TEDYouth 2014
Jaap de Roode: How butterflies self-medicate
Jaap de Roode: Bagaimana kupu-kupu menyembuhkan diri
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Seperti kita, kupu-kupu monarch terkadang jatuh sakit karena parasit, namun ahli biologi Jaap de Roode menyadari sesuatu yang menarik dari kupu-kupu yang ditelitinya -- Kupu-kupu betina yang terinfeksi akan memilih bertelur di sejenis tumbuhan yang membantu keturunannya menghindari penyakit. Bagaimana mereka tahu tanaman yang harus dipilih? Anggaplah ini sejenis 'the butterfly effect' (perubahan kecil berdampak besar), yang bisa mengajari kita menemukan obat-obatan baru untuk mengatasi penyakit manusia.
Jaap de Roode - Biologist
Jaap de Roode studies the ecology and evolution of parasites, focusing on those that attack the monarch butterfly. Full bio
Jaap de Roode studies the ecology and evolution of parasites, focusing on those that attack the monarch butterfly. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:12
So infectious diseases, right?
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Jadi, penyakit menular, kan?
00:13
Infectious diseases
are still the main cause
are still the main cause
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Penyakit menular
masih menjadi penyebab utama
masih menjadi penyebab utama
00:15
of human suffering and death
around the world.
around the world.
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penderitaan dan kematian
manusia di dunia.
manusia di dunia.
00:18
Every year, millions of people die
of diseases such as T.B., malaria, HIV,
of diseases such as T.B., malaria, HIV,
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Setiap tahun jutaan orang meninggal
akibat penyakit seperti TB, malaria, HIV,
akibat penyakit seperti TB, malaria, HIV,
00:23
around the world
and even in the United States.
and even in the United States.
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di seluruh dunia
dan bahkan di Amerika Serikat.
dan bahkan di Amerika Serikat.
00:25
Every year, thousands of Americans
die of seasonal flu.
die of seasonal flu.
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Setiap tahun ribuan penduduk Amerika
meninggal karena flu musiman.
meninggal karena flu musiman.
00:29
Now of course, humans,
we are creative. Right?
we are creative. Right?
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Tentu saja, manusia itu
kreatif, kan?
kreatif, kan?
00:31
We have come up with ways to protect
ourselves against these diseases.
ourselves against these diseases.
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Kita telah menemukan cara
melindungi diri dari penyakit itu.
melindungi diri dari penyakit itu.
00:34
We have drugs and vaccines.
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Kita punya obat dan vaksin.
00:36
And we're conscious --
we learn from our experiences
we learn from our experiences
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Dan kita punya kesadaran.
Kita belajar dari pengalaman
Kita belajar dari pengalaman
00:39
and come up with creative solutions.
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dan menemukan solusi kreatif.
00:41
We used to think we're alone in this,
but now we know we're not.
but now we know we're not.
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Kita sempat berpikir bahwa kita sendiri,
tapi ternyata tidak.
tapi ternyata tidak.
00:44
We're not the only medical doctors.
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Kita bukan dokter medis satu-satunya.
00:46
Now we know that there's a lot of animals
out there that can do it too.
out there that can do it too.
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Sekarang kita tahu banyak hewan
di luar sana juga bisa melakukannya.
di luar sana juga bisa melakukannya.
00:49
Most famous, perhaps, chimpanzees.
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Paling terkenal mungkin
simpanse.
simpanse.
00:51
Not so much different from us,
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Tidak jauh berbeda dari kita,
00:52
they can use plants
to treat their intestinal parasites.
to treat their intestinal parasites.
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mereka bisa memakai tumbuhan
untuk mengatasi parasit usus.
untuk mengatasi parasit usus.
00:55
But the last few decades have shown us
that other animals can do it too:
that other animals can do it too:
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Tapi beberapa dekade terakhir menunjukkan
hewan lain pun bisa:
hewan lain pun bisa:
00:59
elephants, porcupines,
sheep, goats, you name it.
sheep, goats, you name it.
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gajah, landak, domba, kambing,
sebut saja.
sebut saja.
01:02
And even more interesting than that
is that recent discoveries are telling us
is that recent discoveries are telling us
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Lebih menarik lagi dari itu adalah bahwa
penemuan terbaru memberitahu kita
penemuan terbaru memberitahu kita
01:06
that insects and other little animals with
smaller brains can use medication too.
smaller brains can use medication too.
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bahwa serangga dan hewan kecil dengan
otak lebih kecilpun bisa menggunakan obat.
otak lebih kecilpun bisa menggunakan obat.
01:11
The problem with infectious diseases,
as we all know,
as we all know,
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Masalah dengan penyakit menular,
seperti kita tahu,
seperti kita tahu,
01:14
is that pathogens continue to evolve,
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adalah patogen yang terus berubah,
01:16
and a lot of the drugs
that we have developed
that we have developed
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dan banyak obat-obatan
yang sudah dikembangkan
yang sudah dikembangkan
01:18
are losing their efficacy.
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kehilangan kemanjurannya.
01:19
And therefore, there is this great need
to find new ways to discover drugs
to find new ways to discover drugs
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Sehingga ada kebutuhan mendesak untuk
menemukan cara baru mendapatkan obat
menemukan cara baru mendapatkan obat
01:24
that we can use against our diseases.
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yang bisa kita pakai
melawan penyakit.
melawan penyakit.
01:26
Now, I think that we
should look at these animals,
should look at these animals,
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Sekarang menurutku kita harus
melihat hewan-hewan ini
melihat hewan-hewan ini
01:28
and we can learn from them
how to treat our own diseases.
how to treat our own diseases.
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dan kita bisa belajar dari mereka
bagaimana merawat penyakit kita.
bagaimana merawat penyakit kita.
01:32
As a biologist, I have been studying
monarch butterflies for the last 10 years.
monarch butterflies for the last 10 years.
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Sebagai ahli biologi, aku telah meneliti
kupu-kupu monarch selama 10 tahun terakhir.
kupu-kupu monarch selama 10 tahun terakhir.
01:36
Now, monarchs are extremely famous
for their spectacular migrations
for their spectacular migrations
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Monarch terkenal karena
migrasinya yang luar biasa
migrasinya yang luar biasa
01:39
from the U.S. and Canada
down to Mexico every year,
down to Mexico every year,
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dari Amerika Serikat dan Kanada
ke Meksiko setiap tahun,
ke Meksiko setiap tahun,
01:43
where millions of them come together,
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tempat jutaan dari mereka berkumpul,
01:45
but it's not why I started studying them.
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tapi bukan karena itu aku
mulai meneliti mereka.
mulai meneliti mereka.
01:47
I study monarchs because they get sick.
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Aku meneliti monarch karena
mereka bisa sakit.
mereka bisa sakit.
01:50
They get sick like you.
They get sick like me.
They get sick like me.
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Mereka bisa sakit,
sepertimu dan sepertiku.
sepertimu dan sepertiku.
01:52
And I think what they do
can tell us a lot about drugs
can tell us a lot about drugs
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Dan menurutku perilaku mereka
dapat memberitahu banyak
dapat memberitahu banyak
01:55
that we can develop for humans.
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untuk pengembangan obat manusia.
01:57
Now, the parasites
that monarchs get infected with
that monarchs get infected with
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Jadi, parasit yang menginfeksi monarch
01:59
are called ophryocystis elektroscirrha --
a mouthful.
a mouthful.
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disebut Ophryocystis elektroscirrha --
sulit disebut.
sulit disebut.
02:03
What they do is they produce spores,
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Yang mereka lakukan
memproduksi spora
memproduksi spora
02:05
millions of spores
on the outside of the butterfly
on the outside of the butterfly
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jutaan spora di
permukaan tubuh kupu-kupu
permukaan tubuh kupu-kupu
02:07
that are shown as little specks
in between the scales of the butterfly.
in between the scales of the butterfly.
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Yang nampak sebagai titik-titik kecil
diantara sisik kupu-kupu.
diantara sisik kupu-kupu.
02:11
And this is really detrimental
to the monarch.
to the monarch.
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Dan ini sangat berbahaya bagi monarch.
02:13
It shortens their lifespan,
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Memperpendek umurnya,
02:15
it reduces their ability to fly,
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mengurangi kemampuan terbangnya,
02:17
it can even kill them
before they're even adults.
before they're even adults.
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bahkan bisa membunuh mereka
sebelum tahap dewasa.
sebelum tahap dewasa.
02:19
Very detrimental parasite.
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Parasit yang sangat berbahaya.
02:21
As part of my job, I spend a lot of time
in the greenhouse growing plants,
in the greenhouse growing plants,
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Sebagai bagian pekerjaanku, aku
banyak mengurus tumbuhan di rumah kaca
banyak mengurus tumbuhan di rumah kaca
02:25
and the reason for this is that monarchs
are extremely picky eaters.
are extremely picky eaters.
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dan alasannya adalah karena monarch
sangat pemilih soal makanan.
sangat pemilih soal makanan.
02:29
They only eat milkweed as larvae.
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Larvanya hanya memakan tumbuhan milkweed.
02:31
Luckily, there are several
species of milkweed that they can use,
species of milkweed that they can use,
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Untungnya, ada beberapa spesies milkweed
yang bisa dipakai,
yang bisa dipakai,
02:34
and all these milkweeds
have cardenolides in them.
have cardenolides in them.
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dan semuanya mengandung kardenolida.
02:36
These are chemicals that are toxic.
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Senyawa kimia yang beracun.
02:38
They're toxic to most animals,
but not to monarchs.
but not to monarchs.
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Bagi sebagian besar hewan
tapi tidak bagi monarch.
tapi tidak bagi monarch.
02:41
In fact, monarchs
can take up the chemicals,
can take up the chemicals,
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Kenyataannya, senyawa kimia itu
bisa dicernanya
bisa dicernanya
02:43
put it in their own bodies,
and it makes them toxic
and it makes them toxic
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dimasukkan dalam tubuh dan
itu membuat mereka beracun
itu membuat mereka beracun
02:45
against their predators, such as birds.
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bagi pemangsa mereka,
misalnya burung.
misalnya burung.
02:48
And what they do, then,
is advertise this toxicity
is advertise this toxicity
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Dan kemudian mereka
mengiklankan sifat racun ini
mengiklankan sifat racun ini
02:50
through their beautiful
warning colorations
warning colorations
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melalui warnanya yang indah
sebagai peringatan
sebagai peringatan
02:52
with this orange, black and white.
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oranye, hitam, dan putih.
02:54
So what I did during my job
is grow plants in the greenhouse,
is grow plants in the greenhouse,
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Jadi yang kulakukan dalam pekerjaanku
adalah menumbuhkan tanaman di rumah kaca,
adalah menumbuhkan tanaman di rumah kaca,
02:58
different ones, different milkweeds.
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yang berbeda, milkweed berbagai jenis.
03:00
Some were toxic, including
the tropical milkweed,
the tropical milkweed,
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Beberapa beracun, misalnya milkweed tropis
03:02
with very high concentrations
of these cardenolides.
of these cardenolides.
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konsentrasi kardenolidanya
sangat tinggi.
sangat tinggi.
03:06
And some were not toxic.
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Beberapa tidak beracun.
03:07
And then I fed them to monarchs.
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Kemudian kujadikan pakan
03:09
Some of the monarchs were healthy.
They had no disease.
They had no disease.
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Beberapa monarch sehat.
Mereka tidak menderita penyakit.
Mereka tidak menderita penyakit.
03:12
But some of the monarchs were sick,
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Tetapi sebagian lagi sakit,
03:14
and what I found is that
some of these milkweeds are medicinal,
some of these milkweeds are medicinal,
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dan kutemukan beberapa
jenis milkweed bersifat herbal
jenis milkweed bersifat herbal
03:17
meaning they reduce the disease symptoms
in the monarch butterflies,
in the monarch butterflies,
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artinya mengurangi gejala penyakit
pada kupu-kupu monarch,
pada kupu-kupu monarch,
03:20
meaning these monarchs can live longer
when they are infected
when they are infected
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berarti mereka dapat hidup lebih lama
ketika terinfeksi
ketika terinfeksi
03:23
when feeding on these medicinal plants.
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bila memakan tumbuhan herbal ini.
03:25
And when I found this, I had this idea,
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Dan ketika aku menemukannya
aku punya ide
aku punya ide
03:28
and a lot of people said
it was a crazy idea,
it was a crazy idea,
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dan banyak orang mengatakan
itu ide gila.
itu ide gila.
03:30
but I thought,
what if monarchs can use this?
what if monarchs can use this?
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Kupikir, bagaimana bila
mereka mampu memakainya?
mereka mampu memakainya?
03:32
What if they can use these plants
as their own form of medicine?
as their own form of medicine?
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Bagaimana jika mereka bisa
menjadikan ini obat?
menjadikan ini obat?
03:35
What if they can act as medical doctors?
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Bagaimana jika mereka bisa berperan
sebagai dokter medis?
sebagai dokter medis?
03:38
So my team and I
started doing experiments.
started doing experiments.
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Maka aku dan timku
mulai bereksperimen.
mulai bereksperimen.
03:40
In the first types of experiments,
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Dalam eksperimen jenis pertama,
03:42
we had caterpillars,
and gave them a choice:
and gave them a choice:
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kami punya ulat dan
memberi mereka pilihan:
memberi mereka pilihan:
03:44
medicinal milkweed versus
non-medicinal milkweed.
non-medicinal milkweed.
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milkweed herbal dan milkweed biasa
03:47
And then we measured how much they ate
of each species over their lifetime.
of each species over their lifetime.
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dan kami ukur jumlah yang mereka
makan perspesies sepanjang hidup mereka.
makan perspesies sepanjang hidup mereka.
03:51
And the result, as so often
in science, was boring:
in science, was boring:
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Hasilnya membosankan,
seperti sering dijumpai dalam sains:
seperti sering dijumpai dalam sains:
03:54
Fifty percent of their food was medicinal.
Fifty percent was not.
Fifty percent was not.
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Lima puluh persen herbal,
lima puluh persen tidak.
lima puluh persen tidak.
03:58
These caterpillars didn't do
anything for their own welfare.
anything for their own welfare.
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Ulat-ulat ini tidak melakukan apapun
untuk kesejahteraan mereka.
untuk kesejahteraan mereka.
04:02
So then we moved on to adult butterflies,
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Jadi kita berpindah ke kupu-kupu dewasa,
04:04
and we started asking the question
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dan kita mulai mengajukan pertanyaan
04:06
whether it's the mothers
that can medicate their offspring.
that can medicate their offspring.
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apakah para ibu yang bisa
mengobati keturunannya.
mengobati keturunannya.
04:09
Can the mothers lay their eggs
on medicinal milkweed
on medicinal milkweed
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Bisakah para ibu bertelur di daun herbal
04:12
that will make their
future offspring less sick?
future offspring less sick?
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yang bisa membuat keturunannya
lebih tahan sakit?
lebih tahan sakit?
04:15
We have done these experiments now
over several years,
over several years,
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Kami telah bereksperimen bertahun-tahun
04:18
and always get the same results.
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dan hasilnya selalu sama.
04:20
What we do is we put
a monarch in a big cage,
a monarch in a big cage,
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Kami kurung
monarch di kandang besar,
monarch di kandang besar,
04:22
a medicinal plant on one side,
a non-medicinal plant on the other side,
a non-medicinal plant on the other side,
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Satu sisi tanaman herbal,
sisi lain yang biasa
sisi lain yang biasa
04:25
and then we measure the number of eggs
that the monarchs lay on each plant.
that the monarchs lay on each plant.
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Dan kami menghitung jumlah telur
di tiap tumbuhan.
di tiap tumbuhan.
04:30
And what we find when we do that
is always the same.
is always the same.
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Yang kami temukan selalu sama.
04:33
What we find is that the monarchs
strongly prefer the medicinal milkweed.
strongly prefer the medicinal milkweed.
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Kami menemukan bahwa monarch
jauh lebih memilih milkweed herbal.
jauh lebih memilih milkweed herbal.
04:36
In other words,
what these females are doing
what these females are doing
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Dengan kata lain, para betina ini
04:39
is they're laying 68 percent
of their eggs in the medicinal milkweed.
of their eggs in the medicinal milkweed.
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bertelur 68% di milkweed herbal.
04:42
Intriguingly, what they do
is they actually transmit the parasites
is they actually transmit the parasites
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Menariknya, yang mereka lakukan
sebenarnya memindahkan parasit
sebenarnya memindahkan parasit
04:46
when they're laying the eggs.
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ketika bertelur.
04:48
They cannot prevent this.
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Ini tidak bisa mereka cegah.
04:49
They can also not medicate themselves.
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Mereka juga bisa tak mengobati dirinya.
04:51
But what these experiments tell us
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Tapi apa yang ditemukan eksperimen ini
04:53
is that these monarchs, these mothers,
can lay their eggs on medicinal milkweed
can lay their eggs on medicinal milkweed
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adalah bahwa para ibu monarch ini
bisa bertelur di milkweed herbal
bisa bertelur di milkweed herbal
04:58
that will make their
future offspring less sick.
future offspring less sick.
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yang bisa membuat keturunannya
lebih jarang sakit.
lebih jarang sakit.
05:03
Now, this is a really
important discovery, I think,
important discovery, I think,
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Saya pikir ini sebuah penemuan
yang sangat penting,
yang sangat penting,
05:05
not just because it tells us
something cool about nature,
something cool about nature,
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bukan hanya memberitahu kita
kehebatan alam
kehebatan alam
05:08
but also because it may tell us something
more about how we should find drugs.
more about how we should find drugs.
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namun juga karena mengandung informasi
menemukan obat.
menemukan obat.
05:12
Now, these are animals that are very small
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Hewan-hewan ini sangat kecil
05:14
and we tend to think of them
as very simple.
as very simple.
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seringnya kita anggap
mereka begitu biasa.
mereka begitu biasa.
05:16
They have tiny little brains,
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Otak mereka sangat kecil,
05:17
yet they can do this
very sophisticated medication.
very sophisticated medication.
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tapi mereka bisa melakukan
pengobatan secanggih ini.
pengobatan secanggih ini.
05:20
Now, we know that even today,
most of our drugs
most of our drugs
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Kita tahu bahwa saat inipun,
kebanyakan obat kita
kebanyakan obat kita
05:23
derive from natural products,
including plants,
including plants,
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berasal dari bahan alami,
termasuk tanaman,
termasuk tanaman,
05:26
and in indigenous cultures,
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dan pada kebudayaan asli,
05:27
traditional healers often look
at animals to find new drugs.
at animals to find new drugs.
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dukun tradisional sering
meniru pengobatan ala hewan.
meniru pengobatan ala hewan.
05:30
In this way, elephants have told us
how to treat stomach upset,
how to treat stomach upset,
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Misalnya, cara mengatasi
sakit perut ala gajah,
sakit perut ala gajah,
05:34
and porcupines have told people
how to treat bloody diarrhea.
how to treat bloody diarrhea.
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dan landak memberitahu
bagaimana mengatasi diare berdarah.
bagaimana mengatasi diare berdarah.
05:37
What I think is important,
though, is to move beyond
though, is to move beyond
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Apa yang menurutku penting
adalah melampaui
adalah melampaui
05:39
these large-brained mammals
and give these guys more credit,
and give these guys more credit,
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mamalia berotak besar ini
dan lebih menghargainya,
dan lebih menghargainya,
05:43
these simple animals, these insects
that we tend to think of
that we tend to think of
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hewan-hewan sederhana, serangga
yang seringkali kita anggap
yang seringkali kita anggap
05:46
as very, very simple
with tiny little brains.
with tiny little brains.
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sangat, sangat remeh
dengan otak kecil mereka.
dengan otak kecil mereka.
05:49
The discovery that these animals
can also use medication
can also use medication
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Penemuan bahwa mereka
juga bisa menggunakan mengobatan
juga bisa menggunakan mengobatan
05:53
opens up completely new avenues,
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membuka cakrawala baru,
05:56
and I think that maybe one day,
we will be treating human diseases
we will be treating human diseases
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dan kupikir suatu hari kita akan
mengobati penyakit manusia
mengobati penyakit manusia
06:01
with drugs that were first
discovered by butterflies,
discovered by butterflies,
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dengan obat yang pertama kali
ditemukan kupu-kupu,
ditemukan kupu-kupu,
06:04
and I think that is an amazing opportunity
worth pursuing.
worth pursuing.
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dan menurutku itu kesempatan
luar biasa yang pantas dikejar.
luar biasa yang pantas dikejar.
06:08
Thank you so much.
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Terima kasih.
06:10
(Applause)
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(Tepuk tangan)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jaap de Roode - BiologistJaap de Roode studies the ecology and evolution of parasites, focusing on those that attack the monarch butterfly.
Why you should listen
At his lab at Emory University, Jaap de Roode and his team study parasites and their hosts. Some of the questions that intrigue them: If a parasite depends on its host's survival for its own well-being, why do so many of them cause harm? In what ways are hosts able to self-medicate in order to make themselves less desirable to parasites? And are the abilities to harm hosts — and the ability of hosts to self-medicate — favored by natural selection?
The De Roode Lab focuses on the monarch butterfly and its parasites. The team has made a fascinating discovery: that female butterflies infected by a parasite choose to lay their eggs on a specific variety of milkweed that helps their offspring avoid getting sick. De Roode hopes that this insight could lead to new approaches in medications for human beings in the future.
Jaap de Roode | Speaker | TED.com