Elizabeth Blackburn: The science of cells that never get old
Elizabeth Blackburn: علم الخلايا التي لا تهرم أبدًا
Elizabeth Blackburn won a Nobel Prize for her pioneering work on telomeres and telomerase, which may play central roles in how we age. She is president of the Salk Institute and author of the New York Times Best Seller, "The Telomere Effect." Full bio
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with this little fellow.
بدأ كل شيء مع هذا الرفيق الصغير.
and it's a single-celled creature.
started with pond scum.
المهنية بزبد البرك.
I became a scientist.
stinging jellyfish and sing to them.
ذات السم القاتل والغناء لهم.
about fundamental mysteries
where that curiosity was valued.
في مجتمع يقدر هذا الفضول.
pond scum critter Tetrahymena
رباعية الغشاء، زبد البرك هذه
the fundamental mystery
in our cells called chromosomes.
في خلايانا التي تسمى بالكروموسومات.
about the very ends of chromosomes,
protect the ends of chromosomes.
هو أنهم يحمون نهايات الكروموسومات.
what telomeres consisted of,
that cute little Tetrahymena
الخطية القصيرة،
consisted of special segments
تتكون من شرائح الخاصة،
at the very ends of chromosomes.
في نهايات الكروموسومات بالتحديد.
Two becomes four. Four becomes eight,
ثم إلى أربعة، ثم إلى ثمانية،
the 200 million billion cells
المئتي مليون مليار خلية،
have to divide thousands of times.
cells are furiously replenishing
standing here before you.
all of its DNA has to be copied,
يتم نسخ كلي لحمضها النووي،
inside of those chromosomes,
بداخل هذه الكروموسومات،
the vital operating instructions
من الحفاظ على معدل ضربات ثابت،
they're not doing right now,
أنهم لا يحافظون عليه الآن،
can save the memory of our first kiss
من حفظ ذكرى قبلتنا الأولى
in the way DNA is copied.
and the DNA is copied,
ويُنسخ الحمض النووي الخاص بها،
gets worn down and shortened,
الذي في النهايات ويقصر طوله،
at the ends of your shoelace.
or the chromosome, from fraying,
أو الكروموسومات، من الانحلال،
gets too short, it falls off,
sends a signal to the cells.
off the face of the earth.
pond scum critter Tetrahymena?
Tetrahymena cells never got old and died.
أن خلاياه لا تهرم ولا تمت أبدًا
as time marched on.
was not in any textbook.
my extraordinary student Carol Greider --
(كارول غريدر)
the Nobel Prize for this work --
الذي مكننا من الفوز بجائزة نوبل--
cells do have something else.
make longer, telomeres,
our pond scum's telomerase,
من التيلومترات تحت التجريب،
to their plentiful telomerase
an incredibly hopeful message
receiving from pond scum,
our telomeres do shorten,
تصغر مع مرور الزمن،
that shortening is aging us.
the longer your telomeres,
signs of aging.
from the last 20 years
في السنوات ال 20 الماضية
of getting cardiovascular diseases,
بأمراض القلب والأوعية الدموية،
the war of attrition faster.
ضد هذا الاستنزاف بسرعة
لوقت أطول
are staying longer
حافضت على طولها
of all we most dread
I'm going to feel and get old,
renewed by my telomerase,
بفضل التيلوميراز
the signs and symptoms of aging
لعكس علامات وأعراض التقدم في السن،
that Costco-sized bottle
fair trade telomerase, right?
does decrease the risks of some diseases,
من مخاطر بعض الأمراض ،
of certain and rather nasty cancers.
ببعض أنواع السرطان.
that Costco-sized bottle of telomerase,
زجاجة تيلوميراز كبيرة
marketing such dubious products,
تسوق هذه المنتجات المشكوك فيها ،
nudge up your risks of cancers.
بالسرطان.
it's kind of funny that right now,
لأنني أعتقد الآن
well, I'd rather be like pond scum.
and their maintenance.
extending human lifespan
of years of your life
you're healthy, you're productive,
spent feeling old and sick and dying.
كبر السن والموت.
over my telomeres' length
little teeny tiny telomeres
بدأت دراسة التيلوميرات الصغيرة جدا
a psychologist named Elissa Epel.
تدعى إليسا إبيل مختبري.
of severe, chronic psychological stress
the entrance to a mortuary, and --
question for me.
بالنسبة لي.
in people who are chronically stressed?"
عند الناس الذين يعانون من الأرق المزمن؟"
with a chronic condition,
الذين يعانون من أمراض مزمنة،
be it autism, you name it --
أو مرض آخر -
and prolonged psychological stress.
شديد ودائم.
I had been thinking of telomeres
molecular structures that they are,
about studying caregivers,
in a whole new light.
we were studying.
الذين تتم إجراء الدراسة عليهم.
often without help.
were worn down as well?
ألن تكون كذالك مرهقة؟
went into overdrive.
a group of such caregiving mothers,
قامت إليسا بتكوين أول مجموعة أمهات راعيات،
What's the length of their telomeres
ما هو طول التيلوميرات خاصتهم؟
that they have been caregiving
التي كن يقدمن الرعاية فيها
when all the results are in,
at our first scatterplot
that we most feared might exist.
in this caregiving situation,
and the shorter were her telomeres.
the shorter your telomeres,
كلما قصرت التيلوميرات الخاصة به،
to fall victim to an early disease span
that people's life events
maintain your telomeres.
just a matter of age counted in years.
indeed had been a life-and-death question.
in that data there was hope.
for their children for many years,
that they were resilient to stress.
اكشفنا أنهن مقاومات للأرق.
to experience their circumstances
insight for all of us:
بالنسبة لنا جميعا
became infectious.
كالعدوى.
from different fields
to telomere research,
scientific papers and counting.
rapidly confirmed our initial finding
is bad for telomeres.
over this particular aging process
على تقدمنا في السن
of California, Los Angeles
for a relative with dementia, long-term,
الذي يعاني من الخرف، على المدى الطويل،
telomere maintenance capacity
الرعاية الخاصة بهم
a day for two months.
with a threat stress response,
"I'm about to be fired,"
hormone cortisol creeps up,
high level of the cortisol
as a challenge to be tackled,
and to your brain,
بطريقة طبيعية،
but energizing spike of cortisol.
"bring it on" attitude,
to change what is happening
just got more and more intense,
our telomere maintenance as well?
are intensely social beings.
نحن البشر كائنات اجتماعية بطبعنا.
that our telomeres were social as well?
اجتماعية كذلك؟
and the effects are long-term.
نحس به على المدى الطويل،
in their neighborhoods
matters for telomeres as well.
يؤثر على التيلوميرات خاصتنا،
being in a marriage long-term,
يدوم الزواج لفترات أطول
to impact my own telomeres,
على التيلوميرات الخاصة بنا ،
just how interconnected we all are.
عن مدى الترابط بيننا.
at the next little critter,
لاكتشاف كائن جديد
we don't even know today is a question?
that could impact all the world.
how to protect your telomeres,
of brimming good health?
the telomeres of others,
على تيلوميرات الآخرين،
of curiosity to change the world,
في تغيير العالم،
that the world invests in curiosity
من أن العالم يستثمر في الفضول
that will come after us?
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Elizabeth Blackburn - Molecular biologistElizabeth Blackburn won a Nobel Prize for her pioneering work on telomeres and telomerase, which may play central roles in how we age. She is president of the Salk Institute and author of the New York Times Best Seller, "The Telomere Effect."
Why you should listen
Dr. Blackburn is the president of the Salk Institute and a pioneering molecular biologist. She received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2009 for discovering the molecular nature of telomeres, the ends of chromosomes that serve as protective caps essential for preserving genetic information, and for co-discovering telomerase, an enzyme that maintains telomere ends. Both telomeres and telomerase are thought to play central roles in aging and diseases such as cancer, and her work helped launch entire new fields of research in these areas.
In addition to the Nobel Prize, Blackburn has received nearly every major scientific award including the Lasker, Gruber, and Gairdner prizes. She has served as president of the American Association of Cancer Research and the American Society for Cell Biology, and on editorial boards of scientific journals including Cell and Science. She coauthored the best-selling book The Telomere Effect: A Revolutionary Approach to Living Younger, Healthier, Longer.
Elizabeth Blackburn | Speaker | TED.com