TEDSummit
Julia Bacha: How women wage conflict without violence
朱麗亞 白霞: 女性如何運用非暴力發動衝突
Filmed:
Readability: 5.5
883,401 views
你下定決心改變世界嗎？不妨看看這數據：非暴力比起暴力行動的成功率幾乎高達 100 倍。爲什麽更多的組織不運用？電影製片人朱麗亞 白霞分享關於有效非暴力抵抗的故事，包括令人大開眼界的女性擔任關鍵領導角色的研究。
Julia Bacha - Filmmaker
Julia Bacha is the creative director at Just Vision, an organization that uses film and multimedia storytelling to foster constructive conversations on some of the most divisive issues of our times. Full bio
Julia Bacha is the creative director at Just Vision, an organization that uses film and multimedia storytelling to foster constructive conversations on some of the most divisive issues of our times. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
Twelve years ago, I picked up
a camera for the first time
a camera for the first time
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十二年前，我第一次提起了相機
00:17
to film the olive harvest
in a Palestinian village in the West Bank.
in a Palestinian village in the West Bank.
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拍攝了巴勒斯坦村莊西岸的橄欖收穫
00:21
I thought I was there
to make a single documentary
to make a single documentary
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我以爲拍攝一則紀錄片后
00:24
and would then move on
to some other part of the world.
to some other part of the world.
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會繼續往世界別處前進
00:27
But something kept bringing me back.
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但某樣東西一直吸引我返回
00:30
Now, usually, when international audiences
hear about that part of the world,
hear about that part of the world,
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現在，當國際觀衆聽見關於這地區的事情時
00:34
they often just want
that conflict to go away.
that conflict to go away.
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他們只想要衝突雲消霧散
00:37
The Israeli-Palestinian conflict is bad,
and we wish it could just disappear.
and we wish it could just disappear.
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以色列 - 巴勒斯坦的衝突固然可怕
而我們希望它能消失
而我們希望它能消失
00:42
We feel much the same way
about other conflicts around the world.
about other conflicts around the world.
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我們對世上其他的衝突
也抱著相同的感觸
也抱著相同的感觸
00:46
But every time we turn
our attention to the news,
our attention to the news,
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但是每當我們關注新聞時
00:49
it seems like one more country
has gone up in flames.
has gone up in flames.
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似乎又多了一個烽火四起的國家
00:53
So I've been wondering
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我一直在想
00:55
whether we should not start
looking at conflict in a different way --
looking at conflict in a different way --
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我們是否應該以不同角度看待衝突
00:59
whether instead of simply
wishing to end conflict,
wishing to end conflict,
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是否應該純粹希望結束衝突
01:03
we focus instead on how to wage conflict.
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抑或是該把焦點設在如何發動衝突
01:07
This has been a big question for me,
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我一直在摸索這問題
01:09
one I've pursued together with my team
at the nonprofit Just Vision.
at the nonprofit Just Vision.
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是我與我的非營利組織
[Just Vision] 團隊琢磨的問題
[Just Vision] 團隊琢磨的問題
01:14
After witnessing several different kinds
of struggles in the Middle East,
of struggles in the Middle East,
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目睹了中東的各形掙扎后
01:18
I started noticing some patterns
on the more successful ones.
on the more successful ones.
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我開始注意比較成功例子
之中的一些趨型
之中的一些趨型
01:22
I wondered whether these variables
held across cases, and if they did,
held across cases, and if they did,
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想了解這些變數能否在不同案件適用
若可以的話
若可以的話
01:26
what lessons we could glean
for waging constructive conflict,
for waging constructive conflict,
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我們又能從發動建設性衝突
學會什麽
學會什麽
01:31
in Palestine, Israel and elsewhere.
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在巴勒斯坦、 以色列以及其他地方
01:36
There is some science about this.
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這是有科學根據的
01:38
In a study of 323
major political conflicts
major political conflicts
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研究了從 1900 至 2006 年的 323 宗
01:42
from 1900 to 2006,
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大規模政治衝突后
01:45
Maria Stephan and Erica Chenoweth
found that nonviolent campaigns
found that nonviolent campaigns
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瑪麗亞 史特凡 與艾麗卡·切諾維思
發現了非暴力行動
發現了非暴力行動
01:51
were almost 100 percent more likely
to lead to success than violent campaigns.
to lead to success than violent campaigns.
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比起暴力行動的成功率幾乎高達 100 倍
01:58
Nonviolent campaigns are also
less likely to cause physical harm
less likely to cause physical harm
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非暴力行動造成傷亡的幾率也比較低
02:02
to those waging the campaign,
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不僅是對於發起行動的一派
02:04
as well as their opponents.
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還包括他們的對手
02:06
And, critically, they typically lead
to more peaceful and democratic societies.
to more peaceful and democratic societies.
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關鍵是它們一般會產生
更和平與民主的社會
更和平與民主的社會
02:13
In other words, nonviolent resistance
is a more effective and constructive way
is a more effective and constructive way
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換句話說，非暴力抵抗能更積極有效地
02:18
of waging conflict.
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發動衝突
02:20
But if that's such an easy choice,
why don't more groups use it?
why don't more groups use it?
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那麽簡單的選擇，爲什麽更多的組織不運用？
02:25
Political scientist Victor Asal
and colleagues
and colleagues
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政治學家維克托 阿薩爾與他的同事
02:27
have looked at several factors
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探討了幾個塑造政治團體
02:29
that shape a political group's
choice of tactics.
choice of tactics.
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選擇策略的因素
02:33
And it turns out
that the greatest predictor
that the greatest predictor
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結果顯示一個行動會採取非暴力
02:37
of a movement's decision
to adopt nonviolence or violence
to adopt nonviolence or violence
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或者暴力方式最準確的預測
02:41
is not whether that group
is more left-wing or right-wing,
is more left-wing or right-wing,
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不是該組織傾向左翼或是右翼
02:45
not whether the group is more or less
influenced by religious beliefs,
influenced by religious beliefs,
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不是該組織較多或是較少被宗教影響
02:50
not whether it's up against
a democracy or a dictatorship,
a democracy or a dictatorship,
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不是對抗著民主或是獨裁體系
02:53
and not even the levels of repression
that that group is facing.
that that group is facing.
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甚至連該組織面對鎮壓的程度也不是
02:58
The greatest predictor of a movement's
decision to adopt nonviolence
decision to adopt nonviolence
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一個行動選擇採取非暴力方式
最準確的預測
最準確的預測
03:04
is its ideology regarding
the role of women in public life.
the role of women in public life.
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是它對於女性在公共生活
所扮演的角色的觀念
所扮演的角色的觀念
03:09
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
03:15
When a movement includes in its discourse
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當一個行動的論述中
03:18
language around gender equality,
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包含了兩性平等的論題
03:19
it increases dramatically
the chances it will adopt nonviolence,
the chances it will adopt nonviolence,
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採取非暴力的幾率將大幅提升
03:23
and thus, the likelihood it will succeed.
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於是成功率也隨之增加
03:26
The research squared up
with my own documentation
with my own documentation
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這項研究與我在以色列和巴勒斯坦
03:29
of political organizing
in Israel and Palestine.
in Israel and Palestine.
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的政治組織過程記錄一致
03:32
I've noticed that movements which
welcome women into leadership positions,
welcome women into leadership positions,
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我發現了接納女性擔當領導者
角色的行動
角色的行動
03:36
such as the one I documented
in a village called Budrus,
in a village called Budrus,
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像我記錄了一個名叫布德魯斯的村莊
03:40
were much more likely
to achieve their goals.
to achieve their goals.
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實現目標的成功率更大
03:43
This village was under a real threat
of being wiped off the map
of being wiped off the map
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這個村莊面臨著被抹去的實際威脅
03:47
when Israel started building
the separation barrier.
the separation barrier.
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當以色列開始建造間隔障壁時
03:51
The proposed route would require
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所建議的路綫必須
03:53
the destruction of this community's
olive groves, their cemeteries
olive groves, their cemeteries
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摧毀社區的橄欖園與墳墓
03:57
and would ultimately
close the village from all sides.
close the village from all sides.
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最終也得從四面八方封鎖這部村莊
04:01
Through inspired local leadership,
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通過當地的積極領導
04:03
they launched a nonviolent resistance
campaign to stop that from happening.
campaign to stop that from happening.
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他們發動了非暴力抵抗而阻止了
事情的演化
事情的演化
04:08
The odds were massively
stacked against them.
stacked against them.
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成敗幾率對他們非常不利
04:12
But they had a secret weapon:
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但他們有著秘密武器
04:17
a 15-year-old girl
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一名 15 嵗的女孩
04:19
who courageously jumped
in front of a bulldozer
in front of a bulldozer
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她英勇地跳到推土機前
04:22
which was about to uproot
an olive tree, stopping it.
an olive tree, stopping it.
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阻止它拔除一顆橄欖樹
04:26
In that moment, the community
of Budrus realized what was possible
of Budrus realized what was possible
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一殺那間，整個布德魯斯社區意識了
04:30
if they welcomed and encouraged women
to participate in public life.
to participate in public life.
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鼓勵及歡迎女性參與公共生活的好處
04:35
And so it was that the women of Budrus
went to the front lines day after day,
went to the front lines day after day,
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布德魯斯女性們日復一日地到前綫去
04:39
using their creativity and acumen
to overcome multiple obstacles they faced
to overcome multiple obstacles they faced
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利用她們的創造力與敏銳觸覺征服了
04:43
in a 10-month unarmed struggle.
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10 個月非暴力奮鬥的各種障礙
04:47
And as you can probably
tell at this point,
tell at this point,
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這時候你能預料
04:49
they win at the end.
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他們最終成功了
04:51
The separation barrier
was changed completely
was changed completely
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間隔障壁完全被改變了
04:54
to the internationally
recognized green line,
recognized green line,
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變成國際公認的綠綫
04:57
and the women of Budrus
came to be known across the West Bank
came to be known across the West Bank
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布德魯斯女性在西岸因爲
05:01
for their indomitable energy.
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不屈不撓的力量而成名
05:04
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
05:07
Thank you.
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謝謝
05:12
I want to pause for a second,
which you helped me do,
which you helped me do,
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我想暫停一下
你也協助了我
你也協助了我
05:15
because I do want to tackle
two very serious misunderstandings
two very serious misunderstandings
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因爲我想處理現在可能發生
05:19
that could happen at this point.
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兩個非常嚴重的誤會
05:21
The first one is that I don't believe
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第一是我不相信
05:25
women are inherently or essentially
more peaceful than men.
more peaceful than men.
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女性比起男性天生本質更愛和平
05:31
But I do believe that in today's world,
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但是我相信在當今世界裏
05:35
women experience power differently.
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女性以不同方式體驗力量
05:39
Having had to navigate
being in the less powerful position
being in the less powerful position
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在她們生活中多方面需要
05:42
in multiple aspects of their lives,
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以較小的勢力存活著
05:45
women are often more adept
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女性往往更擅長
05:47
at how to surreptitiously
pressure for change
pressure for change
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在面對強大的主動者時
05:50
against large, powerful actors.
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不聲不響地取得改變
05:53
The term "manipulative," often charged
against women in a derogatory way,
against women in a derogatory way,
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"操縱欲“ 這含有貶義的詞語
常被用於形容女性
常被用於形容女性
05:57
reflects a reality in which women
have often had to find ways
have often had to find ways
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反映了現實中女性爲了達到目標
06:01
other than direct confrontation
to achieve their goals.
to achieve their goals.
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而需要尋找直接對抗以外的方法
06:06
And finding alternatives
to direct confrontation
to direct confrontation
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尋找直接對抗以外的方法
06:10
is at the core of nonviolent resistance.
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正是非暴力抵抗的核心
06:14
Now to the second
potential misunderstanding.
potential misunderstanding.
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來談談第二個誤會的可能性
06:16
I've been talking a lot about
my experiences in the Middle East,
my experiences in the Middle East,
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我談了很多關於本身在中東的經驗
06:19
and some of you might be thinking now
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你們之中可能有人在想著
06:21
that the solution then is for us
to educate Muslim and Arab societies
to educate Muslim and Arab societies
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解決問題的方法在於教育
穆斯林以及阿拉伯社群
穆斯林以及阿拉伯社群
06:25
to be more inclusive of their women.
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讓他們的女性更活躍
06:27
If we were to do that,
they would be more successful.
they would be more successful.
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若能實現，他們則會更成功
06:33
They do not need this kind of help.
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他們不需要這樣的協助
06:36
Women have been part
of the most influential movements
of the most influential movements
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女性一直在中東富有影響力
06:40
coming out of the Middle East,
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的行動中廁身其間
06:43
but they tend to be invisible
to the international community.
to the international community.
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但在國際社群中她們往往匿跡隱形
06:48
Our cameras are largely focused on the men
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我們把相機焦點投向男性
06:50
who often end up involved
in the more confrontational scenes
in the more confrontational scenes
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他們最終常涉及于帶有衝擊的畫面
06:53
that we find so irresistible
in our news cycle.
in our news cycle.
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我們的新聞媒體無法抵抗的畫面
06:58
And we end up with a narrative
that not only erases women
that not only erases women
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結果得到不光是在地域掙扎中
07:01
from the struggles in the region
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刪掉女性的敍述
07:03
but often misrepresents
the struggles themselves.
the struggles themselves.
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還有常常誤傳掙扎本身的敍述
07:10
In the late 1980s,
an uprising started in Gaza,
an uprising started in Gaza,
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1980 年代後期加沙起義
07:15
and quickly spread to the West Bank
and East Jerusalem.
and East Jerusalem.
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很快向著西岸與東耶路撒冷蔓延
07:19
It came to be known as the First Intifada,
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從此被視爲第一個暴動
07:23
and people who have
any visual memory of it
any visual memory of it
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對此事擁有視覺回憶的人
07:26
generally conjure up something like this:
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大致上會聯想起這樣的畫面
07:29
Palestinian men
throwing rocks at Israeli tanks.
throwing rocks at Israeli tanks.
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巴勒斯坦男性向著以色列戰車抛石頭
07:34
The news coverage at the time
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當時的新聞報道
07:36
made it seem like stones,
Molotov cocktails and burning tires
Molotov cocktails and burning tires
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呈現了石頭、燃燒彈以及燒焦輪胎
07:41
were the only activities
taking place in the Intifada.
taking place in the Intifada.
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仿佛是暴動中唯一進行著的活動
07:45
This period, though, was also marked
by widespread nonviolent organizing
by widespread nonviolent organizing
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這期間也見證了廣泛的非暴力組織
07:52
in the forms of strikes, sit-ins
and the creation of parallel institutions.
and the creation of parallel institutions.
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以抗議、靜坐示威以及創辦
並聯機構的形式呈現
並聯機構的形式呈現
07:57
During the First Intifada,
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第一次巴勒斯坦大起義時
07:59
whole sectors of the Palestinian
civilian population mobilized,
civilian population mobilized,
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大部分巴勒斯坦平民人口出動了
08:02
cutting across generations,
factions and class lines.
factions and class lines.
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跨越了世代、派別以及社會階級
08:07
They did this through networks
of popular committees,
of popular committees,
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他們通過大衆的委員會網路
08:09
and their use of direct action
and communal self-help projects
and communal self-help projects
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以及直接行動和社群的自助籌劃
08:13
challenged Israel's very ability
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挑戰了以色列繼續
08:15
to continue ruling the West Bank and Gaza.
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統治西岸與加沙的資格
08:19
According to the Israeli Army itself,
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根據以色列軍隊所說
08:21
97 percent of activities
during the First Intifada were unarmed.
during the First Intifada were unarmed.
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第一次大起義中 97 八仙的運動是未武裝的
08:28
And here's another thing that is not
part of our narrative about that time.
part of our narrative about that time.
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有另外一件事是敍述中未被提及
08:33
For 18 months in the Intifada,
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第一次大起義的 18 個月裏
08:35
women were the ones
calling the shots behind the scenes:
calling the shots behind the scenes:
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幕後下命令的是女性
08:39
Palestinian women from all walks of life
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各行各業的巴勒斯坦女性
08:42
in charge of mobilizing
hundreds of thousands of people
hundreds of thousands of people
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負責發動上百上千的人
08:45
in a concerted effort to withdraw
consent from the occupation.
consent from the occupation.
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以共同的努力反對被佔領
08:50
Naela Ayyash, who strived to build
a self-sufficient Palestinian economy
a self-sufficient Palestinian economy
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娜爾拉 阿雅斯努力建造一個
自給自足的巴勒斯坦經濟
自給自足的巴勒斯坦經濟
08:56
by encouraging women in Gaza
to grow vegetables in their backyards,
to grow vegetables in their backyards,
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她鼓勵加沙的女性們在後院種植蔬菜
09:01
an activity deemed illegal
by the Israeli authorities at that time;
by the Israeli authorities at that time;
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是當時以色列權威者視爲非法的舉動
09:06
Rabeha Diab, who took over
decision-making authority
decision-making authority
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拉貝哈 迪雅接任了整個起義
09:09
for the entire uprising
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的決策權力
09:11
when the men who had been running it
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當時職權的男性
09:13
were deported;
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都被驅逐出境了
09:15
Fatima Al Jaafari, who swallowed leaflets
containing the uprising's directives
containing the uprising's directives
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法蒂瑪 阿爾 賈法麗吞下了包含起義指令的傳單
09:20
in order to spread them
across the territories
across the territories
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爲了不被逮捕的情況下
09:23
without getting caught;
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讓它在各地區傳播
09:26
and Zahira Kamal,
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還有 薩希拉 卡馬爾
09:28
who ensured the longevity of the uprising
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保障了起義的壽命
09:31
by leading an organization
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她帶領了在一年内
09:33
that went from 25 women
to 3,000 in a single year.
to 3,000 in a single year.
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從 25位 增加至 3000 位女性成員的機構
09:40
Despite their extraordinary achievements,
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任憑她們有著多為大的功績
09:43
none of these women have made it
into our narrative of the First Intifada.
into our narrative of the First Intifada.
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她們沒有被包括在第一次巴勒斯坦大起義的敍述内
09:49
We do this in other parts
of the globe, too.
of the globe, too.
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我們在世界其他地區也做著相同的事
09:52
In our history books, for instance,
and in our collective consciousness,
and in our collective consciousness,
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例如在歷史課本以及集體意識裏
09:57
men are the public faces and spokespersons
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男性是公衆人物和發言人
10:00
for the 1960s struggle
for racial justice in the United States.
for racial justice in the United States.
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1960 年代美國為種族公平的掙扎
10:05
But women were also
a critical driving force,
a critical driving force,
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女性當時也擔任著重要的角色
10:08
mobilizing, organizing,
taking to the streets.
taking to the streets.
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發動、組織、上街示威
10:12
How many of us think of Septima Clark
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誰會想起賽普蒂默 克拉克
10:15
when we think of the United States
Civil Rights era?
Civil Rights era?
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當我們想起美國的民權運動時
10:20
Remarkably few.
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很少人會想起
10:22
But she played a crucial role
in every phase of the struggle,
in every phase of the struggle,
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她在鬥爭的每個階段都擔任著關鍵的角色
10:27
particularly by emphasizing
literacy and education.
literacy and education.
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尤其著重于掃除文盲以及教育
10:30
She's been omitted, ignored,
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她被刪去以及忽略
10:33
like so many other women
who played critical roles
who played critical roles
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像許多在美國的民權運動時期
10:37
in the United States
Civil Rights Movement.
Civil Rights Movement.
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擔任關鍵角色的女性一樣
10:41
This is not about getting credit.
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這不是在討功勞
10:45
It's more profound than that.
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這更爲鄭重
10:48
The stories we tell matter deeply
to how we see ourselves,
to how we see ourselves,
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我們的敍述深深影響我們如何看待自己
10:52
and to how we believe movements are run
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我們如何看待行動的運作
10:55
and how movements are won.
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如何看待行動的成敗
10:57
The stories we tell about a movement
like the First Intifada
like the First Intifada
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我們對於像第一次巴勒斯坦大起義的敍述
11:00
or the United States Civil Rights era
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或者美國的民權運動時期
11:02
matter deeply
and have a critical influence
and have a critical influence
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非常重要和具有影響力
11:06
in the choices Palestinians,
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尤其是對於巴勒斯坦人
11:09
Americans
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美國人
11:10
and people around the world will make
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地球上的人
11:13
next time they encounter an injustice
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遇到不公正時採取的行動
11:15
and develop the courage to confront it.
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影響人們鼓起勇氣面對不公正
11:18
If we do not lift up the women who played
critical roles in these struggles,
critical roles in these struggles,
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若我們不頌揚奮鬥中持著關鍵角色的女性
11:22
we fail to offer up role models
to future generations.
to future generations.
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我們沒有為後代設下模範
11:28
Without role models, it becomes harder
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沒有模範的女性
11:31
for women to take up their rightful space
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更難在公共生活
11:34
in public life.
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堅定地立足
11:37
And as we saw earlier,
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我們之前看見了
11:39
one of the most critical variables
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其中最關鍵的變數
11:41
in determining whether
a movement will be successful or not
a movement will be successful or not
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來測定一個行動的成敗
11:45
is a movement's ideology
regarding the role of women
regarding the role of women
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在於它對於女性在公共生活所扮演的角色
11:49
in public life.
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的觀念
11:52
This is a question of whether we're moving
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這是有關我們是否走向
11:54
towards more democratic
and peaceful societies.
and peaceful societies.
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更民主以及和平的社會的問題
11:59
In a world where so much
change is happening,
change is happening,
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在一個千變萬化的世界裏
12:01
and where change is bound to continue
at an increasingly faster pace,
at an increasingly faster pace,
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在越來越瞬息萬變的世界裏
12:06
it is not a question
of whether we will face conflict,
of whether we will face conflict,
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這不是我們會否面對衝突的問題
12:11
but rather a question
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這問題是
12:13
of which stories will shape
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哪一種敍述將塑造
12:16
how we choose to wage conflict.
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我們選擇發動衝突的方式
12:20
Thank you.
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謝謝
12:22
(Applause)
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（掌聲）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Julia Bacha - FilmmakerJulia Bacha is the creative director at Just Vision, an organization that uses film and multimedia storytelling to foster constructive conversations on some of the most divisive issues of our times.
Why you should listen
Bacha started her filmmaking career writing and editing Control Room (2004), a documentary about the inner workings of the Arab satellite television channel Al Jazeera. She then wrote and co-directed Encounter Point (2006) and directed Budrus (2009), both stories of courageous bridge-building between Palestinians and Israelis in a highly volatile environment. Her most recent film, My Neighborhood (2012), follows a Palestinian teenager struggling to reclaim his home in East Jerusalem from Jewish settlers. She is now directing a film about the Palestinian women who secretly led the First Intifada, for which she was awarded a 2016 Guggenheim Fellowship.
Julia Bacha | Speaker | TED.com