,
mite-resistant bees,
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Uspeli su da stvore pčele
koje su otporne na grinje
koje su otporne na grinje
04:16
but in that process, those bees
started to lose traits
started to lose traits
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ali su u tom procesu te pčele
počele da gube svojstva
počele da gube svojstva
04:19
like their gentleness
and their ability to store honey,
and their ability to store honey,
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poput nežnosti i mogućnosti
da čuvaju med,
da čuvaju med,
04:23
so to overcome that problem,
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pa kako bi zaobišli taj problem,
04:26
these researchers are now collaborating
with commercial beekeepers.
with commercial beekeepers.
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ovi istraživači sada sarađuju
sa komercijalnim pčelarima.
sa komercijalnim pčelarima.
04:30
This is Bret Adee opening
one of his 72,000 beehives.
one of his 72,000 beehives.
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Ovo je Bret Adi koji otvara
jednu od svojih 72 000 košnica.
jednu od svojih 72 000 košnica.
04:35
He and his brother run the largest
beekeeping operation in the world,
beekeeping operation in the world,
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On i njegov brat vode najveću
pčelarsku operaciju na svetu,
pčelarsku operaciju na svetu,
04:39
and the USDA is integrating their
mite-resistant bees into his operation
mite-resistant bees into his operation
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i Ministarstvo poljoprivrede SAD ubacuje
svoje pčele otporne na grinje u operaciju
svoje pčele otporne na grinje u operaciju
04:45
with the hope that over time,
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nadajući se da će vremenom
04:47
they'll be able to select the bees
that are not only mite-resistant
that are not only mite-resistant
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moći da odaberu pčele
koje su ne samo otporne na grinje,
koje su ne samo otporne na grinje,
04:50
but also retain all of these qualities
that make them useful to us.
that make them useful to us.
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već zadržavaju i ostale osobine
koje ih čine korisnim za nas.
koje ih čine korisnim za nas.
04:56
And to say it like that
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Kada se to tako kaže,
04:57
makes it sound like we're manipulating
and exploiting bees,
and exploiting bees,
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ispada kao da manipulišemo pčelama
i iskorišćavamo ih,
i iskorišćavamo ih,
05:01
and the truth is, we've been doing that
for thousands of years.
for thousands of years.
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ali istina je da to radimo
već hiljadama godina.
već hiljadama godina.
05:04
We took this wild creature
and put it inside of a box,
and put it inside of a box,
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Uzeli smo ovo divlje stvorenje
i stavili smo ga u kutiju,
i stavili smo ga u kutiju,
05:09
practically domesticating it,
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praktično smo ga pripitomili,
05:11
and originally that was
so that we could harvest their honey,
so that we could harvest their honey,
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i to je prvobitno bilo zbog toga
da bismo skupljali njihov med,
da bismo skupljali njihov med,
05:15
but over time we started losing
our native pollinators,
our native pollinators,
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ali smo tokom vremena počeli
da gubimo prirodne oprašivače
da gubimo prirodne oprašivače
05:18
our wild pollinators,
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i divlje oprašivače
05:20
and there are many places now
where those wild pollinators
where those wild pollinators
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i sada postoje mnoga mesta
gde divlji oprašivači
gde divlji oprašivači
05:23
can no longer meet the pollination
demands of our agriculture,
demands of our agriculture,
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ne mogu više da zadovolje
potražnju naše poljoprivrede
potražnju naše poljoprivrede
05:27
so these managed bees have become
an integral part of our food system.
an integral part of our food system.
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tako da su ove ukroćene pčele postale
ključni deo našeg sistema hrane.
ključni deo našeg sistema hrane.
05:32
So when people talk about saving bees,
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Kada ljudi pričaju o spašavanju pčela,
05:35
my interpretation of that
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moje tumačenje toga
05:37
is we need to save
our relationship to bees,
our relationship to bees,
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je da moramo da sačuvamo
našu vezu sa pčelama,
našu vezu sa pčelama,
05:40
and in order to design new solutions,
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a kako bismo našli nova rešenja,
05:45
we have to understand
the basic biology of bees
the basic biology of bees
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moramo da razumemo
osnovnu biologiju pčela
osnovnu biologiju pčela
05:50
and understand the effects
of stressors that we sometimes cannot see.
of stressors that we sometimes cannot see.
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kao i efekte stresora
koje ponekad ne možemo da vidimo.
koje ponekad ne možemo da vidimo.
05:57
In other words, we have
to understand bees up close.
to understand bees up close.
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Drugim rečima, moramo da pčele
razumemo izbliza.
razumemo izbliza.
06:01
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
06:03
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Anand Varma - PhotographerAnand Varma's photos tell the story behind the science on everything from primate behavior and hummingbird biomechanics to amphibian disease and forest ecology.
Why you should listen
Anand Varma is a freelance photographer and videographer who started photographing natural history subjects while studying biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He spent several years assisting David Liittschwager before receiving a National Geographic Young Explorer grant to document the wetlands of Patagonia.
Varma has since become a regular contributor to National Geographic. His first feature story, called “Mindsuckers,” was published on the November 2014 cover of the magazine. This incredible look at parasites won Varma the World Press Photo's first prize in the nature category in 2015.
Anand Varma | Speaker | TED.com