TED2012
Peter Norvig: The 100,000-student classroom
Peter Norvig: Učilnica s 100.000 študenti
Filmed:
Readability: 4.4
1,166,568 views
Jeseni 2011 sta Peter Norvig in Sebastjan Thrun izvedla študijski letnik o umetni intiligenci pred 175 študenti v predavalnici in več kot 100.000 preko spletnega prenosa. Peter nam pove več o tem, kaj se je naučil o globalni učilnici.
Peter Norvig - Computer scientist
Peter Norvig is a leading American computer scientist, expert on artificial intelligence and the Director of Research at Google Inc. Full bio
Peter Norvig is a leading American computer scientist, expert on artificial intelligence and the Director of Research at Google Inc. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:17
Everyone is both a learner
0
1135
1976
Vsakdo je oboje: učenec
00:19
and a teacher.
1
3111
1512
in učitelj.
00:20
This is me being inspired
2
4623
2456
To sem jaz, ko me je navdahnila
00:22
by my first tutor,
3
7079
1191
prva tutorka,
00:24
my mom,
4
8270
945
moja mama.
00:25
and this is me teaching
5
9215
2623
In to sem jaz med poučevanjem
00:27
Introduction to Artificial Intelligence
6
11838
1953
o umetni inteligenci
00:29
to 200 students
7
13791
1240
pred 200 študenti
00:30
at Stanford University.
8
15031
1272
na Univerzi Stanford.
00:32
Now the students and I
9
16303
1456
Vsi, študentje in jaz,
00:33
enjoyed the class,
10
17759
1176
smo uživali.
00:34
but it occurred to me
11
18935
1416
Toda opazil sem,
00:36
that while the subject matter
12
20351
1711
da je predmet poučevanja
00:37
of the class is advanced
13
22062
1289
napreden
00:39
and modern,
14
23351
688
in sodoben,
00:39
the teaching technology isn't.
15
24039
2319
medtem ko tehnologija poučevanja ni.
00:42
In fact, I use basically
16
26358
2336
Pravzaprav sem uporabil
00:44
the same technology as
17
28694
2370
enako tehnologijo,
00:46
this 14th-century classroom.
18
31064
2630
kot je bila na voljo v učilnici v 14. stoletju.
00:49
Note the textbook,
19
33694
2800
Opaženi: učbenik,
00:52
the sage on the stage,
20
36494
2944
obraz za katedrom
00:55
and the sleeping guy
21
39438
1899
in speči tip
00:57
in the back. (Laughter)
22
41337
901
v ozadju. (Smeh)
00:58
Just like today.
23
42238
2937
Tako kot danes.
01:01
So my co-teacher,
24
45175
3111
S kolegom Sebastianom,
01:04
Sebastian Thrun, and I thought,
25
48286
1640
prav tako predavateljem, naju je spreletelo:
01:05
there must be a better way.
26
49926
1774
mora obstajati boljši pristop.
01:07
We challenged ourselves
27
51700
1654
Sprejela sva nov izziv
01:09
to create an online class
28
53354
1291
in v spletnem okolju postavila predavanje,
01:10
that would be equal or better
29
54645
1631
ki bo enako ali še bolj kakovostno kot
01:12
in quality to our Stanford class,
30
56276
2336
najine lekcije na Stanfordu,
01:14
but to bring it to anyone
31
58612
2210
hkrati pa dostopno komurkoli in
01:16
in the world for free.
32
60822
1630
kjerkoli po svetu brezplačno.
01:18
We announced the class on July 29th,
33
62452
2568
Predavanje sva napovedala 29. julija
01:20
and within two weeks, 50,000 people
34
65020
3209
in v 2 tednih se je prijavilo
01:24
had signed up for it.
35
68229
1407
50.000 ljudi.
01:25
And that grew to 160,000 students
36
69636
3105
Število je nato naraslo na 160.000 prijavljenih
01:28
from 209 countries.
37
72741
2064
študentov iz 209 držav.
01:30
We were thrilled to have
38
74805
1808
Ob takem občinstvu
01:32
that kind of audience,
39
76613
1121
sva bila vznemirjena,
01:33
and just a bit terrified that we
40
77734
2639
pa tudi malce prestrašena,
01:36
hadn't finished preparing the class yet. (Laughter)
41
80373
2311
ker še nisva povsem dokončala vsebine predavanja.
01:38
So we got to work.
42
82684
1612
Lotila sva se dela.
01:40
We studied what others had done,
43
84296
1636
Preučila sva, kar so naredili že drugi,
01:41
what we could copy and what we could change.
44
85932
2323
kaj od tega bi lahko uporabila in kaj spremenila.
01:44
Benjamin Bloom had showed
45
88255
2661
Benjamin Bloom je dokazal,
01:46
that one-on-one tutoring works best,
46
90916
1809
da je učenje 1:1 najbolj učinkovito.
01:48
so that's what we tried to emulate,
47
92725
2128
To sva želela posnemati;
01:50
like with me and my mom,
48
94853
1440
kot nekoč jaz in moja mama,
01:52
even though we knew
49
96293
1505
pa čeprav sva se zavedala,
01:53
it would be one-on-thousands.
50
97798
1918
da bo pravzaprav šlo za odnos 1:na tisoče ljudi.
01:55
Here, an overhead video camera
51
99716
2201
Tukaj me kamera snema,
01:57
is recording me as I'm talking
52
101917
1832
medtem ko govorim in
01:59
and drawing on a piece of paper.
53
103749
1679
rišem na list papirja.
02:01
A student said, "This class felt
54
105428
2409
Nek študent je izjavil, da se je med predavanjem počutil,
02:03
like sitting in a bar
55
107837
1152
kot da bi sedel v baru
02:04
with a really smart friend
56
108989
1479
v družbi izredno pametnega prijatelja,
02:06
who's explaining something
57
110468
1204
ki mu razlaga še neosvojeno
02:07
you haven't grasped, but are about to."
58
111672
2301
učno snov.
02:09
And that's exactly what we were aiming for.
59
113973
2116
To je bil odziv, ki sva si ga želela.
02:11
Now, from Khan Academy, we saw
60
116089
2788
Na Akademiji Khan smo ugotovili,
02:14
that short 10-minute videos
61
118877
1824
da kratki, 10-minutni posnetki,
02:16
worked much better than trying
62
120701
1776
učinkujejo mnogo bolje, kot če bi
02:18
to record an hour-long lecture
63
122477
2071
poskušali posneti in
02:20
and put it on the small-format screen.
64
124548
2417
predvajati enourno predavanje.
02:22
We decided to go even shorter
65
126965
2192
Midva sva se odločila, da posnetke narediva še krajše
02:25
and more interactive.
66
129157
1648
in še bolj interaktivne.
02:26
Our typical video is two minutes,
67
130805
2247
Najin tipičen video je
02:28
sometimes shorter, never more
68
133052
1752
dolg od 2 do 6 minut.
02:30
than six, and then we pause for
69
134804
2689
Zastavila sva anketno vprašanje:
02:33
a quiz question, to make it
70
137493
1367
kako naj še pristopimo,
02:34
feel like one-on-one tutoring.
71
138860
1878
da bodo predavanja občutena kot učenje v živo?
02:36
Here, I'm explaining how a computer uses
72
140738
2402
Tu razlagam, kako računalnik uporablja
02:39
the grammar of English
73
143140
1248
angleško slovnico
02:40
to parse sentences, and here,
74
144388
2177
in tvori povedi. Tukaj
02:42
there's a pause and the student
75
146565
2064
pa je premor, v katerem morajo študenti
02:44
has to reflect, understand what's going on
76
148629
2237
reflektirati, razumeti, kaj se dogaja
02:46
and check the right boxes
77
150866
1640
in označiti prava polja,
02:48
before they can continue.
78
152506
1417
preden lahko nadaljujejo.
02:49
Students learn best when
79
153923
2448
Študenti se najbolje učijo takrat,
02:52
they're actively practicing.
80
156371
1248
ko aktivno vadijo.
02:53
We wanted to engage them, to have them grapple
81
157619
2296
Želela sva jih angažirati, da se spoprimejo
02:55
with ambiguity and guide them to synthesize
82
159915
2968
z dvoumnostjo, jih voditi k
02:58
the key ideas themselves.
83
162883
1665
spajanju ključnih idej.
03:00
We mostly avoid questions
84
164548
1712
Večinoma sva se izogibala nalog,
03:02
like, "Here's a formula, now
85
166260
1711
kot so: tu je formula,
03:03
tell me the value of Y
86
167971
1075
določi vrednost Y,
03:04
when X is equal to two."
87
169046
1212
če je X=2.
03:06
We preferred open-ended questions.
88
170258
1817
Namesto tega sva se odločila za odprta vprašanja.
03:07
One student wrote, "Now I'm seeing
89
172075
3178
Nek študent je zapisal: »Zdaj
03:11
Bayes networks and examples of
90
175253
1862
Bayesove mreže in primere
03:13
game theory everywhere I look."
91
177115
1568
teorije iger vidim, kamorkoli pogledam.«
03:14
And I like that kind of response.
92
178683
1738
Tak odgovor mi je bil všeč,
03:16
That's just what we were going for.
93
180421
1806
prav to je bil najin cilj.
03:18
We didn't want students to memorize the formulas;
94
182227
2194
Nisva namreč želela, da si študenti zapomnijo formule,
03:20
we wanted to change the way
95
184421
1190
želela sva, da spremenijo
03:21
they looked at the world.
96
185611
1090
svoj pogled na svet.
03:22
And we succeeded.
97
186701
1326
In uspelo nama je,
03:23
Or, I should say, the students succeeded.
98
188027
2400
bolje rečeno: uspelo je njim.
03:26
And it's a little bit ironic
99
190427
1919
Malce ironično je,
03:28
that we set about to disrupt traditional education,
100
192346
2913
da sva želela pretresti tradicionalne načine poučevanja,
03:31
and in doing so, we ended up
101
195259
2016
na koncu pa najina
03:33
making our online class
102
197275
1584
spletna predavanja bolj kot
03:34
much more like a traditional college class
103
198859
2327
spletnim učnim orodjem pravzaprav približala tradicionalnim,
03:37
than other online classes.
104
201186
1841
kakršna uporabljajo na fakultetah.
03:38
Most online classes, the videos are always available.
105
203027
3215
V večini spletnih učilnic so videoposnetki vedno na voljo.
03:42
You can watch them any time you want.
106
206242
1817
Gledate jih lahko, kadarkoli si zaželite.
03:43
But if you can do it any time,
107
208059
2287
Če jih lahko gledate kadarkoli,
03:46
that means you can do it tomorrow,
108
210346
1505
jih lahko tudi jutri.
03:47
and if you can do it tomorrow,
109
211851
1408
Toda če jih lahko jutri,
03:49
well, you may not ever
110
213259
2162
jih morda
03:51
get around to it. (Laughter)
111
215421
1758
ne boste nikoli. (Smeh)
03:53
So we brought back the innovation
112
217179
2192
Zato sva oživila "inovacijo"
03:55
of having due dates. (Laughter)
113
219371
2087
rokov oddaje. (Smeh)
03:57
You could watch the videos
114
221458
1312
Video so si lahko ogledali
03:58
any time you wanted during the week,
115
222770
1912
katerikoli dan,
04:00
but at the end of the week,
116
224682
1155
ob koncu tedna pa so morali
04:01
you had to get the homework done.
117
225837
1717
opraviti tudi domačo nalogo.
04:03
This motivated the students to keep going, and it also
118
227554
1913
To je motiviralo študente, da so ostajali dejavni,
04:05
meant that everybody was working
119
229467
2856
poleg tega pa so se istočasno
04:08
on the same thing at the same time,
120
232323
1518
vsi ukvarjali z isto snovjo.
04:09
so if you went into a discussion forum,
121
233841
1497
Če si se prijavil v forum za diskusijo,
04:11
you could get an answer from a peer within minutes.
122
235338
2704
si odgovor dobil v nekaj minutah.
04:13
Now, I'll show you some of the forums, most of which
123
238042
2939
Zdaj vam bom pokazal nekaj teh forumov,
04:16
were self-organized by the students themselves.
124
240981
2766
večinoma nastalih v organizaciji študentov.
04:19
From Daphne Koller and Andrew Ng, we learned
125
243747
3224
Ob dvojcu Daphne Koller in Andrew Ng smo spoznali
04:22
the concept of "flipping" the classroom.
126
246971
1996
koncept prevrnjene učilnice.
04:24
Students watched the videos
127
248967
1295
Študentje so si samostojno
04:26
on their own, and then they
128
250262
1588
ogledovali videoposnetke,
04:27
come together to discuss them.
129
251850
1710
nato pa o njih skupaj debatirali.
04:29
From Eric Mazur, I learned about peer instruction,
130
253560
3157
Eric Mazur me je naučil,
04:32
that peers can be the best teachers,
131
256717
2624
da so vrstniki najboljši inštruktorji,
04:35
because they're the ones
132
259341
1432
ker se še spomnijo,
04:36
that remember what it's like to not understand.
133
260773
2848
kako je, če nečesa ne razumeš.
04:39
Sebastian and I have forgotten some of that.
134
263621
2681
S Sebastianom sva to deloma pozabila.
04:42
Of course, we couldn't have
135
266302
2399
Seveda v učilnici
04:44
a classroom discussion with
136
268701
1632
z več deset tisoč študenti
04:46
tens of thousands of students,
137
270333
1546
ni šlo brez diskusije,
04:47
so we encouraged and nurtured these online forums.
138
271879
3486
zato smo te spletne forume podprli in negovali.
04:51
And finally, from Teach For America,
139
275365
3048
Nazadnje še Teach For America,
04:54
I learned that a class is not
140
278413
1481
kjer sem se naučil, da primarni cilj
04:55
primarily about information.
141
279894
1496
poučevanja ni podajanje informacije.
04:57
More important is motivation and determination.
142
281390
2831
Bolj pomembni sta motivacija in odločenost.
05:00
It was crucial that the students see
143
284221
1840
Postalo je ključno, da študentje uvidijo,
05:01
that we're working hard for them and
144
286061
1800
da trdo delava zanje,
05:03
they're all supporting each other.
145
287861
1409
oni pa se med seboj podpirajo.
05:05
Now, the class ran 10 weeks,
146
289270
2968
Predavanje je trajalo 10 tednov
05:08
and in the end, about half of the 160,000 students watched
147
292238
3911
in na koncu si je približno 80.000 študentov v povprečju ogledovalo
05:12
at least one video each week,
148
296149
1563
po en video tedensko.
05:13
and over 20,000 finished all the homework,
149
297712
2693
Več kot 20.000 jih je dokončalo vse domače naloge,
05:16
putting in 50 to 100 hours.
150
300405
1664
v kar so vložili od 50 do 100 ur dela.
05:17
They got this statement of accomplishment.
151
302069
1553
Prejeli so potrdilo o uspešnem zaključku predavanj.
05:19
So what have we learned?
152
303622
2119
Kaj sva se torej naučila?
05:21
Well, we tried some old ideas
153
305741
2816
Poskusila sva z nekaj starimi in
05:24
and some new and put them together,
154
308557
1657
nekaj novimi idejami, jih združila.
05:26
but there are more ideas to try.
155
310214
2082
Seveda obstaja še veliko drugih idej, vrednih poskušanja.
05:28
Sebastian's teaching another class now.
156
312296
1814
Sebastian predava prav v tem času,
05:30
I'll do one in the fall.
157
314110
1368
jaz bom poučeval jeseni.
05:31
Stanford Coursera, Udacity, MITx
158
315478
3760
Stanford Coursera, Udacity, MITx
05:35
and others have more classes coming.
159
319238
2271
in ostali si prav tako obetajo novih predavanj.
05:37
It's a really exciting time.
160
321509
1488
Vznemirljivi časi so!
05:38
But to me, the most exciting
161
322997
1472
Zame pa so najbolj vznemirljivi
05:40
part of it is the data that we're gathering.
162
324469
2976
podatki, ki jih zbiramo.
05:43
We're gathering thousands
163
327445
2696
Gre za tisoče interakcij
05:46
of interactions per student per class,
164
330141
1656
med študenti in znotraj predavanj,
05:47
billions of interactions altogether,
165
331797
2208
skupaj na bilijone interakcij,
05:49
and now we can start analyzing that,
166
334005
2504
ki jih lahko tudi analiziramo.
05:52
and when we learn from that,
167
336509
1464
Ko se bomo od tega česa naučili
05:53
do experimentations,
168
337973
1241
in eksperimentirali,
05:55
that's when the real revolution will come.
169
339214
2240
bo nastopila prava revolucija.
05:57
And you'll be able to see the results from
170
341454
2776
Zaznali boste rezultate
06:00
a new generation of amazing students.
171
344230
2263
nove generacije osupljivih študentov.
06:02
(Applause)
172
346493
2253
(Aplavz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Peter Norvig - Computer scientistPeter Norvig is a leading American computer scientist, expert on artificial intelligence and the Director of Research at Google Inc.
Why you should listen
Peter Norvig is a computer scientist and expert in both artificial intelligence and online search. Currently the Director of Research at Google Inc., Norvig was responsible for maintaining and improving the engine's core web search algorithms from 2002 to 2005. Prior to his work at Google, Norvig was NASA's chief computer scientist.
A fellow of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence and the author of the book Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach, Norvig (along with Sebastian Thrun) taught the Stanford University class "Introduction to Artificial Intelligence," which was made available to anyone in the world. More than 160,000 students from 209 countries enrolled.
Norvig is also known for penning the world's longest palindromic sentence.
Peter Norvig | Speaker | TED.com