ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Beau Lotto - Neuroscientist, Artist
Beau Lotto is founder of Lottolab, a hybrid art studio and science lab. With glowing, interactive sculpture -- and old-fashioned peer-reviewed research--he's illuminating the mysteries of the brain's visual system.

Why you should listen

"Let there be perception," was evolution's proclamation, and so it was that all creatures, from honeybees to humans, came to see the world not as it is, but as was most useful. This uncomfortable place--where what an organism's brain sees diverges from what is actually out there--is what Beau Lotto and his team at Lottolab are exploring through their dazzling art-sci experiments and public illusions. Their Bee Matrix installation, for example, places a live bee in a transparent enclosure where gallerygoers may watch it seek nectar in a virtual meadow of luminous Plexiglas flowers. (Bees, Lotto will tell you, see colors much like we humans do.) The data captured isn't just discarded, either: it's put to good use in probing scientific papers, and sometimes in more exhibits.

At their home in London’s Science Museum, the lab holds "synesthetic workshops" where kids and adults make abstract paintings that computers interpret into music, and they host regular Lates--evenings of science, music and "mass experiments." Lotto is passionate about involving people from all walks of life in research on perception--both as subjects and as fellow researchers. One such program, called "i,scientist," in fact led to the publication of the first ever peer-reviewed scientific paper written by schoolchildren ("Blackawton Bees," December 2010). It starts, "Once upon a time ..."

These and Lotto's other conjurings are slowly, charmingly bending the science of perception--and our perceptions of what science can be.

More profile about the speaker
Beau Lotto | Speaker | TED.com
TEDGlobal 2009

Beau Lotto: Optical illusions show how we see

包拉托: 錯覺中的視覺真相

Filmed:
7,158,267 views

包拉托的色彩遊戲困惑了你的視覺,但也凸顯出你平常無法看見的: 你的大腦如何工作。這有趣且來自我們善變的視覺判斷所得的第一印象,揭露了進化如何使視覺呈現真實事物以外的訊息。
- Neuroscientist, Artist
Beau Lotto is founder of Lottolab, a hybrid art studio and science lab. With glowing, interactive sculpture -- and old-fashioned peer-reviewed research--he's illuminating the mysteries of the brain's visual system. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:13
I want to start開始 with a game遊戲.
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我想要從一個遊戲開始
00:16
And to win贏得 this game遊戲,
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要贏這個遊戲
00:18
all you have to do is see the reality現實 that's in front面前 of you
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你所要做的就是認定你眼前所見的
00:21
as it really is. All right?
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就是真的 好嗎
00:23
So, we have two panels面板 here,
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這兒有兩片板子
00:25
of colored有色 dots.
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上面有彩色圓點
00:27
And one of those dots is the same相同
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兩片板子中其中一個圓點
00:30
in the two panels面板. Okay?
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是一樣的
00:33
And you have to tell me which哪一個 one.
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你們得告訴我是哪一個
00:35
Now, narrow狹窄 it down to
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現在 將範圍縮小到
00:38
the gray灰色 one, the green綠色 one and, say, the orange橙子 one.
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灰色 綠色 和橘色的好了
00:41
So, by a show顯示 of hands -- we'll start開始 with the easiest最簡單的 one --
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用舉手表示 我們從最容易的那個的開始
00:44
Show顯示 of hands: how many許多 people think it's the gray灰色 one?
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舉起你的手 有多少人認為是灰色的?
00:48
Really? Okay.
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真的嗎? 好的
00:50
How many許多 people think it's the green綠色 one?
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有多少人認為是綠色的?
00:55
And how many許多 people think it's the orange橙子 one?
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多少人認為橘色才對?
00:59
Pretty漂亮 even split分裂.
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分配滿平均的嘛
01:02
Let's find out what the reality現實 is.
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讓我們來讓真相大白
01:05
Here is the orange橙子 one.
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先看看橘色的
01:08
(Laughter笑聲)
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(眾笑)
01:10
Here is the green綠色 one.
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還有綠色的
01:13
And here is the gray灰色 one.
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再看看灰色的
01:17
(Laughter笑聲)
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(眾人大笑)
01:20
So, for all of you who saw that, you're a complete完成 realist現實主義者. All right?
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可以看破秘密的人 你們是徹底的現實主義者
01:24
(Laughter笑聲)
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(眾人大笑)
01:26
So, this is pretty漂亮 amazing驚人, actually其實, isn't it?
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這很令人吃驚不是嗎
01:28
Because nearly幾乎 every一切 living活的 system系統
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因為幾乎所有生命系統
01:30
has evolved進化 the ability能力 to detect檢測 light in one way or another另一個.
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都已經發展出可以設法感應光的能力
01:33
So, for us, seeing眼看 color顏色 is one of the simplest簡單 things the brain does.
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所以對我們而言 看見顏色應該是大腦最簡單的工作
01:38
And yet然而, even at this most fundamental基本的 level水平,
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然而即使是這最基本的事情
01:40
context上下文 is everything.
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背景才是最重要的
01:43
What I want to talk about is not that context上下文 is everything,
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今天我想要談論的不是「背景最重要」這件事
01:46
but why is context上下文 everything.
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而是「為什麼背景最重要」
01:48
Because it's answering回答 that question that tells告訴 us not only
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因為這不僅回答了我們
01:52
why we see what we do,
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為何我們做了什麼就看到什麼
01:54
but who we are as individuals個人,
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還有以個體的角度
01:56
and who we are as a society社會.
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以及在社會群體中我們的角色為何
01:59
But first, we have to ask another另一個 question,
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但首先 我們需要問另一個問題
02:01
which哪一個 is, "What is color顏色 for?"
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"顏色的功能是什麼?"
02:03
And instead代替 of telling告訴 you, I'll just show顯示 you.
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與其用講的不如秀給你看
02:05
What you see here is a jungle叢林 scene現場,
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現在我們看到的是叢林
02:08
and you see the surfaces according根據 to the amount
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你所看到的這外觀是根據
02:10
of light that those surfaces reflect反映.
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從物體表面反射的光的多寡
02:12
Now, can any of you see the predator捕食者 that's about to jump out at you?
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現在 有任何人看見一隻就要朝你跳出來的掠食動物嗎?
02:17
And if you haven't沒有 seen看到 it yet然而, you're dead. Right?
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如果還沒看見大概死定了 對吧
02:19
(Laughter笑聲)
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(眾人笑)
02:21
Can anyone任何人 see it? Anyone任何人? No?
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有人可以看見嗎? 有人嗎? 沒有?
02:23
Now, let's see the surfaces according根據 to the quality質量 of light that they reflect反映.
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現在讓我們根據表面反射光的性質來看看
02:27
And now you see it.
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現在看到了吧
02:30
So, color顏色 enables使 us to see
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所以 顏色讓我們可以看見
02:33
the similarities相似之處 and differences分歧 between之間 surfaces,
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外觀上的相似與相異
02:35
according根據 to the full充分 spectrum光譜 of light that they reflect反映.
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根據他們反射的所有光譜
02:38
But what you've just doneDONE is, in many許多 respects尊重, mathematically數學 impossible不可能.
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但你們剛做到的 在很多方面 不可能以數學方法解釋
02:42
Why? Because, as Berkeley伯克利 tells告訴 us,
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為什麼 ? 因為就像Barkley告訴我們的
02:45
we have no direct直接 access訪問 to our physical物理 world世界,
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我們沒有直接進入真實世界的方法
02:48
other than through通過 our senses感官.
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除了透過我們的感受
02:50
And the light that falls下降 onto our eyes眼睛
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而進入我們眼睛的光
02:52
is determined決心 by multiple things in the world世界 --
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是由外在世界許多東西決定的
02:54
not only the color顏色 of objects對象,
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不只是物體的顏色
02:56
but also the color顏色 of their illumination照明,
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還有照明的顏色
02:58
and the color顏色 of the space空間 between之間 us and those objects對象.
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以及我們與物體間環境的色彩
03:01
You vary變化 any one of those parameters參數,
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只要你改變其中一項
03:03
and you'll你會 change更改 the color顏色 of the light that falls下降 onto your eye.
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將會改變進入你眼睛的光的顏色
03:08
This is a huge巨大 problem問題 because it means手段 that
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這是一個很重要的問題 因為這代表
03:10
the same相同 image圖片 could have an infinite無窮 number
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相同的影像可能來自
03:13
of possible可能 real-world真實世界 sources來源.
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無限多個像源
03:16
So let me show顯示 you what I mean. Imagine想像 that this is the back of your eye.
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讓我秀給你看我在說什麼 想像一下這是你眼睛的底部
03:19
And these are two projections預測 from the world世界.
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這裡的兩個來自外在世界的投影
03:22
They are identical相同 in every一切 single way.
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他們是完全相同的
03:25
Identical相同 in shape形狀, size尺寸, spectral光譜 content內容.
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包括形狀 大小 光譜
03:29
They are the same相同, as far as your eye is concerned關心.
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如你所見 他們一模一樣
03:33
And yet然而 they come from completely全然 different不同 sources來源.
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然而他們來自完全不同的來源
03:38
The one on the right
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右邊的這一個
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comes from a yellow黃色 surface表面,
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來自黃色的表面
03:43
in shadow陰影, oriented面向 facing面對 the left,
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在陰影裡 面向左邊
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viewed觀看 through通過 a pinkish粉紅色 medium.
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從粉紅色物質看過去得到的
03:48
The one on the left comes from an orange橙子 surface表面,
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左邊這個則是從橘色表面
03:51
under direct直接 light, facing面對 to the right,
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在直接光照下 面向右邊
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viewed觀看 through通過 a sort分類 of a bluish偏藍 medium.
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從藍色物質看過去得到的
03:55
Completely全然 different不同 meanings含義,
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意義完全不同
03:58
giving rise上升 to the exact精確 same相同 retinal視網膜 information信息.
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卻造成了完全相同的視網膜訊息
04:01
And yet然而 it's only the retinal視網膜 information信息
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而這還只是我們接收到的視網膜訊息
04:03
that we get.
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而這還只是我們接收到的視網膜訊息
04:05
So how on Earth地球 do we even see?
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在地球上我們甚至如何運用視覺?
04:08
So, if you remember記得 anything in this next下一個 18 minutes分鐘,
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如果你記得接下來這十八分鐘的任何事
04:12
remember記得 this: that the light that falls下降 on to your eye,
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只要記得:那都是進入你眼睛的光
04:15
sensory感覺的 information信息, is meaningless無意義的,
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感覺到的訊息是沒有意義的
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because it could mean literally按照字面 anything.
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因為那可以是任何東西
04:20
And what's true真正 for sensory感覺的 information信息 is true真正 for information信息 generally通常.
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大致上來說感覺到的訊息的本質就跟一般的訊息一樣
04:23
There is no inherent固有 meaning含義 in information信息.
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本身並沒有任何意義
04:25
It's what we do with that information信息 that matters事項.
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所謂的訊息就是這樣
04:29
So, how do we see? Well, we see by learning學習 to see.
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所以我們如何能看? 其實 我們能看是學來的
04:32
So, the brain evolved進化 the mechanisms機制 for finding發現 patterns模式,
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大腦發展了辨識圖樣的機制
04:36
finding發現 relationships關係 in information信息
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在訊息裡頭的找出關聯性
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and associating關聯 those relationships關係
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並賦予這些前因後果
04:40
with a behavioral行為的 meaning含義,
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行為上的意義
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a significance意義, by interacting互動 with the world世界.
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藉由與外在世界互動所得的意義
04:45
We're very aware知道的 of this
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我們對於
04:47
in the form形成 of more cognitive認知 attributes屬性, like language語言.
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較多認知特質的形式相當敏銳 像是語言
04:50
So, I'm going to give you some letter strings字符串. And I want you to read them out for me,
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我將會給你們一些字串 並且希望你們為我念出來
04:52
if you can.
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如果你可以的話
04:54
Audience聽眾: "Can you read this?"
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觀眾:『你可以讀這個嗎?』
04:57
"You are not reading this."
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『你不能讀這個』
04:59
"What are you reading?"
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『你正在讀什麼?』
05:01
Beau花花公子 Lotto樂透: "What are you reading?" Half the letters are missing失踪. Right?
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包拉托:『你正在讀什麼?』裡有一半的字母不見了對吧?
05:04
There is no a priori先驗 reason原因 why an "H" has to go
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沒有什麼道理H一定要在
05:06
between之間 that "W" and "A."
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W和A中間
05:08
But you put one there. Why?
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但是你這麼做了 為什麼?
05:10
Because in the statistics統計 of your past過去 experience經驗
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因為根據你過去經驗的統計
05:12
it would have been useful有用 to do so. So you do so again.
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以前這樣做都很有用 所以你就再次這麼做了
05:15
And yet然而 you don't put a letter after that first "T."
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然而你不會放個字母在第一個T後面
05:18
Why? Because it wouldn't不會 have been useful有用 in the past過去.
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為什麼? 因為過去這麼做並沒有用
05:21
So you don't do it again.
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所以你不會再次這樣做
05:23
So let me show顯示 you how quickly很快 our brains大腦 can redefine重新定義 normality常態,
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讓我告訴你我們的大腦可以多快重新定義常態
05:27
even at the simplest簡單 thing the brain does, which哪一個 is color顏色.
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甚至是大腦所處理最簡單的事情 也就是色彩
05:29
So, if I could have the lights燈火 down up here.
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如果我把燈關掉
05:32
I want you to first notice注意 that those two desert沙漠 scenes場景 are physically物理 the same相同.
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我想要你們先注意那兩個沙漠景像實際上是一樣的
05:35
One is simply只是 the flipping翻轉 of the other. Okay?
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其中一張只是另一張的翻轉
05:40
Now I want you to look at that dot
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現在請你們看著
05:42
between之間 the green綠色 and the red. Okay?
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在綠與紅之間的圓點 好嗎
05:45
And I want you to stare at that dot. Don't look anywhere隨地 else其他.
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而且你門要盯著這個圓點不要看其它地方
05:48
And we're going to look at that for about 30 seconds,
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我們將會看著它約三十秒
05:49
which哪一個 is a bit of a killer兇手 in an 18-minute-分鐘 talk.
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它就是這場十八分鐘的演講裡最迷人的東西
05:52
(Laughter笑聲)
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(眾笑)
05:53
But I really want you to learn學習.
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但我其實是想要你去學
05:55
And I'll tell you -- don't look anywhere隨地 else其他 --
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而且我將告訴你--不要看其他地方
05:58
and I'll tell you what's happening事件 inside your head.
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我將告訴你在你的腦袋裡發生了什麼事
06:00
Your brain is learning學習. And it's learning學習 that the right side of its visual視覺 field領域
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你的大腦正在學 學習視野的右邊
06:03
is under red illumination照明;
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是在紅色照明下
06:05
the left side of its visual視覺 field領域 is under green綠色 illumination照明.
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視野左邊則是綠色照明下
06:08
That's what it's learning學習. Okay?
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這就是大腦正在學的
06:11
Now, when I tell you, I want you to look at the dot between之間 the two desert沙漠 scenes場景.
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現在 當我告訴我想要你看著沙漠景像中間的圓點
06:16
So why don't you do that now?
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所以你們何不現在做?
06:18
(Laughter笑聲)
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(眾人笑)
06:21
Can I have the lights燈火 up again?
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可以把燈打開嗎?
06:23
I take it from your response響應 they don't look the same相同 anymore. Right?
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我從你們的反應知道他們看起來不再一樣了對吧?
06:27
(Applause掌聲)
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(鼓掌)
06:28
Why? Because your brain is seeing眼看 that same相同 information信息
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這是為什麼呢? 因為你們的大腦正以相同的訊息在看東西
06:31
as if the right one is still under red light,
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就像右邊那個仍在紅光下
06:33
and the left one is still under green綠色 light.
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左邊仍在綠光下
06:35
That's your new normal正常.
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這就是你新的常態
06:37
So, what does this mean for context上下文?
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所以這對背景有何意義?
06:39
It means手段 that I can take these two identical相同 squares廣場,
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它代表我可以把這兩個相同的正方形
06:41
and I can put them in light and dark黑暗 surrounds圍繞著.
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放到亮的跟暗的環境中
06:43
And now the one on the dark黑暗 surround環繞 looks容貌 lighter打火機 than the one on the light surround環繞.
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現在在被黑暗包圍的那個看起來比被光包圍的還要亮
06:46
What's significant重大 is not simply只是 the light and dark黑暗 surrounds圍繞著 that matter.
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有意義的並非周圍亮暗
06:50
It's what those light and dark黑暗 surrounds圍繞著 meant意味著 for your behavior行為 in the past過去.
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而是周圍亮暗這件事對你過去的行為意味著什麼
06:54
So I'll show顯示 you what I mean. Here we have
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接下來我將展示我的意思是什麼
06:56
that exact精確 same相同 illusion錯覺.
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這一樣是錯覺
06:58
We have two identical相同 tiles瓷磚, on the left,
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左邊有兩個相同的磁磚
07:00
one in a dark黑暗 surround環繞, one in a light surround環繞.
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一個在暗背景中 一個在亮背景中
07:02
And the same相同 thing over on the right.
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右邊也是同樣的情形
07:04
Now, what I'm going to do is I'm going to review評論 those two scenes場景.
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現在 我將檢視這兩幅景象
07:07
But I'm not going to change更改 anything within those boxes盒子,
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但不改變這兩幅圖中任何事物
07:09
except their meaning含義.
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除了他們的意義
07:11
And see what happens發生 to your perception知覺.
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並且看看你們的感知發生了什麼事
07:13
Notice注意 that on the left
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注意左邊的這幅
07:15
the two tiles瓷磚 look nearly幾乎 completely全然 opposite對面:
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兩個磁磚看起來幾乎完全相反
07:18
one very white白色 and one very dark黑暗.
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一個很亮一個很暗
07:20
All right? Whereas on the right,
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是吧 相反地 右邊這幅
07:22
the two tiles瓷磚 look nearly幾乎 the same相同.
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兩個磁磚看起來幾乎一樣
07:24
And yet然而 there is still one on a dark黑暗 surround環繞 and one on a light surround環繞.
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但也是一個在暗背景中 一個在亮背景中
07:28
Why? Because if the tile in that shadow陰影
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為什麼? 因為如果磁磚在那樣的陰影裡
07:31
were in fact事實 in shadow陰影,
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是真的在陰影內
07:33
and reflecting反映 the same相同 amount of light to your eye
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而且反射了和陰影外那個磁磚
07:35
as the one outside the shadow陰影,
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一樣多的光到你的眼睛
07:37
it would have to be more reflective反光 -- just the laws法律 of physics物理.
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那它勢必要更能反射光線才行 這是物理定律
07:40
So you see it that way.
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所以你看見一暗一亮的視覺效果
07:42
Whereas on the right, the information信息 is consistent一貫
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相反地 右邊那幅訊息是一致的
07:45
with those two tiles瓷磚 being存在 under the same相同 light.
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兩個磁磚都是在相同的光照之下
07:47
If they are under the same相同 light, reflecting反映 the same相同 amount of light
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如果是在相同的照明下 它們反射到你眼睛的光
07:49
to your eye,
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是一樣多的
07:51
then they must必須 be equally一樣 reflective反光.
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那他們的反射能力是一樣的
07:53
So you see it that way.
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所以你覺得他們一樣亮
07:55
Which哪一個 means手段 we can bring帶來 all this information信息 together一起
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這意味著我們可以把所有的訊息結合在一起
07:57
to create創建 some incredibly令人難以置信 strong強大 illusions幻想.
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創造出一些難以置信的強烈錯覺
07:59
This is one I made製作 a few少數 years年份 ago.
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這是我在多年前做的一張圖
08:01
And you'll你會 notice注意 you see a dark黑暗 brown棕色 tile at the top最佳,
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你們將會發現你們看到了一個褐色磁磚在上邊
08:04
and a bright orange橙子 tile at the side.
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還有一個亮橘色磁磚在旁邊
08:07
That is your perceptual知覺的 reality現實. The physical物理 reality現實
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這是你的感知的事實 但科學事實是
08:09
is that those two tiles瓷磚 are the same相同.
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這兩個磁磚是一樣的
08:14
Here you see four gray灰色 tiles瓷磚 on your left,
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這兒你則看到四個灰色磁磚在你的左邊
08:17
seven gray灰色 tiles瓷磚 on the right.
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七的灰色磁磚在右邊
08:19
I'm not going to change更改 those tiles瓷磚 at all,
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我不會改變這些磁磚一丁點兒
08:21
but I'm going to reveal揭示 the rest休息 of the scene現場
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但我將揭開其餘的畫面
08:23
and see what happens發生 to your perception知覺.
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看看你的感知會有什麼變化
08:26
The four blue藍色 tiles瓷磚 on the left are gray灰色.
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右邊四個藍色的磁磚是灰色的
08:30
The seven yellow黃色 tiles瓷磚 on the right are also gray灰色.
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左邊七個黃色的瓷磚也是灰色的
08:33
They are the same相同. Okay?
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它們是一樣的
08:35
Don't believe me? Let's watch it again.
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不相信我嗎? 再看一次
08:39
What's true真正 for color顏色 is also true真正 for complex複雜 perceptions看法 of motion運動.
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顏色的真相,就像複雜的情緒感知的結果
08:43
So here we have --
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這兒我們有
08:46
let's turn this around -- a diamond鑽石.
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讓我們把這個翻過來 一個鑽石
08:51
And what I'm going to do is, I'm going to hold保持 it here,
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接下來我要做的是把它放在這兒
08:53
and I'm going to spin it.
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然後旋轉它
08:57
And for all of you, you'll你會 see it probably大概 spinning紡織 this direction方向.
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你們大家大概都會看到它往這個方向轉
09:00
Now I want you to keep looking at it.
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現在我要你們繼續看著它
09:03
Move移動 your eyes眼睛 around, blink, maybe close one eye.
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轉轉你的眼睛 眨一眨 或者閉上一隻眼
09:05
And suddenly突然 it will flip翻動, and start開始 spinning紡織 the opposite對面 direction方向.
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突然間它就這麼反轉了 往相反方向旋轉
09:09
Yes? Raise提高 your hand if you got that. Yes?
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有沒有? 如果你看到就舉手 有吧?
09:12
Keep blinking閃爍. Every一切 time you blink it will switch開關. Alright好的?
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繼續眨眨眼 每眨一次他就切換一次 對吧
09:16
So I can ask you, which哪一個 direction方向 is it rotating旋轉?
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所以我問你 哪個方向是它旋轉的方向?
09:20
How do you know?
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你怎麼知道?
09:22
Your brain doesn't know. Because both are equally一樣 likely容易.
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你的大腦不知道 因為兩種可能性相等
09:25
So depending根據 on where it looks容貌, it flips翻轉
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根據它從那兒看 它會在
09:27
between之間 the two possibilities可能性.
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兩種可能性之間反轉
09:30
Are we the only ones那些 that see illusions幻想?
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我們是唯一看見錯覺的嗎?
09:32
The answer回答 to this question is no.
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這個問題的答案是否
09:34
Even the beautiful美麗 bumblebee熊蜂,
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即使是漂亮的大黃蜂
09:36
with its mere one million百萬 brain cells細胞,
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有著僅僅一百萬個腦細胞
09:38
which哪一個 is 250 times fewer cells細胞 than you have in one retina視網膜,
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比你一個視網膜的細胞的兩百五十分之一還少
09:41
sees看到 illusions幻想, does the most complicated複雜 things
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一樣看到錯覺 處理最複雜的事
09:44
that even our most sophisticated複雜的 computers電腦 can't do.
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而且是我們最精密的電腦都無法辦到的
09:47
So in my lab實驗室, we of course課程 work on bumblebees大黃蜂.
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在我的實驗室 我們當然也研究了大黃蜂
09:49
Because we can completely全然 control控制 their experience經驗,
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因為我們可以完全控制牠們的實驗
09:51
and see how that alters變造 the architecture建築 of their brain.
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並且看那如何改變他們的大腦結構
09:53
And we do this in what we call the Bee蜜蜂 Matrix矩陣.
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我們做的這個叫做蜜蜂矩陣
09:56
And here you have the hive蜂巢. You can see the queen女王 bee蜜蜂,
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這兒有個蜂巢 你可以看到蜂后
09:58
that large bee蜜蜂 in the middle中間 there. Those are all her daughters女兒, the eggs.
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那隻巨大的黃蜂就在中間那兒 那些卵全都是她的女兒們
10:01
And they go back and forth向前 between之間 this hive蜂巢
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他們在蜂房與活動場所之間
10:04
and the arena競技場, via通過 this tube.
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藉由這個管子來回走動
10:09
And you'll你會 see one of the bees蜜蜂 come out here.
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你將看到其中一隻蜜蜂從這兒出來
10:11
You see how she has a little number on her?
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你可以看出她如何得到她的編號
10:14
Yeah there is another另一個 one coming未來 out. She has another另一個 number on her.
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呀 又有一隻跑出來了 她變成了另一號
10:17
Now, they are not born天生 that way. Right?
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牠們不是生來就有編號的 對吧?
10:20
We pull them out, put them in the fridge冰箱, and they fall秋季 asleep睡著.
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我們把牠們拿出來 將牠們放進冰箱 讓他們睡著
10:22
And then you can superglue強力膠 little numbers數字 on them.
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然後你可以替牠們黏上小數字
10:24
(Laughter笑聲)
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(眾笑)
10:26
And now, in this experiment實驗 they get rewarded獎勵 if they go to the blue藍色 flowers花卉.
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在這個實驗牠們若去藍色的花那兒將會被獎勵
10:30
And they land土地 on the flower. They stick their tongue in there,
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牠們停在花上 將舌頭伸進去
10:33
called a proboscis長鼻, and they drink sugar water.
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那稱為口器 然後他們吸食糖水
10:35
Now she is drinking a glass玻璃 of water that's about that big to you and I,
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現在她喝了一杯對你我來說大概這麼多的水
10:38
will do that about three times, and then fly.
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大概喝了三倍之後 就會飛走
10:44
And sometimes有時 they learn學習 not to go to the blue藍色,
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有的時候他們學到不要飛到藍色的花
10:46
but to go to where the other bees蜜蜂 go.
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而是到其他黃蜂去的地方
10:48
So they copy複製 each other. They can count計數 to five. They can recognize認識 faces面孔.
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所以他們可以吸取彼此的經驗 可以數到五 也可以辨識長相
10:51
And here she comes down the ladder階梯.
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這時她
10:54
And she'll貝殼 come into the hive蜂巢, find an empty honey蜜糖 pot
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她將會進到蜂巢 找個空的蜂蜜槽
10:56
and throw up, and that's honey蜜糖.
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開始嘔吐 那就是蜂蜜
10:58
(Laughter笑聲)
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(眾笑)
10:59
Now remember記得 -- (Laughter笑聲)
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現在請記得 (笑)
11:02
-- she's supposed應該 to be going to the blue藍色 flowers花卉.
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她預期要去藍花那兒
11:04
But what are these bees蜜蜂 doing in the upper right corner?
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但其他的黃蜂正在右上邊的角落做什麼呢?
11:07
It looks容貌 like they're going to green綠色 flowers花卉.
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看起來牠們正在往綠花那兒去
11:09
Now, are they getting得到 it wrong錯誤?
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牠們弄錯了嗎?
11:12
And the answer回答 to the question is no. Those are actually其實 blue藍色 flowers花卉.
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當然不是 這些實際上是藍色的花
11:15
But those are blue藍色 flowers花卉 under green綠色 light.
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只是這些藍色的花是在綠色照明下
11:19
So they are using運用 the relationships關係 between之間 the colors顏色 to solve解決 the puzzle難題,
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所以他們正跟我們一樣 利用顏色的關係
11:23
which哪一個 is exactly究竟 what we do.
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解開謎團
11:25
So, illusions幻想 are often經常 used,
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所以 錯覺常常被利用
11:27
especially特別 in art藝術, in the words of a more contemporary現代的 artist藝術家,
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特別是在藝術 應該說是較為當代的藝術家
11:31
"to demonstrate演示 the fragility脆弱性 of our senses感官."
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拿來『展示我們知覺的脆弱』
11:33
Okay, this is complete完成 rubbish垃圾.
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這是一派胡言
11:36
The senses感官 aren't fragile脆弱. And if they were, we wouldn't不會 be here.
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知覺不是脆弱的 如果是 我們不會在這兒
11:39
Instead代替, color顏色 tells告訴 us something completely全然 different不同,
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另一方面 顏色告訴我們有些事物是完全不同的
11:43
that the brain didn't actually其實 evolve發展 to see the world世界 the way it is.
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就是大腦並非真的進化來看出世界真正的樣子
11:46
We can't. Instead代替, the brain evolved進化 to see the world世界
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我們不能 取而代之的是 大腦是進化來理解世界的
11:50
the way it was useful有用 to see in the past過去.
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在過去這對「看」是很有用的
11:53
And how we see is by continually不斷 redefining重新定義 normality常態.
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我們能看是藉由不停地定義常態
11:59
So how can we take this
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所以我們如何能利用這個
12:03
incredible難以置信 capacity容量 of plasticity可塑性 of the brain
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大腦不可思議的可塑性
12:06
and get people to experience經驗 their world世界 differently不同?
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並且使人們以不同方式體驗他們的世界?
12:09
Well, one of the ways方法 we do in my lab實驗室 and studio工作室
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在我們的實驗室及工作室所用的其中一種方法
12:12
is we translate翻譯 the light into sound聲音
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是將光轉成聲音
12:15
and we enable啟用 people to hear their visual視覺 world世界.
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讓人們可以聽見他們所見的世界
12:19
And they can navigate導航 the world世界 using運用 their ears耳朵.
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他們可以用耳朵遨遊世界
12:22
Here is David大衛, in the right. And he is holding保持 a camera相機.
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右邊這是大衛 他正拿著照相機
12:25
On the left is what his camera相機 sees看到.
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左邊是他的攝影機所見的
12:27
And you'll你會 see there is a line, a faint line going across橫過 that image圖片.
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你可以看見這兒有條線 一條跨過影像的淡線
12:30
That line is broken破碎 up into 32 squares廣場.
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這條線分離為三十二個正方形
12:33
In each square廣場 we calculate計算 the average平均 color顏色.
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每個方形我們計算它的平均顏色
12:35
And then we just simply只是 translate翻譯 that into sound聲音.
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我們只是簡單地將它轉成聲訊
12:37
And now he's going to
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現在他正要
12:40
turn around, close his eyes眼睛,
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轉過身 閉上眼睛
12:44
and find a plate盤子 on the ground地面 with his eyes眼睛 closed關閉.
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並閉上眼睛找一塊在地上的板子
13:06
He finds認定 it. Amazing驚人. Right?
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他找到了 神奇吧?
13:08
So not only can we create創建 a prosthetic假肢 for the visually視覺 impaired受損,
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所以我們不僅能為視覺創傷製做義眼
13:10
but we can also investigate調查 how people
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也能研究人類如何
13:13
literally按照字面 make sense of the world世界.
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如實地感覺世界
13:16
But we can also do something else其他. We can also make music音樂 with color顏色.
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但我們還可做更多事 我們可以
13:20
So, working加工 with kids孩子,
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和孩子們一起
13:22
they created創建 images圖片,
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他們創作影像
13:24
thinking思維 about what might威力 the images圖片 you see
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想像你可能看到什麼影像
13:26
sound聲音 like if we could listen to them.
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聽起來就像我們可以了解他們
13:28
And then we translated翻譯 these images圖片.
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然後我們開始轉譯這些影像
13:30
And this is one of those images圖片.
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這是其中一幅影像
13:32
And this is a six-year-old六十歲 child兒童 composing構成 a piece of music音樂
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也是一位六歲孩子以三十二件樂器組成的樂團
13:35
for a 32-piece-片 orchestra樂隊.
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所創作的音樂作品
13:38
And this is what it sounds聲音 like.
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這就是它聽起來的樣子
14:06
So, a six-year-old六十歲 child兒童. Okay?
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一個六歲的小孩子喔
14:09
Now, what does all this mean?
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這所有種種表示什麼?
14:12
What this suggests提示 is that no one is an outside observer觀察者
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它暗示沒有人是自然界中
14:15
of nature性質. Okay?
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置身事外的觀察者
14:17
We are not defined定義 by our central中央 properties性能,
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我們並非由自身的特性所定義
14:19
by the bits that make us up.
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也不是是組成我們的點滴
14:21
We're defined定義 by our environment環境 and our interaction相互作用 with that environment環境 --
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我們是被我們的環境以及我們和環境之間的交互作用所定義
14:24
by our ecology生態.
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也就是我們的生態
14:26
And that ecology生態 is necessarily一定 relative相對的,
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而這生態必然是相對的
14:30
historical歷史的 and empirical經驗.
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並基於歷史及經驗的
14:32
So what I'd like to finish with is this over here.
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我想要以此做結
14:38
Because what I've been trying to do is really celebrate慶祝 uncertainty不確定.
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因為過去我所嘗試去做的實際上正是頌揚不確定性
14:41
Because I think only through通過 uncertainty不確定 is there potential潛在 for understanding理解.
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因為我認為只有透過不確定性才有了解的潛力
14:45
So, if some of you are still feeling感覺 a bit too certain某些,
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所以如果你們其中某些人仍有點兒覺得萬事必然
14:48
I'd like to do this one.
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我想要做件事
14:50
So, if we have the lights燈火 down.
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我們關掉燈
14:52
And what we have here --
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這兒看到的是
14:58
Can everyone大家 see 25 purple紫色 surfaces
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大家都看到二十五個紫色面了嗎?
15:01
on your left,
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在你的左邊
15:03
and 25, call it yellowish淡黃, surfaces on your right?
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以及二十五個所謂的淡黃面在你右邊
15:07
So, now, what I want to do:
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接下來 我想要做的是
15:09
I'm going to put the middle中間 nine surfaces here
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我要使中間九個
15:11
under yellow黃色 illumination照明
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在黃色照明下
15:13
by simply只是 putting a filter過濾 behind背後 them.
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只要在它們後面放上簡單的濾片就行了
15:17
All right. Now you can see that changes變化 the light
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好了 現在你可以看到那使光改變了
15:20
that's coming未來 through通過 there. Right?
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光從這兒過來 對吧
15:22
Because now the light is going through通過 a yellowish淡黃 filter過濾
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因為現在光線通過了淡黃色的濾片
15:24
and then a purplish紫色 filter過濾.
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然後用紫色的濾片
15:26
I'm going to do this opposite對面 on the left here.
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接下來我要反過來
15:31
I'm going to put the middle中間 nine under a purplish紫色 light.
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把中間這九個放在紫光下
15:38
Now, some of you will notice注意 that the consequence後果 is that
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現在 你們其中有些人將察覺到接下來一連串發生的
15:42
the light coming未來 through通過 those middle中間 nine on the right,
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右邊的中間九個所透過的光
15:45
or your left,
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或左邊的
15:47
is exactly究竟 the same相同 as the light coming未來 through通過
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和右邊中間九個所透過的光
15:49
the middle中間 nine on your right.
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是完全相同的
15:51
Agreed同意? Yes?
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同意吧?
15:54
Okay. So they are physically物理 the same相同.
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很好 所以它們實際上一樣
15:56
Let's pull the covers蓋子 off.
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讓我們推開罩子
16:02
Now remember記得,
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請記得
16:06
you know the middle中間 nine are exactly究竟 the same相同.
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你知道中間九個是完全一樣的
16:09
Do they look the same相同? No.
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但它們看起來一樣嗎? 不
16:13
The question is, "Is that an illusion錯覺?"
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問題來了 「那真的是錯覺嗎?」
16:15
And I'll leave離開 you with that.
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我把這問題給你們
16:17
So, thank you very much.
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謝謝大家
16:19
(Applause掌聲)
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(鼓掌)
Translated by Cherry Huang
Reviewed by Grace Tung

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Beau Lotto - Neuroscientist, Artist
Beau Lotto is founder of Lottolab, a hybrid art studio and science lab. With glowing, interactive sculpture -- and old-fashioned peer-reviewed research--he's illuminating the mysteries of the brain's visual system.

Why you should listen

"Let there be perception," was evolution's proclamation, and so it was that all creatures, from honeybees to humans, came to see the world not as it is, but as was most useful. This uncomfortable place--where what an organism's brain sees diverges from what is actually out there--is what Beau Lotto and his team at Lottolab are exploring through their dazzling art-sci experiments and public illusions. Their Bee Matrix installation, for example, places a live bee in a transparent enclosure where gallerygoers may watch it seek nectar in a virtual meadow of luminous Plexiglas flowers. (Bees, Lotto will tell you, see colors much like we humans do.) The data captured isn't just discarded, either: it's put to good use in probing scientific papers, and sometimes in more exhibits.

At their home in London’s Science Museum, the lab holds "synesthetic workshops" where kids and adults make abstract paintings that computers interpret into music, and they host regular Lates--evenings of science, music and "mass experiments." Lotto is passionate about involving people from all walks of life in research on perception--both as subjects and as fellow researchers. One such program, called "i,scientist," in fact led to the publication of the first ever peer-reviewed scientific paper written by schoolchildren ("Blackawton Bees," December 2010). It starts, "Once upon a time ..."

These and Lotto's other conjurings are slowly, charmingly bending the science of perception--and our perceptions of what science can be.

More profile about the speaker
Beau Lotto | Speaker | TED.com

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