ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Victor Vescovo - Undersea explorer, investor
In 2019, Victor Vescovo could become the first person to have climbed to the highest point of all the world's continents as well as descended to the deepest reaches of all its oceans, including the Challenger Deep.

Why you should listen

The Five Deeps Expedition was envisioned and sponsored by Texas native Victor Vescovo, who will solo pilot the submersible on each of its main dives. In 2017, Vescovo became the 12th American to complete the "Explorers Grand Slam," which requires climbing the highest peak on all seven of the world's continents, including Mt. Everest, and skiing at least 100 kilometers to both the North and South Poles. He recently became the first person to the bottom of the Atlantic and Southern Oceans, and in 2019 could become the first person in history to have climbed to the top of all the world's continents as well as descended to the bottom of all its oceans, including the Challenger Deep.

For more than 20 years, Vescovo served as an officer in the U.S. Navy Reserve, retiring in 2014 as a Commander (O-5). He served at various times on extended active duty, primarily onboard the USS Nimitz, USS Blue Ridge and ashore in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, where he was posted to serve for more than a year after the 9/11 attacks as a counter-terrorism specialist. In the civilian world, he is a cofounder and Managing Partner of private equity firm Insight Equity, an industrial buyout firm with over $1 billion in capital, where he focuses on growing and enhancing aerospace, defense and electronics firms. Vescovo is also certified as a jet fixed-wing aircraft and helicopter pilot, as well as a submarine test pilot.

More profile about the speaker
Victor Vescovo | Speaker | TED.com
David Biello - Science curator, author
David Biello is TED's science curator and the author of "The Unnatural World: The Race to Remake Civilization in Earth's Newest Age."

Why you should listen
A contributing editor at Scientific American, David Biello has written about all things science, from geoengineering and geology to synthetic biology and the sixth extinction.
More profile about the speaker
David Biello | Speaker | TED.com
TED2019

Victor Vescovo: What's at the bottom of the ocean -- and how we're getting there

Filmed:
796,803 views

Victor Vescovo is leading the first-ever manned expedition to the deepest point of each of the world's five oceans. In conversation with TED science curator David Biello, Vescovo discusses the technology that's powering the explorations -- a titanium submersible designed to withstand extraordinary conditions -- and shows footage of a never-before-seen creature taken during his journey to the bottom of the Indian Ocean.
- Undersea explorer, investor
In 2019, Victor Vescovo could become the first person to have climbed to the highest point of all the world's continents as well as descended to the deepest reaches of all its oceans, including the Challenger Deep. Full bio - Science curator, author
David Biello is TED's science curator and the author of "The Unnatural World: The Race to Remake Civilization in Earth's Newest Age." Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
David Biello: So Victor,
what have you been up to?
0
730
3478
00:17
Victor Vescovo: That's the bottom
of the Atlantic Ocean,
1
5042
2642
00:19
and I guess I read too much
Jules Verne as a young boy,
2
7708
2976
00:22
and so for the last four years
I've led a team to design and build
3
10708
3851
00:26
what is now the most advanced and deepest
diving submersible on the planet,
4
14583
3560
00:30
and I have the ability
to personally pilot it too.
5
18167
2642
00:32
So this was us in December of last year,
6
20833
2268
00:35
for the first time --
the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean.
7
23125
2643
00:37
DB: And nobody's seen that before right?
8
25792
1934
00:39
That's just you.
VV: No.
9
27750
1726
00:41
Well, now everybody else.
10
29500
1393
00:42
DB: Who does that?
11
30917
2517
00:45
Like --
12
33458
1268
00:46
VV: Well, I think everyone has seen
the developments in the last 10, 15 years.
13
34750
3726
00:50
You have a bunch of people that have
the means to explore outer space,
14
38500
3393
00:53
like SpaceX or Blue Origin --
15
41917
2351
00:56
those guys --
16
44292
1267
00:57
and we're going the other direction.
17
45583
1768
00:59
So it's a wonderful era
18
47375
1268
01:00
of private individuals
spending their resources
19
48667
2226
01:02
to develop technologies
that can take us to places
20
50917
2351
01:05
that have never been explored before,
21
53292
1809
01:07
and the oceans of the world is --
22
55125
1851
01:09
it's almost a cliché to say
it's 70 percent of our entire planet,
23
57000
3684
01:12
and of that, 95 percent is unexplored.
24
60708
2435
01:15
So what we're trying to do
with our expedition
25
63167
2309
01:17
is to build and prove out a submersible
26
65500
1893
01:19
that can go to any point
on the bottom of the planet
27
67417
2684
01:22
to explore the 60 percent of this planet
that is still unexplored.
28
70125
4583
01:27
DB: You need a pretty cool tool
to do that, right?
29
75208
2351
01:29
VV: Right.
30
77583
1268
01:30
Now the tool is the submarine,
the Limiting Factor.
31
78875
2601
01:33
It's a state-of-the-art vessel
32
81500
1476
01:35
supported by the support ship,
the Pressure Drop.
33
83000
2454
01:37
It has a two-person titanium sphere,
90 millimeters-thick,
34
85478
2790
01:40
that keeps it at one atmosphere,
35
88292
1601
01:41
and it has the ability to dive repeatedly
36
89917
2684
01:44
down to the very deepest
point of the ocean.
37
92625
2518
01:47
DB: So like the SpaceX
of ocean exploration?
38
95167
4184
01:51
VV: Yeah, it's kind of the SpaceX
of ocean exploration,
39
99375
2601
01:54
but I pilot my own vehicles.
40
102000
1684
01:55
(Laughter)
41
103708
1851
01:57
DB: Are you going to take Elon or...?
42
105583
3143
02:00
VV: Yeah, I could take someone down there.
43
108750
2059
02:02
So, Elon, if you're listening,
44
110833
1476
02:04
I'll give you a ride in mine
if you give me a ride in yours.
45
112333
2851
02:07
(Laughter)
46
115208
1792
02:10
DB: So tell us what it's like down there.
47
118125
2726
02:12
I mean, we're talking about a place
where the pressure is so intense
48
120875
3393
02:16
that it's like putting
an Eiffel Tower on your toe.
49
124292
2434
02:18
VV: It's more than that.
50
126750
1309
02:20
It's about 16,000 psi.
51
128083
1435
02:21
So the issue is that we have
this titanium sphere
52
129542
2392
02:23
that allows us to go down
to these extreme depths
53
131958
2435
02:26
and come up repeatedly.
54
134417
1642
02:28
That's never been done before.
55
136083
1476
02:29
The Challenger Deep has been dived twice,
56
137583
2060
02:31
once in 1960 and once in 2012
by James Cameron,
57
139667
3267
02:34
and they went down and came back up
and those were experimental craft.
58
142958
3310
02:38
This is the first commercially
certified submersible
59
146292
2476
02:40
that can go up and down
thousands of times with two people,
60
148792
3226
02:44
including a scientist.
61
152042
1267
02:45
We're very proud that we took down
62
153333
1851
02:47
the deepest-diving
British citizen in history
63
155208
2185
02:49
just three weeks ago,
Dr. Alan Jamieson of Newcastle University
64
157417
2976
02:52
who was down with us on the Java Trench.
65
160417
2601
02:55
DB: So, not too much freaks you out,
is what I'm guessing.
66
163042
4892
02:59
VV: Well, it's a lot
different to go diving.
67
167958
2101
03:02
If you're claustrophobic,
you do not want to be in the submarine.
68
170083
3101
03:05
We go down quite a distance
69
173208
1351
03:06
and the missions typically last
eight to nine hours in a confined space.
70
174583
3435
03:10
It's very different
from the career I had previously
71
178042
2476
03:12
which was mountain climbing
where you're in open spaces,
72
180542
2642
03:15
the wind is whipping, it's very cold.
73
183208
1810
03:17
This is the opposite.
It's much more technical.
74
185042
2226
03:19
It's much more about precision
in using the instruments
75
187292
2601
03:21
and troubleshooting
anything that can go wrong.
76
189917
2226
03:24
But if something really
goes wrong in the submersible,
77
192167
2559
03:26
you're not going to know it.
78
194750
1393
03:28
(Laughter)
79
196167
1309
03:29
DB: So you're afraid of leaks
is what you're saying.
80
197500
2476
03:32
VV: Leaks are not good,
but if it's a leak that's happening,
81
200000
2851
03:34
it's not that bad
because if it was really bad
82
202875
2184
03:37
you wouldn't know it, again, but --
83
205083
1726
03:38
you know, fire in the capsule,
that wouldn't be good either,
84
206833
2851
03:41
but it's actually a very safe submersible.
85
209708
2060
03:43
I like to say I don't trust
a lot of things in life,
86
211792
2476
03:46
but I do trust titanium, I trust math
87
214292
1809
03:48
and I trust finite element analysis,
88
216125
2059
03:50
which is how you figure out
89
218208
1310
03:51
whether or not
things like this can survive
90
219542
2059
03:53
these extraordinary
pressures and conditions.
91
221625
2143
03:55
DB: And that sphere
is so perfectly machined, right?
92
223792
3142
03:58
This is a truly unique craft.
93
226958
1976
04:00
VV: That was the real trick --
94
228958
1476
04:02
is actually building a titanium sphere
95
230458
1851
04:04
that was accurate
to within .1 percent of machine.
96
232333
3143
04:07
Titanium is a hard metal to work
97
235500
1559
04:09
and a lot of people
haven't figured it out,
98
237083
2060
04:11
but we were very fortunate.
99
239167
1351
04:12
Our extraordinary team was able
to make an almost perfect sphere,
100
240542
3101
04:15
which when you're subjecting
something to pressure,
101
243667
2434
04:18
that's the strongest
geometry you can have.
102
246125
2059
04:20
When I'm in the submersible
and that hatch closes,
103
248208
2393
04:22
I'm confident that I'm going
to go down and come back up.
104
250625
2726
04:25
DB: And that's the thing
you double-check --
105
253375
2101
04:27
that the hatch is closed?
106
255500
1309
04:28
VV: There are only two rules
in diving a submarine.
107
256833
2434
04:31
Number one is close the hatch securely.
108
259291
1893
04:33
Number two is go back to rule number one.
109
261208
1976
04:35
DB: Alright so, Atlantic Ocean: check.
110
263208
3393
04:38
Southern Ocean: check.
111
266625
1768
04:40
VV: No one has ever dived
the Southern Ocean before.
112
268417
2476
04:42
I know why.
113
270917
1309
04:44
It's really, really hostile.
114
272250
1393
04:45
The weather is awful.
115
273667
1309
04:47
The word collision comes to mind.
116
275000
2226
04:49
But we did that one, yes.
117
277250
1851
04:51
Glad that's over --
DB: Yeah --
118
279125
1518
04:52
VV: Thank you.
119
280667
1351
04:54
(Applause)
120
282042
1142
04:55
DB: It's like you're racing through it.
121
283208
1893
04:57
And now the Indian Ocean,
as Kelly mentioned.
122
285125
2434
04:59
VV: Yeah, that was three weeks ago.
123
287583
1726
05:01
We were fortunate enough
to actually solve the mystery.
124
289333
2601
05:03
If someone had asked me three weeks ago,
125
291958
1935
05:05
"What is the deepest point
in the Indian Ocean?" --
126
293917
2434
05:08
no one really knew.
127
296375
1268
05:09
There were two candidates,
128
297667
1309
05:11
one off of Western Australia
and one in the Java Trench.
129
299000
2643
05:13
We have this wonderful ship
with a brilliant sonar.
130
301667
2434
05:16
We mapped both of them.
131
304125
1268
05:17
We sent landers down
to the bottom and verified.
132
305417
2267
05:19
It's actually in the center portion
of the Java Trench,
133
307708
2601
05:22
which is where no one thought it was.
134
310333
1810
05:24
In fact, every time we've completed
one of our major dives,
135
312167
2809
05:27
we have to run off
to Wikipedia and change it
136
315000
2143
05:29
because it's completely wrong.
137
317167
1476
05:30
(Laughter)
138
318667
1642
05:32
DB: So it probably takes longer
to get down there
139
320333
3060
05:35
than the time you're able
to spend down there?
140
323417
2267
05:37
VV: No, we actually spend
quite a bit of time.
141
325708
2893
05:40
I have four days
of oxygen supply in the vessel.
142
328625
2851
05:43
If I'm down there for four days,
143
331500
1559
05:45
something's gone so wrong
I'm probably not going to use it,
144
333083
2810
05:47
but it's about three hours down
to the deepest part of the ocean
145
335917
3059
05:51
and then we can spend
usually three or four hours
146
339000
2309
05:53
and then another three hours up.
147
341333
1560
05:54
So you don't want to stay in there
for more than 10 or 11 hours.
148
342917
3059
05:58
It can get a little tight.
149
346000
1309
05:59
DB: Alright, so the bottom
of the Indian Ocean.
150
347333
2226
06:01
And this is something that no one
besides you has ever seen before --
151
349583
4268
06:05
VV: This is actually imagery
from one of our robotic landers.
152
353875
4018
06:09
On the bottom right you can
actually see a robust assfish --
153
357917
2934
06:12
that's what it's actually called.
154
360875
1601
06:14
(Laughter)
155
362500
1018
06:15
But you can see from the left
a creature that's never been seen before.
156
363542
3392
06:18
It's actually a bottom-dwelling jellyfish
called a stalked ascidian,
157
366958
3226
06:22
and none of them
have ever looked like this before.
158
370208
2435
06:24
It actually has a small child
at the bottom of its stalk,
159
372667
2726
06:27
and it just drifted across beautifully.
160
375417
2142
06:29
So every single dive we have gone on,
161
377583
2476
06:32
even though we're only down there
for a couple of hours,
162
380083
2643
06:34
we have found three or four new species
163
382750
1893
06:36
because these are places that have
been isolated for billions of years
164
384667
3309
06:40
and no human being has ever
been down there to film them
165
388000
3351
06:43
or take samples.
166
391375
1268
06:44
And so this is extraordinary for us --
167
392667
1851
06:46
(Applause)
168
394542
2351
06:48
So what we are hoping --
169
396917
1309
06:50
the main objective of our mission
is to build this tool.
170
398250
3351
06:53
This tool is a door,
171
401625
1643
06:55
because with this tool,
172
403292
1309
06:56
we'll be able to make
more of them potentially
173
404625
2184
06:58
and take scientists down
to do thousands of dives,
174
406833
2351
07:01
to open that door to exploration
175
409208
2226
07:03
and find things that we
had no idea even existed.
176
411458
3060
07:06
DB: And so more people have been
to space than the bottom of the ocean.
177
414542
4892
07:11
You're one of three.
178
419458
1643
07:13
You're going to up that number,
you're going to give it away.
179
421125
2893
07:16
VV: Yeah, three people have dived
to the bottom of the Pacific Ocean.
180
424042
3267
07:19
The USS Trieste in 1960
with two individuals.
181
427333
2143
07:21
James Cameron in 2012
with his Deep Sea Challenger --
182
429500
2518
07:24
thank you, Jim, great sub.
183
432042
1559
07:25
This is a third-generation technology.
184
433625
1851
07:27
We're not only going to try and go down,
actually in two weeks,
185
435500
2976
07:30
but we're going to try
and do it multiple times,
186
438500
2268
07:32
which has never been done before.
187
440792
1601
07:34
If we can do that,
we'll have proven the technology
188
442417
2434
07:36
and that door will not just go open,
it will stay open.
189
444875
2601
07:39
(Applause)
190
447500
3268
07:42
DB: Fantastic. Good luck.
191
450792
1309
07:44
VV: Thank you very much.
DB: Thank you.
192
452125
1851
07:46
VV: Thank you all.
193
454000
1268
07:47
(Applause)
194
455292
2541

▲Back to top

ABOUT THE SPEAKERS
Victor Vescovo - Undersea explorer, investor
In 2019, Victor Vescovo could become the first person to have climbed to the highest point of all the world's continents as well as descended to the deepest reaches of all its oceans, including the Challenger Deep.

Why you should listen

The Five Deeps Expedition was envisioned and sponsored by Texas native Victor Vescovo, who will solo pilot the submersible on each of its main dives. In 2017, Vescovo became the 12th American to complete the "Explorers Grand Slam," which requires climbing the highest peak on all seven of the world's continents, including Mt. Everest, and skiing at least 100 kilometers to both the North and South Poles. He recently became the first person to the bottom of the Atlantic and Southern Oceans, and in 2019 could become the first person in history to have climbed to the top of all the world's continents as well as descended to the bottom of all its oceans, including the Challenger Deep.

For more than 20 years, Vescovo served as an officer in the U.S. Navy Reserve, retiring in 2014 as a Commander (O-5). He served at various times on extended active duty, primarily onboard the USS Nimitz, USS Blue Ridge and ashore in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, where he was posted to serve for more than a year after the 9/11 attacks as a counter-terrorism specialist. In the civilian world, he is a cofounder and Managing Partner of private equity firm Insight Equity, an industrial buyout firm with over $1 billion in capital, where he focuses on growing and enhancing aerospace, defense and electronics firms. Vescovo is also certified as a jet fixed-wing aircraft and helicopter pilot, as well as a submarine test pilot.

More profile about the speaker
Victor Vescovo | Speaker | TED.com
David Biello - Science curator, author
David Biello is TED's science curator and the author of "The Unnatural World: The Race to Remake Civilization in Earth's Newest Age."

Why you should listen
A contributing editor at Scientific American, David Biello has written about all things science, from geoengineering and geology to synthetic biology and the sixth extinction.
More profile about the speaker
David Biello | Speaker | TED.com

Data provided by TED.

This site was created in May 2015 and the last update was on January 12, 2020. It will no longer be updated.

We are currently creating a new site called "eng.lish.video" and would be grateful if you could access it.

If you have any questions or suggestions, please feel free to write comments in your language on the contact form.

Privacy Policy

Developer's Blog

Buy Me A Coffee