ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Peter Norvig - Computer scientist
Peter Norvig is a leading American computer scientist, expert on artificial intelligence and the Director of Research at Google Inc.

Why you should listen

Peter Norvig is a computer scientist and expert in both artificial intelligence and online search. Currently the Director of Research at Google Inc., Norvig was responsible for maintaining and improving the engine's core web search algorithms from 2002 to 2005. Prior to his work at Google, Norvig was NASA's chief computer scientist.

A fellow of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence and the author of the book Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Norvig (along with Sebastian Thrun) taught the Stanford University class "Introduction to Artificial Intelligence," which was made available to anyone in the world. More than 160,000 students from 209 countries enrolled.

Norvig is also known for penning the world's longest palindromic sentence.

More profile about the speaker
Peter Norvig | Speaker | TED.com
TED2012

Peter Norvig: The 100,000-student classroom

Peter Norvig: 擁有10萬名學生的教室

Filmed:
1,166,568 views

2011年的秋天,Peter Norvig跟Sebastian Thrun在史丹佛開了一門人工智慧課程,有175名學生在教室內上課,也同時讓超過10萬名學生透過網路修課。Peter跟大家分享他從這個世界教室所學到的教學經驗。
- Computer scientist
Peter Norvig is a leading American computer scientist, expert on artificial intelligence and the Director of Research at Google Inc. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:17
Everyone大家 is both a learner學習者
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每個人都同時是學生
00:19
and a teacher老師.
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和老師
00:20
This is me being存在 inspired啟發
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這是我被啟發
00:22
by my first tutor導師,
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自我的第一位老師
00:24
my mom媽媽,
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我母親
00:25
and this is me teaching教學
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這是我在教
00:27
Introduction介紹 to Artificial人造 Intelligence情報
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認識人工智慧
00:29
to 200 students學生們
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給200個學生
00:30
at Stanford斯坦福 University大學.
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在史丹佛大學
00:32
Now the students學生們 and I
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現在我的學生和我
00:33
enjoyed享受 the class,
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很享受這門課
00:34
but it occurred發生 to me
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但我發現
00:36
that while the subject學科 matter
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雖然這門課的主題
00:37
of the class is advanced高級
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很先進
00:39
and modern現代,
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很現代
00:39
the teaching教學 technology技術 isn't.
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但教學方法卻不然
00:42
In fact事實, I use basically基本上
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事實上,我用
00:44
the same相同 technology技術 as
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的教學方式
00:46
this 14th-centuryTH-世紀 classroom課堂.
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基本上和這個14世紀的教室相同
00:49
Note注意 the textbook教科書,
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你看那本課本
00:52
the sage智者 on the stage階段,
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台上那位智者
00:55
and the sleeping睡眠 guy
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和教室後面
00:57
in the back. (Laughter笑聲)
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睡覺的人(笑聲)
00:58
Just like today今天.
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跟目前上課狀態一樣
01:01
So my co-teacher合作教師,
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所以我的教學搭檔
01:04
Sebastian塞巴斯蒂安 Thrun史朗, and I thought,
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Sebastian Thrun和我認為
01:05
there must必須 be a better way.
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一定有更好的方式
01:07
We challenged挑戰 ourselves我們自己
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我們挑戰自己
01:09
to create創建 an online線上 class
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創造線上教學
01:10
that would be equal等於 or better
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跟史丹佛的課比
01:12
in quality質量 to our Stanford斯坦福 class,
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在品質上相同或更好
01:14
but to bring帶來 it to anyone任何人
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但卻可以讓世界上的人
01:16
in the world世界 for free自由.
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免費試聽
01:18
We announced公佈 the class on July七月 29th,
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我們在7月29公告這門課
01:20
and within two weeks, 50,000 people
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2個禮拜內有5萬個人
01:24
had signed up for it.
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選這門課
01:25
And that grew成長 to 160,000 students學生們
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人數又成長為16萬人
01:28
from 209 countries國家.
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從209個國家
01:30
We were thrilled高興 to have
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我們非常開心
01:32
that kind of audience聽眾,
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有這樣的學生人數
01:33
and just a bit terrified that we
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也有一點害怕
01:36
hadn't有沒有 finished preparing準備 the class yet然而. (Laughter笑聲)
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因為我們還沒完全備完課(笑聲)
01:38
So we got to work.
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我們開始準備
01:40
We studied研究 what others其他 had doneDONE,
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我們研究其他人的成果
01:41
what we could copy複製 and what we could change更改.
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看看可以學什麼、改變什麼
01:44
Benjamin本傑明 Bloom盛開 had showed顯示
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Benjamin Bloom的經驗顯示
01:46
that one-on-one一對一 tutoring家教 works作品 best最好,
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一對一教學成果最好
01:48
so that's what we tried試著 to emulate仿真,
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因此我們試圖效仿
01:50
like with me and my mom媽媽,
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就像我母親教我一樣
01:52
even though雖然 we knew知道
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即使我們知道
01:53
it would be one-on-thousands一對一的數千.
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其實是一對上千
01:55
Here, an overhead高架 video視頻 camera相機
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這個高架攝影機
01:57
is recording記錄 me as I'm talking
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錄下我講課
01:59
and drawing畫畫 on a piece of paper.
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和在紙上畫圖的樣子
02:01
A student學生 said, "This class felt
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有一個學生覺得這堂課:
02:03
like sitting坐在 in a bar酒吧
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"好像坐在酒吧
02:04
with a really smart聰明 friend朋友
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跟一個很聰明的朋友
02:06
who's誰是 explaining說明 something
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他正在跟我解釋一些事
02:07
you haven't沒有 grasped掌握, but are about to."
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我還沒搞懂,但快懂了。"
02:09
And that's exactly究竟 what we were aiming瞄準 for.
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而這正是我們希望達到的
02:11
Now, from Khan Academy學院, we saw
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從「可漢線上學院」
我們發現
02:14
that short 10-minute-分鐘 videos視頻
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短短10分鐘的影片
02:16
worked工作 much better than trying
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效應會比
02:18
to record記錄 an hour-long長達一小時 lecture演講
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1小時且畫面很小
02:20
and put it on the small-format小幅面 screen屏幕.
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的錄影課程還好
02:22
We decided決定 to go even shorter
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我們決定再縮短影片時間
02:25
and more interactive互動.
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並且更互動化
02:26
Our typical典型 video視頻 is two minutes分鐘,
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我們一般的影片2分鐘長
02:28
sometimes有時 shorter, never more
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有些更短,但不超過6分鐘
02:30
than six, and then we pause暫停 for
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然後我們停下來
02:33
a quiz測驗 question, to make it
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有段簡短的考試
02:34
feel like one-on-one一對一 tutoring家教.
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讓它更像一對一教學
02:36
Here, I'm explaining說明 how a computer電腦 uses使用
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這裡,我們正在解釋電腦如何
02:39
the grammar語法 of English英語
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用英文文法
02:40
to parse解析 sentences句子, and here,
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分析語句,而這裡
02:42
there's a pause暫停 and the student學生
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是段短暫的休息
02:44
has to reflect反映, understand理解 what's going on
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在下段課程開始之前
02:46
and check the right boxes盒子
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讓學生反芻並了解剛剛的內容
02:48
before they can continue繼續.
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並勾選正確的選擇
02:49
Students學生們 learn學習 best最好 when
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學生學習效果最良好
02:52
they're actively積極地 practicing.
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當他們不斷練習
02:53
We wanted to engage從事 them, to have them grapple抓鉤
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我們希望能讓他們參與
解決不清楚的部分
02:55
with ambiguity歧義 and guide指南 them to synthesize合成
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並指引他們
02:58
the key ideas思路 themselves他們自己.
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自己去歸納重點
03:00
We mostly大多 avoid避免 questions問題
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我們盡量避免這樣的問題
03:02
like, "Here's這裡的 a formula, now
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像:"這就是公式
03:03
tell me the value of Y
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現在,當X是2時
03:04
when X is equal等於 to two."
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告訴我Y是多少"
03:06
We preferred首選 open-ended打開端 questions問題.
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我們比較喜歡開放式問題
03:07
One student學生 wrote, "Now I'm seeing眼看
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一個學生寫:
03:11
Bayes貝葉斯 networks網絡 and examples例子 of
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"現在我到處都可看到
03:13
game遊戲 theory理論 everywhere到處 I look."
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貝氏網路和賽局理論的影子"
03:14
And I like that kind of response響應.
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我喜歡這樣的回應
03:16
That's just what we were going for.
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這正是我們努力的目標
03:18
We didn't want students學生們 to memorize記憶 the formulas公式;
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我們不希望學生死記方程式
03:20
we wanted to change更改 the way
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我們希望改變
03:21
they looked看著 at the world世界.
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他們看世界的方式
03:22
And we succeeded成功.
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而我們也成功了
03:23
Or, I should say, the students學生們 succeeded成功.
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或,我該說,學生成功了
03:26
And it's a little bit ironic具有諷刺意味
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這有一點諷刺
03:28
that we set about to disrupt破壞 traditional傳統 education教育,
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我們原本想瓦解傳統教育
03:31
and in doing so, we ended結束 up
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而做著做著,我們最後
03:33
making製造 our online線上 class
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使我們的線上課程
03:34
much more like a traditional傳統 college學院 class
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跟其它的線上課程比
03:37
than other online線上 classes.
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更像大學的傳統課程
03:38
Most online線上 classes, the videos視頻 are always available可得到.
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大部分的線上課程影片
是沒有時間限制的
03:42
You can watch them any time you want.
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你隨時都可以看
03:43
But if you can do it any time,
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但如果你隨時都可以看
03:46
that means手段 you can do it tomorrow明天,
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表示你明天看也可以
03:47
and if you can do it tomorrow明天,
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如果你明天看也可以
03:49
well, you may可能 not ever
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那你可能永遠
03:51
get around to it. (Laughter笑聲)
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都不會去看了(笑聲)
03:53
So we brought back the innovation革新
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所以我們重拾有期限的
03:55
of having due應有 dates日期. (Laughter笑聲)
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這個「新制度」(笑聲)
03:57
You could watch the videos視頻
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你只能在這禮拜的任何時間
03:58
any time you wanted during the week,
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看這些影片
04:00
but at the end結束 of the week,
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但在這禮拜結束前
04:01
you had to get the homework家庭作業 doneDONE.
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你必須要做完這些作業
04:03
This motivated動機 the students學生們 to keep going, and it also
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這不但促使學生繼續向前進
04:05
meant意味著 that everybody每個人 was working加工
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這也意味每位學生都同時間
04:08
on the same相同 thing at the same相同 time,
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在學習同樣的事情
04:09
so if you went into a discussion討論 forum論壇,
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因此如果你到討論板上發問
04:11
you could get an answer回答 from a peer窺視 within minutes分鐘.
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你可以在短時間內從同儕得到答案
04:13
Now, I'll show顯示 you some of the forums論壇, most of which哪一個
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現在,我要給你看一些討論板
04:16
were self-organized自組織 by the students學生們 themselves他們自己.
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它們大部分都是學生自己組織成立的
04:19
From Daphne Koller科勒 and Andrew安德魯 Ng, we learned學到了
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從Daphne Koller和Andrew Ng我們學到了
04:22
the concept概念 of "flipping翻轉" the classroom課堂.
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讓教室氣氛熱烈的概念
04:24
Students學生們 watched看著 the videos視頻
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學生獨自看了影片
04:26
on their own擁有, and then they
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之後他們
04:27
come together一起 to discuss討論 them.
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聚在一起討論
04:29
From Eric埃里克 Mazur馬祖爾, I learned學到了 about peer窺視 instruction指令,
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從Eric Mazur,我學到了同儕指導
04:32
that peers同行 can be the best最好 teachers教師,
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同學彼此是最好的老師
04:35
because they're the ones那些
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因為他們知道
04:36
that remember記得 what it's like to not understand理解.
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學不懂的感覺是怎樣
04:39
Sebastian塞巴斯蒂安 and I have forgotten忘記了 some of that.
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Sebastian和我已經忘記那種感覺了
04:42
Of course課程, we couldn't不能 have
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當然我沒有辦法
04:44
a classroom課堂 discussion討論 with
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在一間教室內
04:46
tens of thousands數千 of students學生們,
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讓成千上百的學生一同討論
04:47
so we encouraged鼓勵 and nurtured培育 these online線上 forums論壇.
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所以我們維護也鼓勵學生到線上討論區
04:51
And finally最後, from Teach For America美國,
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最後,從「為美國而教」
04:54
I learned學到了 that a class is not
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我學到教室並不只是
04:55
primarily主要 about information信息.
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學習資訊的地方
04:57
More important重要 is motivation動機 and determination決心.
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更重要的是動力和決心
05:00
It was crucial關鍵 that the students學生們 see
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我們必須讓學生知道
05:01
that we're working加工 hard for them and
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我們盡全力在為他們努力
05:03
they're all supporting支持 each other.
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而他們也都彼此支持
05:05
Now, the class ran 10 weeks,
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現在,這堂課已進行10個禮拜了
05:08
and in the end結束, about half of the 160,000 students學生們 watched看著
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最後,16萬學生中大約有一半
05:12
at least最小 one video視頻 each week,
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每週至少看一部影片
05:13
and over 20,000 finished all the homework家庭作業,
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且超過2萬名學生完成所有作業
05:16
putting in 50 to 100 hours小時.
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花了他們將近50到100小時
05:17
They got this statement聲明 of accomplishment成就.
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得到這張證書
05:19
So what have we learned學到了?
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所以,我們學到了什麼呢?
05:21
Well, we tried試著 some old ideas思路
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我們試過一些舊和新的點子
05:24
and some new and put them together一起,
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並將它們融合
05:26
but there are more ideas思路 to try.
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但還是有更多可以嘗試的方法
05:28
Sebastian's塞巴斯蒂安 teaching教學 another另一個 class now.
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Sebastian正在教另一堂課
05:30
I'll do one in the fall秋季.
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而我今年秋季也將有一堂課
05:31
Stanford斯坦福 CourseraCoursera, UdacityUdacity, MITxMITX
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史丹佛和麻省理工學院的線上課程
05:35
and others其他 have more classes coming未來.
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還將有更多新的課程
05:37
It's a really exciting扣人心弦 time.
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這真是令人興奮的時刻
05:38
But to me, the most exciting扣人心弦
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但對我而言,最棒的一部分
05:40
part部分 of it is the data數據 that we're gathering蒐集.
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來自我們所蒐集到的資料
05:43
We're gathering蒐集 thousands數千
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我們已蒐集到成千上萬
05:46
of interactions互動 per student學生 per class,
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每個學生在每堂課的互動
05:47
billions數十億 of interactions互動 altogether,
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全部加起來有數十億筆的互動資訊
05:49
and now we can start開始 analyzing分析 that,
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而我們可以開始分析
05:52
and when we learn學習 from that,
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並從中學習
05:53
do experimentations性實驗,
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做實驗
05:55
that's when the real真實 revolution革命 will come.
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這才真正是革命來臨的時刻
05:57
And you'll你會 be able能夠 to see the results結果 from
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而從新一代、不可思議的學生身上
06:00
a new generation of amazing驚人 students學生們.
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你將會看到成果
06:02
(Applause掌聲)
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(掌聲)
Translated by Gina Wang
Reviewed by Regina Chu

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Peter Norvig - Computer scientist
Peter Norvig is a leading American computer scientist, expert on artificial intelligence and the Director of Research at Google Inc.

Why you should listen

Peter Norvig is a computer scientist and expert in both artificial intelligence and online search. Currently the Director of Research at Google Inc., Norvig was responsible for maintaining and improving the engine's core web search algorithms from 2002 to 2005. Prior to his work at Google, Norvig was NASA's chief computer scientist.

A fellow of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence and the author of the book Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Norvig (along with Sebastian Thrun) taught the Stanford University class "Introduction to Artificial Intelligence," which was made available to anyone in the world. More than 160,000 students from 209 countries enrolled.

Norvig is also known for penning the world's longest palindromic sentence.

More profile about the speaker
Peter Norvig | Speaker | TED.com