Elizabeth Blackburn: The science of cells that never get old
Elizabeth Blackburn: Čo sa skrýva za bunkami, ktoré nikdy nezostarnú
Elizabeth Blackburn won a Nobel Prize for her pioneering work on telomeres and telomerase, which may play central roles in how we age. She is president of the Salk Institute and author of the New York Times Best Seller, "The Telomere Effect." Full bio
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with this little fellow.
a ide o jednobunkový organizmus.
and it's a single-celled creature.
mojej kariéry stál nálevník.
started with pond scum.
I became a scientist.
že som sa stala vedkyňou.
a zaujímalo ma všetko živé.
medúzy a spievala som im.
stinging jellyfish and sing to them.
ma strašne zaujímali
about fundamental mysteries
stavebných prvkov života
where that curiosity was valued.
príležitosťou skúmať podstatnú záhadu,
pond scum critter Tetrahymena
the fundamental mystery
známe ako chromozómy.
in our cells called chromosomes.
about the very ends of chromosomes,
sme o nich vedeli len to,
protect the ends of chromosomes.
what telomeres consisted of,
mnoho krátkych lineárnych chromozómov,
that cute little Tetrahymena
consisted of special segments
zo špeciálnych segmentov nekódujúcej DNA
at the very ends of chromosomes.
Two becomes four. Four becomes eight,
nevznikne 200 milión miliárd buniek
the 200 million billion cells
have to divide thousands of times.
rozdeliť niekoľko tisíckrát.
zúrivo delia a dopĺňajú,
cells are furiously replenishing
standing here before you.
all of its DNA has to be copied,
ku kopírovaniu jej kompletnej DNA,
DNA v chromozómoch,
inside of those chromosomes,
the vital operating instructions
udržiavali stabilný rytmus,
they're not doing right now,
spomienky, ako je náš prvý bozk,
can save the memory of our first kiss
in the way DNA is copied.
a kopírovaní jej DNA sa časť DNA,
and the DNA is copied,
gets worn down and shortened,
teda na telomérach, opotrebuje a skráti.
koncovkám na šnúrkach topánok.
at the ends of your shoelace.
alebo chromozómy, pred rozstrapkaním,
or the chromosome, from fraying,
gets too short, it falls off,
pošle bunke signál:
sends a signal to the cells.
pretože život na Zemi nevymrel.
off the face of the earth.
takomto nevyhnutnom opotrebovaní.
pond scum critter Tetrahymena?
Tetrahymena cells never got old and died.
nikdy nezostarli a neodumreli.
as time marched on.
sa s postupom času neskracovali.
o čom sa v žiadnej knihe nepísalo.
was not in any textbook.
s výnimočnou študentkou Carol Greider,
my extraordinary student Carol Greider --
podelila o Nobelovú cenu,
the Nobel Prize for this work --
naozaj existuje ešte niečo iné.
cells do have something else.
make longer, telomeres,
our pond scum's telomerase,
odobrali telomerázu,
to their plentiful telomerase
teda spôsobovalo,
an incredibly hopeful message
receiving from pond scum,
sa naše teloméry skracujú
our telomeres do shorten,
spôsobuje, že starneme.
that shortening is aging us.
teloméry, tým ste na tom lepšie.
the longer your telomeres,
signs of aging.
a začnem vidieť tenké línie – vrásky.
za posledných 20 rokov jasne ukázalo,
from the last 20 years
prispieva k zvýšenému riziku
of getting cardiovascular diseases,
niektorých druhov rakoviny a cukrovky,
na ktoré zomiera mnoho ľudí.
že sa cítime a vyzeráme starší? Áno.
the war of attrition faster.
rýchlo prehrávajú.
are staying longer
of all we most dread
narodeninami najviac desí.
na jednoduché riešenie.
a ako rýchlo zostarnem,
I'm going to feel and get old,
renewed by my telomerase,
starnutia len potrebujem zistiť,
the signs and symptoms of aging
that Costco-sized bottle
prvotriednej organickej telomerázy, však?
fair trade telomerase, right?
does decrease the risks of some diseases,
riziko niektorých chorôb,
of certain and rather nasty cancers.
dosť nebezpečných druhov rakoviny.
that Costco-sized bottle of telomerase,
marketing such dubious products,
vyššiemu riziku rakoviny.
nudge up your risks of cancers.
it's kind of funny that right now,
z nás bolo radšej nálevníkom.
well, I'd rather be like pond scum.
môžeme niečo urobiť aj my ľudia.
and their maintenance.
ľudského života alebo o nesmrteľnosť.
extending human lifespan
of years of your life
ste zdraví, produktívni
you're healthy, you're productive,
spent feeling old and sick and dying.
over my telomeres' length
kontrolovať dĺžku svojich telomér
skúmať maličké teloméry,
little teeny tiny telomeres
vošla psychologička Elissa Epel.
a psychologist named Elissa Epel.
of severe, chronic psychological stress
stres na našu myseľ a telesné zdravie.
priamo na vchod do márnice...
the entrance to a mortuary, and --
question for me.
ktorí trpia chronickým stresom?“
in people who are chronically stressed?"
with a chronic condition,
chronickými ochoreniami,
be it autism, you name it --
a dlhotrvajúcemu psychologickému stresu.
and prolonged psychological stress.
ma nesmierne zmenila.
ako o drobných molekulárnych štruktúrach
I had been thinking of telomeres
molecular structures that they are,
ktoré ich kontrolujú.
about studying caregivers,
vidieť v úplne inom svetle.
in a whole new light.
we were studying.
ktorých gény sme skúmali.
predstava týchto žien,
takýmito ťažkými ochoreniami,
often without help.
were worn down as well?
pracovať na plné obrátky.
went into overdrive.
skupinu matiek – opatrovateliek
a group of such caregiving mothers,
What's the length of their telomeres
v závislosti od počtu rokov,
that they have been caregiving
trpiace chronickými chorobami?
mali k dispozícii všetky výsledky.
when all the results are in,
at our first scatterplot
diagram a zalapala po dychu.
that we most feared might exist.
sa matka starala o takéto dieťa,
in this caregiving situation,
a to bez ohľadu na jej vek.
and the shorter were her telomeres.
tým kratšie sú vaše teloméry,
the shorter your telomeres,
to fall victim to an early disease span
skoršie obdobie chorôb
that people's life events
že udalosti v živote ľudí
zachovať teloméry v dobrom stave.
maintain your telomeres.
just a matter of age counted in years.
veku, teda počtu prežitých rokov.
indeed had been a life-and-death question.
in that data there was hope.
aj niečo, čo nám dávalo nádej.
for their children for many years,
svoje teloméry v dobrom stave.
that they were resilient to stress.
životné okolnosti ako každodennú hrozbu,
to experience their circumstances
jednu veľmi dôležitú vec,
insight for all of us:
až po samú úroveň buniek.
became infectious.
zvedavosť stala nákazlivou.
prispeli k výskumu telomér
from different fields
to telomere research,
scientific papers and counting.
prác a stále pribúdajú nové.
rapidly confirmed our initial finding
naše počiatočné zistenie,
má zlý vplyv na teloméry.
is bad for telomeres.
dokážeme kontrolovať viac,
over this particular aging process
v Los Angeles sa zamerala na ľudí,
of California, Los Angeles
for a relative with dementia, long-term,
o blízkych trpiacich demenciou
teloméry v dobrom stave,
telomere maintenance capacity
že k zlepšeniu tohto stavu stačilo,
po dobu 2 mesiacov
a day for two months.
reagujete ako na hrozbu,
with a threat stress response,
si pomyslíte: „Chce ma vyhodiť,“
"I'm about to be fired,"
hormone cortisol creeps up,
stresového hormónu kortizolu,
high level of the cortisol
hladina kortizolu zapríčiní,
typicky vnímate ako výzvu,
as a challenge to be tackled,
and to your brain,
prudký nárast kortizolu.
but energizing spike of cortisol.
sa vašim teloméram darí veľmi dobre.
"bring it on" attitude,
to change what is happening
just got more and more intense,
our telomere maintenance as well?
are intensely social beings.
veľmi spoločenské stvorenia.
sú spoločenské stvorenia?
that our telomeres were social as well?
vaše teloméry faktory
vystavenie násiliu a rasizmu,
majú dlhodobé následky.
and the effects are long-term.
ktoré roky žijú vo vojnovej zóne?
a vo svojom susedstve sa necítia bezpečne,
in their neighborhoods
matters for telomeres as well.
trvajúce manželstvá
being in a marriage long-term,
zlepšujú stav telomér.
ovplyvniť svoje teloméry,
to impact my own telomeres,
ovplyvniť aj tie vaše.
ako veľmi sme prepojení.
just how interconnected we all are.
alebo mladého muža,
maličké stvorenie, ďalšieho nálevníka,
at the next little critter,
ktorú si dnes ani nevieme položiť?
we don't even know today is a question?
that could impact all the world.
s celosvetovým dopadom.
how to protect your telomeres,
ako ochrániť svoje teloméry,
dobrého zdravia, ktoré vás čakajú?
of brimming good health?
the telomeres of others,
ovplyvniť teloméry iných ľudí,
of curiosity to change the world,
že zvedavosť môže zmeniť svet,
that the world invests in curiosity
v záujme generácií,
that will come after us?
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Elizabeth Blackburn - Molecular biologistElizabeth Blackburn won a Nobel Prize for her pioneering work on telomeres and telomerase, which may play central roles in how we age. She is president of the Salk Institute and author of the New York Times Best Seller, "The Telomere Effect."
Why you should listen
Dr. Blackburn is the president of the Salk Institute and a pioneering molecular biologist. She received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2009 for discovering the molecular nature of telomeres, the ends of chromosomes that serve as protective caps essential for preserving genetic information, and for co-discovering telomerase, an enzyme that maintains telomere ends. Both telomeres and telomerase are thought to play central roles in aging and diseases such as cancer, and her work helped launch entire new fields of research in these areas.
In addition to the Nobel Prize, Blackburn has received nearly every major scientific award including the Lasker, Gruber, and Gairdner prizes. She has served as president of the American Association of Cancer Research and the American Society for Cell Biology, and on editorial boards of scientific journals including Cell and Science. She coauthored the best-selling book The Telomere Effect: A Revolutionary Approach to Living Younger, Healthier, Longer.
Elizabeth Blackburn | Speaker | TED.com