TED2015
Anand Varma: The first 21 days of a bee's life
安南得 法爾馬: 目擊蜜蜂生命中驚心動魄的最初21天
Filmed:
Readability: 5
2,617,737 views
我們都聽說過蜜蜂正逐漸消失。到底什麼原因讓蜂群這麼脆弱? 攝影師安南得 法爾馬在其後院養殖蜜蜂-- 就在鏡頭前-- 以拍攝其放大照片。本計畫受國家地理雜誌委託，我們因此得在音樂伴奏下一窺蜂巢內部-- 並得知蜂巢健康之最大威脅者是一種螨蟲，其專門吸食誕生21天內的幼蜂。透過他的驚人影片，及Magik*Magik交響曲配樂，法爾馬告訴我們問題所在...及哪些方法正用來解決問題中。(本演講為TED2015議程之一，客座策展者 Pop-Up Magazine: popupmagazine.com 或 推特上 @popupmag )
Anand Varma - Photographer
Anand Varma's photos tell the story behind the science on everything from primate behavior and hummingbird biomechanics to amphibian disease and forest ecology. Full bio
Anand Varma's photos tell the story behind the science on everything from primate behavior and hummingbird biomechanics to amphibian disease and forest ecology. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
（音樂）
00:13
(Music)
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00:26
These bees are in my backyard
in Berkeley, California.
in Berkeley, California.
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這些是我在加州柏克萊房子後院的蜜蜂。
00:30
Until last year,
I'd never kept bees before,
I'd never kept bees before,
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一直到去年，我從來沒有飼養過蜜蜂，
00:33
but National Geographic asked me
to photograph a story about them,
to photograph a story about them,
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但是國家地理頻道請我拍下蜜蜂的故事，
00:37
and I decided, to be able
to take compelling images,
to take compelling images,
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於是我決定，為了拍到令人信服的照片，
00:39
I should start keeping bees myself.
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我應該開始自己養蜂。
00:42
And as you may know,
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如你所知，
00:43
bees pollinate one third
of our food crops,
of our food crops,
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蜜蜂為我們三分之一的農作物傳粉，
00:46
and lately they've been having
a really hard time.
a really hard time.
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最近蜜蜂的生存狀況不是很好。
00:49
So as a photographer, I wanted to explore
what this problem really looks like.
what this problem really looks like.
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所以，身為攝影師，
我想探索這個問題的真實長相。
我想探索這個問題的真實長相。
00:54
So I'm going to show you
what I found over the last year.
what I found over the last year.
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所以接下來將展示我去年的發現成果。
00:58
This furry little creature
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這個毛茸茸的小生物
00:59
is a fresh young bee halfway emerged
from its brood cell,
from its brood cell,
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是一隻正從撫幼室出來的新蜜蜂，
01:04
and bees right now are dealing
with several different problems,
with several different problems,
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目前蜜蜂正面臨幾個生存難題，
01:07
including pesticides, diseases,
and habitat loss,
and habitat loss,
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包括殺蟲劑，疾病，和棲息地的減少。
01:11
but the single greatest threat
is a parasitic mite from Asia,
is a parasitic mite from Asia,
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其中，最大一種威脅來自亞洲的寄生蟲，
01:16
Varroa destructor.
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瓦螨。
01:18
And this pinhead-sized mite
crawls onto young bees
crawls onto young bees
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這個針頭大小的螨蟲爬到幼蜂身上，
01:21
and sucks their blood.
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吸吮他們的血。
01:23
This eventually destroys a hive
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這最後造成整個蜂窩的毀滅，
01:25
because it weakens
the immune system of the bees,
the immune system of the bees,
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因為瓦螨會降低蜜蜂的免疫力，
01:28
and it makes them more vulnerable
to stress and disease.
to stress and disease.
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讓他們無法抵抗壓力和疾病。
01:33
Now, bees are the most sensitive
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這時蜜蜂處於其最敏感時期，
01:35
when they're developing
inside their brood cells,
inside their brood cells,
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他們正在撫幼室內進行發育。
01:38
and I wanted to know
what that process really looks like,
what that process really looks like,
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為了解這個過程到底真相為何，
01:41
so I teamed up
with a bee lab at U.C. Davis
with a bee lab at U.C. Davis
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所以我和加州大學戴維斯分校的蜜蜂實驗室合作，
01:44
and figured out how to raise bees
in front of a camera.
in front of a camera.
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設法在攝影機前養育蜜蜂。
01:47
I'm going to show you
the first 21 days of a bee's life
the first 21 days of a bee's life
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下面將為你展示一隻蜜蜂生命最開始的21天，
01:50
condensed into 60 seconds.
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濃縮成60秒鐘。
01:55
This is a bee egg
as it hatches into a larva,
as it hatches into a larva,
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這是一個蜜蜂卵，他正在孵化成幼蟲，
02:00
and those newly hatched larvae
swim around their cells
swim around their cells
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這些新孵化的幼蟲在撫幼室中到處游動，
02:05
feeding on this white goo
that nurse bees secrete for them.
that nurse bees secrete for them.
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吃這些保育蜂分泌的白色粘液。
02:11
Then, their head and their legs
slowly differentiate
slowly differentiate
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然後，他們的頭和腿慢慢的分化出來，
02:16
as they transform into pupae.
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變態成蛹。
02:21
Here's that same pupation process,
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這是同一次蛹化過程，
02:23
and you can actually see the mites
running around in the cells.
running around in the cells.
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但你可看到螨在撫幼室內到處爬動。
02:27
Then the tissue in their body reorganizes
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然後他們體內組織重新排列，
02:31
and the pigment slowly
develops in their eyes.
develops in their eyes.
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色素慢慢在其眼中積累。
02:38
The last step of the process
is their skin shrivels up
is their skin shrivels up
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最後一步是表皮變皺，
02:44
and they sprout hair.
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體毛開始生長。
02:47
(Music)
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（音樂）
03:00
So -- (Applause)
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所以---（掌聲）
03:06
As you can see halfway
through that video,
through that video,
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就像你在影片中途所看到的，
03:09
the mites were running around
on the baby bees,
on the baby bees,
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螨蟲在幼蜂周圍爬，
03:12
and the way that beekeepers
typically manage these mites
typically manage these mites
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養蜂人一般控制這些螨蟲的方法為
03:16
is they treat their hives with chemicals.
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對著蜂巢噴灑化學藥品。
03:19
In the long run, that's bad news,
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長久來說，這非好事，
03:21
so researchers are working
on finding alternatives
on finding alternatives
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所以研究員正尋找其他方案，
03:25
to control these mites.
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來控制這些螨蟲。
03:28
This is one of those alternatives.
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這就是其中一個方案。
03:30
It's an experimental breeding program
at the USDA Bee Lab in Baton Rouge,
at the USDA Bee Lab in Baton Rouge,
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這個實驗性的育種計畫，
由位於巴頓魯治市的美國農業部 (USDA) 蜜蜂實驗室負責，
由位於巴頓魯治市的美國農業部 (USDA) 蜜蜂實驗室負責，
03:35
and this queen and her attendant bees
are part of that program.
are part of that program.
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這個蜂后和其侍衛蜂為本計畫的一份子。
03:39
Now, the researchers figured out
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現在，研究員已經弄清楚
03:43
that some of the bees have
a natural ability to fight mites,
a natural ability to fight mites,
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某些蜜蜂有天生抵抗螨蟲的能力，
03:47
so they set out to breed
a line of mite-resistant bees.
a line of mite-resistant bees.
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所以他們開始同系交配出一種抗螨蟲蜜蜂。
這是如何在實驗室為蜜蜂育種過程。
03:52
This is what it takes
to breed bees in a lab.
to breed bees in a lab.
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03:55
The virgin queen is sedated
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先麻醉尚未生殖過的蜂后，
03:58
and then artificially inseminated
using this precision instrument.
using this precision instrument.
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接著研究員用精密儀器對她人工授精。
04:03
Now, this procedure allows the researchers
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現在，這個過程允許研究員
04:05
to control exactly
which bees are being crossed,
which bees are being crossed,
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準確的控制哪些蜜蜂要用來繁殖。
04:10
but there's a tradeoff
in having this much control.
in having this much control.
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但是操控太多卻有個代價，
04:13
They succeeded in breeding
mite-resistant bees,
mite-resistant bees,
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他們成功的繁殖了抗螨蟲的蜜蜂，
04:16
but in that process, those bees
started to lose traits
started to lose traits
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但是在這個過程中，這些蜜蜂也失去了一些特性
04:19
like their gentleness
and their ability to store honey,
and their ability to store honey,
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比如他們的溫順性，和儲存蜂蜜的能力。
04:23
so to overcome that problem,
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所以為了解決這個問題，
04:26
these researchers are now collaborating
with commercial beekeepers.
with commercial beekeepers.
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這些研究員和商業養蜂人合作。
04:30
This is Bret Adee opening
one of his 72,000 beehives.
one of his 72,000 beehives.
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這是擁有72000個蜂巢的Bret Adee，
他正打開其中一個蜂巢。
他正打開其中一個蜂巢。
04:35
He and his brother run the largest
beekeeping operation in the world,
beekeeping operation in the world,
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他和弟弟經營著世界最大的養蜂企業，
04:39
and the USDA is integrating their
mite-resistant bees into his operation
mite-resistant bees into his operation
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美國農業部把抗螨蟲蜜蜂引進這個養蜂場，
04:45
with the hope that over time,
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希望一段時間之後，
04:47
they'll be able to select the bees
that are not only mite-resistant
that are not only mite-resistant
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他們可以挑選出既能抵抗螨蟲，
04:50
but also retain all of these qualities
that make them useful to us.
that make them useful to us.
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又能保留其他有用特性的蜜蜂。
04:56
And to say it like that
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這麼說，
04:57
makes it sound like we're manipulating
and exploiting bees,
and exploiting bees,
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聽起來好像我們正在操控和利用蜜蜂，
05:01
and the truth is, we've been doing that
for thousands of years.
for thousands of years.
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事實上，我們已經這樣做了數千年。
05:04
We took this wild creature
and put it inside of a box,
and put it inside of a box,
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我們把這野生的生物放進一個箱子裏，
05:09
practically domesticating it,
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實際馴養他們，
05:11
and originally that was
so that we could harvest their honey,
so that we could harvest their honey,
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本來這是為了獲取其蜂蜜。
05:15
but over time we started losing
our native pollinators,
our native pollinators,
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但是漸漸地我們也開始失去我們的天然傳粉者，
05:18
our wild pollinators,
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我們的野生傳粉者，
05:20
and there are many places now
where those wild pollinators
where those wild pollinators
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現在有很多地方，那些野生傳粉者
05:23
can no longer meet the pollination
demands of our agriculture,
demands of our agriculture,
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已經無法應付我們農業的傳粉需求，
05:27
so these managed bees have become
an integral part of our food system.
an integral part of our food system.
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所以這些受控的蜜蜂
已成為我們食物系統的重要一份子。
已成為我們食物系統的重要一份子。
05:32
So when people talk about saving bees,
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所以當人們談論如何拯救蜜蜂的時候，
05:35
my interpretation of that
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我的看法是，
05:37
is we need to save
our relationship to bees,
our relationship to bees,
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我們需要拯救我們和蜜蜂的關係，
05:40
and in order to design new solutions,
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為了設計出新的解決方案，
05:45
we have to understand
the basic biology of bees
the basic biology of bees
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我們需要了解蜜蜂的基本生物學知識，
05:50
and understand the effects
of stressors that we sometimes cannot see.
of stressors that we sometimes cannot see.
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及了解是否有什麼我們看不到的壓力來源對蜜蜂產生影響。
05:57
In other words, we have
to understand bees up close.
to understand bees up close.
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簡單的說，我們要更詳細了解蜜蜂這個物種。
06:01
Thank you.
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謝謝。
06:03
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Anand Varma - PhotographerAnand Varma's photos tell the story behind the science on everything from primate behavior and hummingbird biomechanics to amphibian disease and forest ecology.
Why you should listen
Anand Varma is a freelance photographer and videographer who started photographing natural history subjects while studying biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He spent several years assisting David Liittschwager before receiving a National Geographic Young Explorer grant to document the wetlands of Patagonia.
Varma has since become a regular contributor to National Geographic. His first feature story, called “Mindsuckers,” was published on the November 2014 cover of the magazine. This incredible look at parasites won Varma the World Press Photo's first prize in the nature category in 2015.
Anand Varma | Speaker | TED.com