ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Beau Lotto - Neuroscientist, Artist
Beau Lotto is founder of Lottolab, a hybrid art studio and science lab. With glowing, interactive sculpture -- and old-fashioned peer-reviewed research--he's illuminating the mysteries of the brain's visual system.

Why you should listen

"Let there be perception," was evolution's proclamation, and so it was that all creatures, from honeybees to humans, came to see the world not as it is, but as was most useful. This uncomfortable place--where what an organism's brain sees diverges from what is actually out there--is what Beau Lotto and his team at Lottolab are exploring through their dazzling art-sci experiments and public illusions. Their Bee Matrix installation, for example, places a live bee in a transparent enclosure where gallerygoers may watch it seek nectar in a virtual meadow of luminous Plexiglas flowers. (Bees, Lotto will tell you, see colors much like we humans do.) The data captured isn't just discarded, either: it's put to good use in probing scientific papers, and sometimes in more exhibits.

At their home in London’s Science Museum, the lab holds "synesthetic workshops" where kids and adults make abstract paintings that computers interpret into music, and they host regular Lates--evenings of science, music and "mass experiments." Lotto is passionate about involving people from all walks of life in research on perception--both as subjects and as fellow researchers. One such program, called "i,scientist," in fact led to the publication of the first ever peer-reviewed scientific paper written by schoolchildren ("Blackawton Bees," December 2010). It starts, "Once upon a time ..."

These and Lotto's other conjurings are slowly, charmingly bending the science of perception--and our perceptions of what science can be.

More profile about the speaker
Beau Lotto | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2009

Beau Lotto: Optical illusions show how we see

包拉托:错觉中的视觉真相

Filmed:
7,158,267 views

包拉托的色彩游戏迷惑了你的视觉,却也突显出你平常所无法看到的: 你的大脑如何工作。我们善变的视觉感官所得到的有趣并且直接的印象,展现了进化是如何渲染我们对真实事物之外的感知。
- Neuroscientist, Artist
Beau Lotto is founder of Lottolab, a hybrid art studio and science lab. With glowing, interactive sculpture -- and old-fashioned peer-reviewed research--he's illuminating the mysteries of the brain's visual system. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:13
I want to start开始 with a game游戏.
0
1000
3000
我想以一个游戏开始今天的演讲
00:16
And to win赢得 this game游戏,
1
4000
2000
要赢这个游戏
00:18
all you have to do is see the reality现实 that's in front面前 of you
2
6000
3000
你只要看清眼前的一切
00:21
as it really is. All right?
3
9000
2000
一切据实而观,好吗?
00:23
So, we have two panels面板 here,
4
11000
2000
这里有两个板子
00:25
of colored有色 dots.
5
13000
2000
上面有些彩色圆点
00:27
And one of those dots is the same相同
6
15000
3000
这两个板子上的圆点中有一对是相同的
00:30
in the two panels面板. Okay?
7
18000
3000
清楚了吗?
00:33
And you have to tell me which哪一个 one.
8
21000
2000
你要告诉我是哪一对
00:35
Now, narrow狭窄 it down to
9
23000
3000
现在,将范围缩小到
00:38
the gray灰色 one, the green绿色 one and, say, the orange橙子 one.
10
26000
3000
灰色的,绿色的和橙色的
00:41
So, by a show显示 of hands -- we'll start开始 with the easiest最简单的 one --
11
29000
3000
大家举手示意吧,我们从最简单的开始
00:44
Show显示 of hands: how many许多 people think it's the gray灰色 one?
12
32000
4000
多少人认为是灰色的?
00:48
Really? Okay.
13
36000
2000
真的吗?好的
00:50
How many许多 people think it's the green绿色 one?
14
38000
5000
有多少人认为是绿色的?
00:55
And how many许多 people think it's the orange橙子 one?
15
43000
4000
那么又有多少人认为是橙色的?
00:59
Pretty漂亮 even split分裂.
16
47000
3000
人数都差不多
01:02
Let's find out what the reality现实 is.
17
50000
3000
让我们来看看真相。
01:05
Here is the orange橙子 one.
18
53000
3000
这是橙色的。
01:08
(Laughter笑声)
19
56000
2000
(笑)
01:10
Here is the green绿色 one.
20
58000
3000
绿色的。
01:13
And here is the gray灰色 one.
21
61000
4000
还有灰色的。
01:17
(Laughter笑声)
22
65000
3000
(笑)
01:20
So, for all of you who saw that, you're a complete完成 realist现实主义者. All right?
23
68000
4000
你们这些猜对的人是纯粹的现实主义者
01:24
(Laughter笑声)
24
72000
2000
(笑)
01:26
So, this is pretty漂亮 amazing惊人, actually其实, isn't it?
25
74000
2000
这挺神奇的,对吧?
01:28
Because nearly几乎 every一切 living活的 system系统
26
76000
2000
因为几乎所有的生命系统
01:30
has evolved进化 the ability能力 to detect检测 light in one way or another另一个.
27
78000
3000
都演变出了对光线的感应能力
01:33
So, for us, seeing眼看 color颜色 is one of the simplest简单 things the brain does.
28
81000
5000
所以对我们的大脑来说,看见颜色是最简单的事情
01:38
And yet然而, even at this most fundamental基本的 level水平,
29
86000
2000
然而,即便是在这个最基础的阶段
01:40
context上下文 is everything.
30
88000
3000
背景决定一切
01:43
What I want to talk about is not that context上下文 is everything,
31
91000
3000
其实我想谈论的并不是“背景决定了一切”这件事
01:46
but why is context上下文 everything.
32
94000
2000
而是“为什么背景决定了一切”。
01:48
Because it's answering回答 that question that tells告诉 us not only
33
96000
4000
因为这不仅回答了关于
01:52
why we see what we do,
34
100000
2000
为什么我们可以看到我们所做的疑问,
01:54
but who we are as individuals个人,
35
102000
2000
还告诉我们作为一个个体,
01:56
and who we are as a society社会.
36
104000
3000
在社会中扮演怎样的角色
01:59
But first, we have to ask another另一个 question,
37
107000
2000
但首先,我们要提出另外一个问题,
02:01
which哪一个 is, "What is color颜色 for?"
38
109000
2000
那就是,“颜色是用来做什么的”。
02:03
And instead代替 of telling告诉 you, I'll just show显示 you.
39
111000
2000
与其讲给你们听不如演示给你们看
02:05
What you see here is a jungle丛林 scene现场,
40
113000
3000
你所看到的是丛林的一景
02:08
and you see the surfaces according根据 to the amount
41
116000
2000
你是根据这些表面反射光线的量
02:10
of light that those surfaces reflect反映.
42
118000
2000
来看它的表面的。
02:12
Now, can any of you see the predator捕食者 that's about to jump out at you?
43
120000
5000
现在谁能看见那个正朝你们扑来的凶猛野兽?
02:17
And if you haven't没有 seen看到 it yet然而, you're dead. Right?
44
125000
2000
如果你还没看见它就必死无疑了,对吧。
02:19
(Laughter笑声)
45
127000
2000
(笑)
02:21
Can anyone任何人 see it? Anyone任何人? No?
46
129000
2000
有人能看见吗?没有?
02:23
Now, let's see the surfaces according根据 to the quality质量 of light that they reflect反映.
47
131000
4000
现在,让我们来根据这些表面反射光线的性质来观察它。
02:27
And now you see it.
48
135000
3000
现在你能看见了吧。
02:30
So, color颜色 enables使 us to see
49
138000
3000
所以颜色让我们
02:33
the similarities相似之处 and differences分歧 between之间 surfaces,
50
141000
2000
能够分辨外观上的异同
02:35
according根据 to the full充分 spectrum光谱 of light that they reflect反映.
51
143000
3000
是根据他们表面反射的全部光谱
02:38
But what you've just doneDONE is, in many许多 respects尊重, mathematically数学 impossible不可能.
52
146000
4000
但你刚刚所做的这些,从很多层面上是无法用数学方法论证的。
02:42
Why? Because, as Berkeley伯克利 tells告诉 us,
53
150000
3000
为什么?因为正如伯克利告诉我们的,
02:45
we have no direct直接 access访问 to our physical物理 world世界,
54
153000
3000
我们没有进入外界世界的直接的方法
02:48
other than through通过 our senses感官.
55
156000
2000
只能通过我们的感官。
02:50
And the light that falls下降 onto our eyes眼睛
56
158000
2000
而我们眼睛所接收的光线
02:52
is determined决心 by multiple things in the world世界 --
57
160000
2000
是由很多因素决定的--
02:54
not only the color颜色 of objects对象,
58
162000
2000
不仅是物体的颜色,
02:56
but also the color颜色 of their illumination照明,
59
164000
2000
还有它们发出的光的颜色,
02:58
and the color颜色 of the space空间 between之间 us and those objects对象.
60
166000
3000
以及我们与物体之间空间的颜色。
03:01
You vary变化 any one of those parameters参数,
61
169000
2000
你改变其中的任何一个参量
03:03
and you'll你会 change更改 the color颜色 of the light that falls下降 onto your eye.
62
171000
5000
就会改变那些进入你眼睛的光的颜色
03:08
This is a huge巨大 problem问题 because it means手段 that
63
176000
2000
这是一个很重要的问题,因为这代表
03:10
the same相同 image图片 could have an infinite无穷 number
64
178000
3000
相同的影像可能来自于无限多的
03:13
of possible可能 real-world真实世界 sources来源.
65
181000
3000
真实世界的像源
03:16
So let me show显示 you what I mean. Imagine想像 that this is the back of your eye.
66
184000
3000
让我来演示一下我所想表达的。试想一下这是你眼睛的背部
03:19
And these are two projections预测 from the world世界.
67
187000
3000
这里有两个来自外界的投影
03:22
They are identical相同 in every一切 single way.
68
190000
3000
它们完全相同
03:25
Identical相同 in shape形状, size尺寸, spectral光谱 content内容.
69
193000
4000
在形状上,大小上,光谱含量上全部完全相同。
03:29
They are the same相同, as far as your eye is concerned关心.
70
197000
4000
正如你肉眼所见,它们一模一样
03:33
And yet然而 they come from completely全然 different不同 sources来源.
71
201000
5000
但是它们却来自于完全相异的像源。
03:38
The one on the right
72
206000
2000
右边的这个
03:40
comes from a yellow黄色 surface表面,
73
208000
3000
来自于一个黄色的表面,
03:43
in shadow阴影, oriented面向 facing面对 the left,
74
211000
2000
在阴影下,面向左侧
03:45
viewed观看 through通过 a pinkish粉红色 medium.
75
213000
3000
通过一个粉红色的媒介物观察到的。
03:48
The one on the left comes from an orange橙子 surface表面,
76
216000
3000
左边的这个来自于一个橙色的表面,
03:51
under direct直接 light, facing面对 to the right,
77
219000
2000
在直射光之下,面朝右侧,
03:53
viewed观看 through通过 a sort分类 of a bluish偏蓝 medium.
78
221000
2000
通过一个蓝色的媒介物观察到的。
03:55
Completely全然 different不同 meanings含义,
79
223000
3000
完全不同的意义,
03:58
giving rise上升 to the exact精确 same相同 retinal视网膜 information信息.
80
226000
3000
却造成了完全相同的视网膜信息。
04:01
And yet然而 it's only the retinal视网膜 information信息
81
229000
2000
并且这些仅有的视网膜信息是
04:03
that we get.
82
231000
2000
所有我们能得到的。
04:05
So how on Earth地球 do we even see?
83
233000
3000
那么我们究竟是如何看的呢?
04:08
So, if you remember记得 anything in this next下一个 18 minutes分钟,
84
236000
4000
如果你要记住以下18分钟内的任何事情,
04:12
remember记得 this: that the light that falls下降 on to your eye,
85
240000
3000
记住这个:这些进入你眼睛的光,
04:15
sensory感觉的 information信息, is meaningless无意义的,
86
243000
2000
感官信息是完全无意义的。
04:17
because it could mean literally按照字面 anything.
87
245000
3000
因为它可以意味任何事情
04:20
And what's true真正 for sensory感觉的 information信息 is true真正 for information信息 generally通常.
88
248000
3000
感官信息就如同一般的信息,
04:23
There is no inherent固有 meaning含义 in information信息.
89
251000
2000
本身并没有意义。
04:25
It's what we do with that information信息 that matters事项.
90
253000
4000
我们如何运用这些信息才是最重要的。
04:29
So, how do we see? Well, we see by learning学习 to see.
91
257000
3000
那么,我们如何看?我们学习如何看然后看。
04:32
So, the brain evolved进化 the mechanisms机制 for finding发现 patterns模式,
92
260000
4000
因此,我们的大脑进化了这种寻找模式的机制,
04:36
finding发现 relationships关系 in information信息
93
264000
2000
寻找信息间的关系,
04:38
and associating关联 those relationships关系
94
266000
2000
并且将这些关系
04:40
with a behavioral行为的 meaning含义,
95
268000
2000
和行为上的意义
04:42
a significance意义, by interacting互动 with the world世界.
96
270000
3000
即与外界的互动联系起来。
04:45
We're very aware知道的 of this
97
273000
2000
我们很清楚地意识到这种
04:47
in the form形成 of more cognitive认知 attributes属性, like language语言.
98
275000
3000
较偏向于认知性质的形式,如同语言。
04:50
So, I'm going to give you some letter strings字符串. And I want you to read them out for me,
99
278000
2000
现在我将给你们一些字母串并且希望你们为我读出来,
04:52
if you can.
100
280000
2000
如果你们可以的话。
04:54
Audience听众: "Can you read this?"
101
282000
3000
观众:“你可以读这个吗?”
04:57
"You are not reading this."
102
285000
2000
“你并没有在读这个”
04:59
"What are you reading?"
103
287000
2000
“你在读什么?”
05:01
Beau花花公子 Lotto乐透: "What are you reading?" Half the letters are missing失踪. Right?
104
289000
3000
包拉托:"你们在读什么?" 有一半的字母不见了,对吧?
05:04
There is no a priori先验 reason原因 why an "H" has to go
105
292000
2000
这里没有一个优先的原因为什么"H"要在
05:06
between之间 that "W" and "A."
106
294000
2000
"W"和"A”之间。
05:08
But you put one there. Why?
107
296000
2000
但是你把它放在了那里。为什么呢?
05:10
Because in the statistics统计 of your past过去 experience经验
108
298000
2000
因为根据你过去经验的统计
05:12
it would have been useful有用 to do so. So you do so again.
109
300000
3000
那样做会很有用。所以你再次这样做了。
05:15
And yet然而 you don't put a letter after that first "T."
110
303000
3000
然而你并没有在第一个“T”之前放任何一个字母,
05:18
Why? Because it wouldn't不会 have been useful有用 in the past过去.
111
306000
3000
为什么?因为过去这样做没有用。
05:21
So you don't do it again.
112
309000
2000
所以你不会再这样做。
05:23
So let me show显示 you how quickly很快 our brains大脑 can redefine重新定义 normality常态,
113
311000
4000
那么让我来给你演示一下你的大脑能够多么迅速的重新定义常态,
05:27
even at the simplest简单 thing the brain does, which哪一个 is color颜色.
114
315000
2000
甚至于大脑所做的最简单的事情,也就是颜色。
05:29
So, if I could have the lights灯火 down up here.
115
317000
3000
如果我将这里的灯关掉
05:32
I want you to first notice注意 that those two desert沙漠 scenes场景 are physically物理 the same相同.
116
320000
3000
我希望你首先注视到这两个沙漠的景象是完全一样的
05:35
One is simply只是 the flipping翻转 of the other. Okay?
117
323000
5000
一个是另外一个的翻转,好吗?
05:40
Now I want you to look at that dot
118
328000
2000
现在我要你们看着那个
05:42
between之间 the green绿色 and the red. Okay?
119
330000
3000
在绿色和红色之间的圆点,好吗?
05:45
And I want you to stare at that dot. Don't look anywhere随地 else其他.
120
333000
3000
而且我希望你们盯着这个圆点,不要看其它的地方
05:48
And we're going to look at that for about 30 seconds,
121
336000
1000
我们将看着它大约30秒,
05:49
which哪一个 is a bit of a killer凶手 in an 18-minute-分钟 talk.
122
337000
3000
这就是这18分钟演讲中最迷人的一部分
05:52
(Laughter笑声)
123
340000
1000
(笑)
05:53
But I really want you to learn学习.
124
341000
2000
但是我其实是希望你们去学习
05:55
And I'll tell you -- don't look anywhere随地 else其他 --
125
343000
3000
我将告诉你--不要看任何其它的地方--
05:58
and I'll tell you what's happening事件 inside your head.
126
346000
2000
我将告诉你在你的脑袋里面都发生了些什么。
06:00
Your brain is learning学习. And it's learning学习 that the right side of its visual视觉 field领域
127
348000
3000
你的大脑在学习。它在学习视野的右边
06:03
is under red illumination照明;
128
351000
2000
是在红色的照明之下;
06:05
the left side of its visual视觉 field领域 is under green绿色 illumination照明.
129
353000
3000
视野左边是在绿色的照明之下。
06:08
That's what it's learning学习. Okay?
130
356000
3000
这就是它正在学习的。是吧?
06:11
Now, when I tell you, I want you to look at the dot between之间 the two desert沙漠 scenes场景.
131
359000
5000
现在,当我告诉你,我希望你看这个在两个沙漠图片中间的圆点。
06:16
So why don't you do that now?
132
364000
2000
现在为何不做做看?
06:18
(Laughter笑声)
133
366000
3000
(笑)
06:21
Can I have the lights灯火 up again?
134
369000
2000
可以把灯打开吗?
06:23
I take it from your response响应 they don't look the same相同 anymore. Right?
135
371000
4000
我从你们的反应中得知它们不再看起来一致了,对吗?
06:27
(Applause掌声)
136
375000
1000
(鼓掌)
06:28
Why? Because your brain is seeing眼看 that same相同 information信息
137
376000
3000
为什么?因为你们的大脑正在以相同的信息看
06:31
as if the right one is still under red light,
138
379000
2000
正如同右边的仍然在红色灯的照射下,
06:33
and the left one is still under green绿色 light.
139
381000
2000
左边的仍然在绿色灯的照射下。
06:35
That's your new normal正常.
140
383000
2000
那就是你的新常态。
06:37
So, what does this mean for context上下文?
141
385000
2000
那么,这对背景意味着什么呢?
06:39
It means手段 that I can take these two identical相同 squares广场,
142
387000
2000
这意味着我可以将这两个完全相同的正方形,
06:41
and I can put them in light and dark黑暗 surrounds围绕着.
143
389000
2000
将它们放入明亮的和黑暗的环境当中,
06:43
And now the one on the dark黑暗 surround环绕 looks容貌 lighter打火机 than the one on the light surround环绕.
144
391000
3000
现在这个在黑暗环境中的看起来比另一个在灯光环境下的要明亮些
06:46
What's significant重大 is not simply只是 the light and dark黑暗 surrounds围绕着 that matter.
145
394000
4000
重要的不是简单的明暗环境
06:50
It's what those light and dark黑暗 surrounds围绕着 meant意味着 for your behavior行为 in the past过去.
146
398000
4000
而是这些明暗环境对你过去的行为意味着什么
06:54
So I'll show显示 you what I mean. Here we have
147
402000
2000
我来给你演示一下是什么意思。这里我们有
06:56
that exact精确 same相同 illusion错觉.
148
404000
2000
一模一样的错觉。
06:58
We have two identical相同 tiles瓷砖, on the left,
149
406000
2000
在左边有两个完全一样的瓷砖
07:00
one in a dark黑暗 surround环绕, one in a light surround环绕.
150
408000
2000
一个在黑暗的环境中,另一和在明亮的环境中。
07:02
And the same相同 thing over on the right.
151
410000
2000
右边也是同样的情况
07:04
Now, what I'm going to do is I'm going to review评论 those two scenes场景.
152
412000
3000
现在,我将检视这两幅景象
07:07
But I'm not going to change更改 anything within those boxes盒子,
153
415000
2000
但是我并不会改变这些盒子中的任何东西,
07:09
except their meaning含义.
154
417000
2000
除了它们的意义。
07:11
And see what happens发生 to your perception知觉.
155
419000
2000
然后看看你的感知发生了什么变化
07:13
Notice注意 that on the left
156
421000
2000
注视左边的
07:15
the two tiles瓷砖 look nearly几乎 completely全然 opposite对面:
157
423000
3000
两个瓷砖看起来几乎完全相反:
07:18
one very white白色 and one very dark黑暗.
158
426000
2000
一个十分的明亮一个十分的黑暗
07:20
All right? Whereas on the right,
159
428000
2000
是不?然而,在左边的
07:22
the two tiles瓷砖 look nearly几乎 the same相同.
160
430000
2000
这两个瓷砖看起来几乎完全相同。
07:24
And yet然而 there is still one on a dark黑暗 surround环绕 and one on a light surround环绕.
161
432000
4000
但是它们仍然是一个在暗环境中,另一个在明环境中。
07:28
Why? Because if the tile in that shadow阴影
162
436000
3000
为什么?因为如果在那个阴影的瓷砖
07:31
were in fact事实 in shadow阴影,
163
439000
2000
是在真的阴影中的话,
07:33
and reflecting反映 the same相同 amount of light to your eye
164
441000
2000
它所反射出的到你的眼睛的光
07:35
as the one outside the shadow阴影,
165
443000
2000
和另一个在阴影外的瓷砖反射的光将是同量
07:37
it would have to be more reflective反光 -- just the laws法律 of physics物理.
166
445000
3000
那么它应该反射出更多的光--这正是物理定理
07:40
So you see it that way.
167
448000
2000
所以你看见正是那种一明一暗的景象。
07:42
Whereas on the right, the information信息 is consistent一贯
168
450000
3000
然而在右边,那些信息是持续一致的
07:45
with those two tiles瓷砖 being存在 under the same相同 light.
169
453000
2000
即这两个瓷砖在同样的照明下。
07:47
If they are under the same相同 light, reflecting反映 the same相同 amount of light
170
455000
2000
如果他们在同样的照明下,反射同量的光
07:49
to your eye,
171
457000
2000
向你的眼睛,
07:51
then they must必须 be equally一样 reflective反光.
172
459000
2000
那么他们必定有同等的反射力
07:53
So you see it that way.
173
461000
2000
所以你所看到的就是同样明暗的两个瓷砖的景象
07:55
Which哪一个 means手段 we can bring带来 all this information信息 together一起
174
463000
2000
也就是意味着我们可以将所有这些信息组合在一起
07:57
to create创建 some incredibly令人难以置信 strong强大 illusions幻想.
175
465000
2000
创造出不可思议的强烈的错觉
07:59
This is one I made制作 a few少数 years年份 ago.
176
467000
2000
这个是我多年前做的一张图
08:01
And you'll你会 notice注意 you see a dark黑暗 brown棕色 tile at the top最佳,
177
469000
3000
你可以发现一个深褐色的瓷砖在顶部
08:04
and a bright orange橙子 tile at the side.
178
472000
3000
和一个亮橙色的瓷砖在侧面
08:07
That is your perceptual知觉的 reality现实. The physical物理 reality现实
179
475000
2000
这是你感知的事实。但真实现实是
08:09
is that those two tiles瓷砖 are the same相同.
180
477000
5000
这两个瓷砖实际上是一样的。
08:14
Here you see four gray灰色 tiles瓷砖 on your left,
181
482000
3000
你可以看见四个灰色的瓷砖在左边,
08:17
seven gray灰色 tiles瓷砖 on the right.
182
485000
2000
七个灰色的侧转在右边
08:19
I'm not going to change更改 those tiles瓷砖 at all,
183
487000
2000
我将不会对这些瓷砖做任何变化
08:21
but I'm going to reveal揭示 the rest休息 of the scene现场
184
489000
2000
但是我将显示其余的画面
08:23
and see what happens发生 to your perception知觉.
185
491000
3000
然后看看你的感知发生了什么变化
08:26
The four blue蓝色 tiles瓷砖 on the left are gray灰色.
186
494000
4000
这四个在左边的蓝色瓷砖是灰色的
08:30
The seven yellow黄色 tiles瓷砖 on the right are also gray灰色.
187
498000
3000
这七个在右边的黄色瓷砖也是灰色
08:33
They are the same相同. Okay?
188
501000
2000
他们是相同的,对吧?
08:35
Don't believe me? Let's watch it again.
189
503000
4000
你不相信我?让我们再来看一看
08:39
What's true真正 for color颜色 is also true真正 for complex复杂 perceptions看法 of motion运动.
190
507000
4000
对于颜色适用的道理也同样对动态的复杂感知适用
08:43
So here we have --
191
511000
3000
这儿我们有--
08:46
let's turn this around -- a diamond钻石.
192
514000
5000
让我们将这个菱形转动起来
08:51
And what I'm going to do is, I'm going to hold保持 it here,
193
519000
2000
接下来我将做什么呢,我将把它拿到这里,
08:53
and I'm going to spin it.
194
521000
4000
然后我将旋转它
08:57
And for all of you, you'll你会 see it probably大概 spinning纺织 this direction方向.
195
525000
3000
你们大家都会看到它向着这个方向旋转
09:00
Now I want you to keep looking at it.
196
528000
3000
现在我要你们持续看着它
09:03
Move移动 your eyes眼睛 around, blink, maybe close one eye.
197
531000
2000
转你的眼球,眨眼,或者闭上一只眼
09:05
And suddenly突然 it will flip翻动, and start开始 spinning纺织 the opposite对面 direction方向.
198
533000
4000
突然间他就翻转了,然后向着相反的方向旋转
09:09
Yes? Raise提高 your hand if you got that. Yes?
199
537000
3000
是吗?如果你得到同样的结果就请举手。是吧?
09:12
Keep blinking闪烁. Every一切 time you blink it will switch开关. Alright好的?
200
540000
4000
继续眨眼睛。每眨一次眼睛它就会切换一次,对吧?
09:16
So I can ask you, which哪一个 direction方向 is it rotating旋转?
201
544000
4000
所以我问你,它在向哪个方向旋转?
09:20
How do you know?
202
548000
2000
你如何得知?
09:22
Your brain doesn't know. Because both are equally一样 likely容易.
203
550000
3000
你的大脑不知道。因为两种可能性都很相似
09:25
So depending根据 on where it looks容貌, it flips翻转
204
553000
2000
根据它从哪里看,它翻转在
09:27
between之间 the two possibilities可能性.
205
555000
3000
两种可能性之间
09:30
Are we the only ones那些 that see illusions幻想?
206
558000
2000
我们是唯一看到错觉的吗?
09:32
The answer回答 to this question is no.
207
560000
2000
答案是否定的
09:34
Even the beautiful美丽 bumblebee熊蜂,
208
562000
2000
即便是美丽的大黄蜂,
09:36
with its mere one million百万 brain cells细胞,
209
564000
2000
有着仅仅一百万个脑细胞
09:38
which哪一个 is 250 times fewer cells细胞 than you have in one retina视网膜,
210
566000
3000
比你一个视网膜上细胞的两百五十分之一还要少
09:41
sees看到 illusions幻想, does the most complicated复杂 things
211
569000
3000
也一样看到错觉,即便它们处理最复杂的事情
09:44
that even our most sophisticated复杂的 computers电脑 can't do.
212
572000
3000
甚至于我们最精密的电脑都做不到。
09:47
So in my lab实验室, we of course课程 work on bumblebees大黄蜂.
213
575000
2000
在我的实验室里,我们当然研究大黄蜂
09:49
Because we can completely全然 control控制 their experience经验,
214
577000
2000
因为我们可以完全的控制它们的经验
09:51
and see how that alters变造 the architecture建筑 of their brain.
215
579000
2000
并且观察那些经验如何改变它们大脑的结构
09:53
And we do this in what we call the Bee蜜蜂 Matrix矩阵.
216
581000
3000
我们所做的这个叫做蜜蜂矩阵
09:56
And here you have the hive蜂巢. You can see the queen女王 bee蜜蜂,
217
584000
2000
这有蜂房。你可以看到蜂后,
09:58
that large bee蜜蜂 in the middle中间 there. Those are all her daughters女儿, the eggs.
218
586000
3000
在中间的那只大的蜜蜂。这些卵是她的女儿们,
10:01
And they go back and forth向前 between之间 this hive蜂巢
219
589000
3000
它们通过这个管子在蜂房
10:04
and the arena竞技场, via通过 this tube.
220
592000
5000
和活动场所之间来回飞动
10:09
And you'll你会 see one of the bees蜜蜂 come out here.
221
597000
2000
你将看到其中有一只蜜蜂从这里出来
10:11
You see how she has a little number on her?
222
599000
3000
你看到它是如何得到一个编号的啊?
10:14
Yeah there is another另一个 one coming未来 out. She has another另一个 number on her.
223
602000
3000
这里又有一只蜜蜂出来了。它身上有另外一个编号
10:17
Now, they are not born天生 that way. Right?
224
605000
3000
它们不是生来就有编号的,对吧?
10:20
We pull them out, put them in the fridge冰箱, and they fall秋季 asleep睡着.
225
608000
2000
我们把它们拖出来,放到冰箱里,令它们睡着
10:22
And then you can superglue强力胶 little numbers数字 on them.
226
610000
2000
然后你就可以用强力胶把这些小编号粘在它们身上
10:24
(Laughter笑声)
227
612000
2000
(笑)
10:26
And now, in this experiment实验 they get rewarded奖励 if they go to the blue蓝色 flowers花卉.
228
614000
4000
在这个实验中,它们如果去蓝色的花儿则被奖励
10:30
And they land土地 on the flower. They stick their tongue in there,
229
618000
3000
它们停留在花上,将舌头刺进那里,
10:33
called a proboscis长鼻, and they drink sugar water.
230
621000
2000
称作吸管,然后它们喝那些糖水
10:35
Now she is drinking a glass玻璃 of water that's about that big to you and I,
231
623000
3000
现在她正在喝对于你我来说大概这么大的一杯水
10:38
will do that about three times, and then fly.
232
626000
6000
大约喝三次之后飞走
10:44
And sometimes有时 they learn学习 not to go to the blue蓝色,
233
632000
2000
有些时候他们学习不要去那些蓝色的花,
10:46
but to go to where the other bees蜜蜂 go.
234
634000
2000
而是去那些别的蜜蜂去的地方
10:48
So they copy复制 each other. They can count计数 to five. They can recognize认识 faces面孔.
235
636000
3000
因此他们相互效仿。他们可以数到五,也可以分辨长相
10:51
And here she comes down the ladder阶梯.
236
639000
3000
现在她正下来
10:54
And she'll贝壳 come into the hive蜂巢, find an empty honey蜜糖 pot
237
642000
2000
进去蜂房之后找到空的蜜罐
10:56
and throw up, and that's honey蜜糖.
238
644000
2000
然后吐出来,这就是蜂蜜
10:58
(Laughter笑声)
239
646000
1000
(笑)
10:59
Now remember记得 -- (Laughter笑声)
240
647000
3000
现在请记住--(笑)
11:02
-- she's supposed应该 to be going to the blue蓝色 flowers花卉.
241
650000
2000
--她理应去那些蓝色的花儿
11:04
But what are these bees蜜蜂 doing in the upper right corner?
242
652000
3000
但是这些在右上边角落的蜜蜂在做什么呢?
11:07
It looks容貌 like they're going to green绿色 flowers花卉.
243
655000
2000
看起来它们要去绿色的花儿
11:09
Now, are they getting得到 it wrong错误?
244
657000
3000
现在,是他们弄错了吗?
11:12
And the answer回答 to the question is no. Those are actually其实 blue蓝色 flowers花卉.
245
660000
3000
这个问题的答案是否定的。那些其实是蓝色的花儿
11:15
But those are blue蓝色 flowers花卉 under green绿色 light.
246
663000
4000
却是在绿色灯光之下的蓝色花儿
11:19
So they are using运用 the relationships关系 between之间 the colors颜色 to solve解决 the puzzle难题,
247
667000
4000
因此它们利用颜色间的关系来解开谜团
11:23
which哪一个 is exactly究竟 what we do.
248
671000
2000
这也正是我们所做的
11:25
So, illusions幻想 are often经常 used,
249
673000
2000
错觉常常被利用
11:27
especially特别 in art艺术, in the words of a more contemporary现代的 artist艺术家,
250
675000
4000
特别是运用在艺术上,以一名当代艺术家的话来说,
11:31
"to demonstrate演示 the fragility脆弱性 of our senses感官."
251
679000
2000
“来证明我们感官的脆弱”
11:33
Okay, this is complete完成 rubbish垃圾.
252
681000
3000
这纯粹是一派胡言
11:36
The senses感官 aren't fragile脆弱. And if they were, we wouldn't不会 be here.
253
684000
3000
感官并不脆弱,如果感官脆弱的话我们就不会在这里了
11:39
Instead代替, color颜色 tells告诉 us something completely全然 different不同,
254
687000
4000
反之,颜色告诉我们完全相反的东西,
11:43
that the brain didn't actually其实 evolve发展 to see the world世界 the way it is.
255
691000
3000
即大脑实际上并不是进化到能够看这真实的世界
11:46
We can't. Instead代替, the brain evolved进化 to see the world世界
256
694000
4000
我们不能。取而代之的是,大脑进化为看到这个世界
11:50
the way it was useful有用 to see in the past过去.
257
698000
3000
过去曾经的样子
11:53
And how we see is by continually不断 redefining重新定义 normality常态.
258
701000
6000
我们之所以可以看是通过不断的更新对常态的定义
11:59
So how can we take this
259
707000
4000
那么我们如何可以利用这种
12:03
incredible难以置信 capacity容量 of plasticity可塑性 of the brain
260
711000
3000
大脑不可思议的可塑性
12:06
and get people to experience经验 their world世界 differently不同?
261
714000
3000
令人们不同地体验他们的世界?
12:09
Well, one of the ways方法 we do in my lab实验室 and studio工作室
262
717000
3000
其中一种方法我们在我的实验室和工作室里所做的
12:12
is we translate翻译 the light into sound声音
263
720000
3000
就是我们把光翻译成声音
12:15
and we enable启用 people to hear their visual视觉 world世界.
264
723000
4000
使得人们能够听到他们的视觉世界
12:19
And they can navigate导航 the world世界 using运用 their ears耳朵.
265
727000
3000
于是他们就可以利用耳朵来航行于视觉世界
12:22
Here is David大卫, in the right. And he is holding保持 a camera相机.
266
730000
3000
右边的这位是大卫。他拿着一个照相机
12:25
On the left is what his camera相机 sees看到.
267
733000
2000
左边的是他相机的所见
12:27
And you'll你会 see there is a line线, a faint line线 going across横过 that image图片.
268
735000
3000
你可以看到这里有一条线,一条穿过那个影像的淡色的线
12:30
That line线 is broken破碎 up into 32 squares广场.
269
738000
3000
那条线被分成了三十二个正方形
12:33
In each square广场 we calculate计算 the average平均 color颜色.
270
741000
2000
我们计算每个正方形的平均颜色
12:35
And then we just simply只是 translate翻译 that into sound声音.
271
743000
2000
我们于是简单地将它翻译成声音
12:37
And now he's going to
272
745000
3000
现在他将
12:40
turn around, close his eyes眼睛,
273
748000
4000
转过身,闭上眼睛
12:44
and find a plate盘子 on the ground地面 with his eyes眼睛 closed关闭.
274
752000
3000
闭着眼睛找到地上的一个板子
13:06
He finds认定 it. Amazing惊人. Right?
275
774000
2000
他找到了。很神奇。对吧?
13:08
So not only can we create创建 a prosthetic假肢 for the visually视觉 impaired受损,
276
776000
2000
所以我们不仅仅能为视觉创伤创造出一个假体
13:10
but we can also investigate调查 how people
277
778000
3000
而且我们还可以研究人们是如何
13:13
literally按照字面 make sense of the world世界.
278
781000
3000
如实地感知这个世界
13:16
But we can also do something else其他. We can also make music音乐 with color颜色.
279
784000
4000
但是我们还可以做别的事情。我们可以用颜色来创造音乐
13:20
So, working加工 with kids孩子,
280
788000
2000
和孩子们合作
13:22
they created创建 images图片,
281
790000
2000
他们创造影像,
13:24
thinking思维 about what might威力 the images图片 you see
282
792000
2000
想象一下你可以看到什么影像
13:26
sound声音 like if we could listen to them.
283
794000
2000
听起来就好像我们能够倾听它们
13:28
And then we translated翻译 these images图片.
284
796000
2000
于是我们翻译这些影像
13:30
And this is one of those images图片.
285
798000
2000
这是其中的一幅影像
13:32
And this is a six-year-old六十岁 child儿童 composing构成 a piece of music音乐
286
800000
3000
这是一个六岁的孩子为一个
13:35
for a 32-piece-片 orchestra乐队.
287
803000
3000
三十二管弦乐团所创作的一曲音乐
13:38
And this is what it sounds声音 like.
288
806000
2000
它听起来是这样的
14:06
So, a six-year-old六十岁 child儿童. Okay?
289
834000
3000
一个六岁的孩子哦
14:09
Now, what does all this mean?
290
837000
3000
所有这些意味着什么呢?
14:12
What this suggests提示 is that no one is an outside observer观察者
291
840000
3000
这些暗示我们没有任何一个人是置身于自然界之外的观察者
14:15
of nature性质. Okay?
292
843000
2000
是吗?
14:17
We are not defined定义 by our central中央 properties性能,
293
845000
2000
我们并非由我们的中心特质所定义
14:19
by the bits that make us up.
294
847000
2000
也并非由组成我们的点点滴滴所定义
14:21
We're defined定义 by our environment环境 and our interaction相互作用 with that environment环境 --
295
849000
3000
我们是由我们周边的环境和我们与之的互动而定义的--
14:24
by our ecology生态.
296
852000
2000
即我们的生态
14:26
And that ecology生态 is necessarily一定 relative相对的,
297
854000
4000
而这个生态也必定是相对的,
14:30
historical历史的 and empirical经验.
298
858000
2000
历史的和经验的。
14:32
So what I'd like to finish with is this over here.
299
860000
6000
我想要以此作结
14:38
Because what I've been trying to do is really celebrate庆祝 uncertainty不确定.
300
866000
3000
因为迄今我所尝试都是在歌颂不确定性
14:41
Because I think only through通过 uncertainty不确定 is there potential潜在 for understanding理解.
301
869000
4000
因为我认为只有通过不确定性才会有潜力去理解
14:45
So, if some of you are still feeling感觉 a bit too certain某些,
302
873000
3000
所以,如果你们其中的一些人仍然觉得过于确定
14:48
I'd like to do this one.
303
876000
2000
我想要做这件事情
14:50
So, if we have the lights灯火 down.
304
878000
2000
让我们把灯熄灭
14:52
And what we have here --
305
880000
6000
这里我们有--
14:58
Can everyone大家 see 25 purple紫色 surfaces
306
886000
3000
是否每位都能看见这二十五个紫色的面
15:01
on your left,
307
889000
2000
在你的左边
15:03
and 25, call it yellowish淡黄, surfaces on your right?
308
891000
4000
和二十五个淡黄色的面在你的右边?
15:07
So, now, what I want to do:
309
895000
2000
那么,现在我想要做的是:
15:09
I'm going to put the middle中间 nine surfaces here
310
897000
2000
我将把中间的这九个面放在这里
15:11
under yellow黄色 illumination照明
311
899000
2000
在黄色的照明之下
15:13
by simply只是 putting a filter过滤 behind背后 them.
312
901000
4000
只要简单地在它们后面放个滤片
15:17
All right. Now you can see that changes变化 the light
313
905000
3000
好了,现在你可以看到那使灯光改变了
15:20
that's coming未来 through通过 there. Right?
314
908000
2000
光从那里出来,对吧?
15:22
Because now the light is going through通过 a yellowish淡黄 filter过滤
315
910000
2000
因为现在灯光通过一个淡黄色的滤片透出来
15:24
and then a purplish紫色 filter过滤.
316
912000
2000
然后是一个紫色的滤片
15:26
I'm going to do this opposite对面 on the left here.
317
914000
5000
我将在左边做相反的事情
15:31
I'm going to put the middle中间 nine under a purplish紫色 light.
318
919000
7000
我将把中间这九个面放在紫色的灯光下
15:38
Now, some of you will notice注意 that the consequence后果 is that
319
926000
4000
现在,你们其中的一些人将会觉察到其结果就是
15:42
the light coming未来 through通过 those middle中间 nine on the right,
320
930000
3000
从中间这九个面透出来的光
15:45
or your left,
321
933000
2000
或者是在你的左侧
15:47
is exactly究竟 the same相同 as the light coming未来 through通过
322
935000
2000
正好和从你右边透过中间九个面的光
15:49
the middle中间 nine on your right.
323
937000
2000
完全相同
15:51
Agreed同意? Yes?
324
939000
3000
同意吗?是的?
15:54
Okay. So they are physically物理 the same相同.
325
942000
2000
好的,所以说它们实际上是完全相同的
15:56
Let's pull the covers盖子 off.
326
944000
6000
让我们拉掉这个罩子
16:02
Now remember记得,
327
950000
4000
现在请记住,
16:06
you know the middle中间 nine are exactly究竟 the same相同.
328
954000
3000
你知道这中间的九个面是完全相同的
16:09
Do they look the same相同? No.
329
957000
4000
它们看起来相同吗?不。
16:13
The question is, "Is that an illusion错觉?"
330
961000
2000
问题来了,“那是个错觉吗?”
16:15
And I'll leave离开 you with that.
331
963000
2000
我把这个问题留给大家
16:17
So, thank you very much.
332
965000
2000
非常感谢。
16:19
(Applause掌声)
333
967000
3000
(掌声)
Translated by Guo Tang
Reviewed by Zhu Jie

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Beau Lotto - Neuroscientist, Artist
Beau Lotto is founder of Lottolab, a hybrid art studio and science lab. With glowing, interactive sculpture -- and old-fashioned peer-reviewed research--he's illuminating the mysteries of the brain's visual system.

Why you should listen

"Let there be perception," was evolution's proclamation, and so it was that all creatures, from honeybees to humans, came to see the world not as it is, but as was most useful. This uncomfortable place--where what an organism's brain sees diverges from what is actually out there--is what Beau Lotto and his team at Lottolab are exploring through their dazzling art-sci experiments and public illusions. Their Bee Matrix installation, for example, places a live bee in a transparent enclosure where gallerygoers may watch it seek nectar in a virtual meadow of luminous Plexiglas flowers. (Bees, Lotto will tell you, see colors much like we humans do.) The data captured isn't just discarded, either: it's put to good use in probing scientific papers, and sometimes in more exhibits.

At their home in London’s Science Museum, the lab holds "synesthetic workshops" where kids and adults make abstract paintings that computers interpret into music, and they host regular Lates--evenings of science, music and "mass experiments." Lotto is passionate about involving people from all walks of life in research on perception--both as subjects and as fellow researchers. One such program, called "i,scientist," in fact led to the publication of the first ever peer-reviewed scientific paper written by schoolchildren ("Blackawton Bees," December 2010). It starts, "Once upon a time ..."

These and Lotto's other conjurings are slowly, charmingly bending the science of perception--and our perceptions of what science can be.

More profile about the speaker
Beau Lotto | Speaker | TED.com

Data provided by TED.

This site was created in May 2015 and the last update was on January 12, 2020. It will no longer be updated.

We are currently creating a new site called "eng.lish.video" and would be grateful if you could access it.

If you have any questions or suggestions, please feel free to write comments in your language on the contact form.

Privacy Policy

Developer's Blog

Buy Me A Coffee