Jaap de Roode: How butterflies self-medicate
Jaap de Roode: Come le farfalle si curano da sole
Jaap de Roode studies the ecology and evolution of parasites, focusing on those that attack the monarch butterfly. Full bio
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are still the main cause
sono la causa principale
around the world.
in tutto il mondo.
of diseases such as T.B., malaria, HIV,
muoiono per malattie
and even in the United States.
anche negli Stati Uniti.
die of seasonal flu.
muoiono a causa dell'influenza stagionale.
we are creative. Right?
siamo creativi, giusto?
ourselves against these diseases.
per proteggerci dalle malattie.
we learn from our experiences
impariamo dalle nostre esperienze
soluzioni creative.
but now we know we're not.
out there that can do it too.
che possono curarsi da sé.
dai parassiti intestinali.
to treat their intestinal parasites.
that other animals can do it too:
che anche altri animali lo fanno:
Chi più ne ha più ne metta.
sheep, goats, you name it.
is that recent discoveries are telling us
che scoperte recenti
piccoli animali con cervelli più piccoli
smaller brains can use medication too.
lo sappiamo bene,
as we all know,
continuano a evolversi,
that we have developed
che abbiamo messo a punto
to find new ways to discover drugs
di trovare nuovi modi
con cui poterci curare.
should look at these animals,
osservare questi animali
come curare le nostre malattie.
how to treat our own diseases.
monarch butterflies for the last 10 years.
negli ultimi 10 anni.
for their spectacular migrations
per le loro migrazioni spettacolari
down to Mexico every year,
verso il Messico ogni anno
che mi ha spinto a studiarle.
perché si ammalano.
They get sick like me.
Si ammalano come me.
can tell us a lot about drugs
può dirci molto sui farmaci
per gli esseri umani.
that monarchs get infected with
le farfalle monarca
a mouthful.
Uno scioglilingua, praticamente.
on the outside of the butterfly
in between the scales of the butterfly.
tra le scaglie della farfalla.
to the monarch.
before they're even adults.
prima di diventare adulta.
in the greenhouse growing plants,
a coltivare piante in serra,
are extremely picky eaters.
sono schizzinose col cibo.
solo asclepiadi.
species of milkweed that they can use,
di diverse specie di asclepiadi
have cardenolides in them.
cardenolidi al loro interno.
but not to monarchs.
ma non per le farfalle monarca.
can take up the chemicals,
le sostanze chimiche,
and it makes them toxic
come gli uccelli.
is advertise this toxicity
warning colorations
arancioni, nere e bianche.
is grow plants in the greenhouse,
di piante in serra,
the tropical milkweed,
come le asclepiadi tropicali,
of these cardenolides.
di cardenolidi.
alle farfalle monarca.
They had no disease.
Non erano malate.
some of these milkweeds are medicinal,
di queste asclepiadi sono medicinali
in the monarch butterflies,
nelle farfalle monarca.
when they are infected
possono insomma vivere più a lungo
mi è venuta in mente un'idea
it was a crazy idea,
un'idea folle.
what if monarchs can use this?
potessero usarle?
come una medicina?
as their own form of medicine?
abbiamo iniziato a sperimentare.
started doing experiments.
and gave them a choice:
facendo fare loro una scelta:
non-medicinal milkweed.
o asclepiadi non medicinali.
of each species over their lifetime.
di ogni specie nel corso della loro vita.
in science, was boring:
nella scienza, era noioso:
Fifty percent was not.
e il 50% non lo era.
anything for their own welfare.
per il loro benessere.
con le farfalle adulte
that can medicate their offspring.
a curare la prole.
on medicinal milkweed
sulle asclepiadi medicinali
future offspring less sick?
più resistente alle malattie?
over several years,
che facciamo questi esperimenti
in una gabbia,
a monarch in a big cage,
a non-medicinal plant on the other side,
una pianta non medicinale dall'altra,
that the monarchs lay on each plant.
che le farfalle depongono su ogni pianta.
is always the same.
la stessa cosa:
strongly prefer the medicinal milkweed.
nettamente le asclepiadi medicinali.
what these females are doing
queste femmine
of their eggs in the medicinal milkweed.
nelle asclepiadi medicinali.
is they actually transmit the parasites
i propri parassiti
can lay their eggs on medicinal milkweed
possono deporre le uova
future offspring less sick.
a non ammalarsi.
important discovery, I think,
molto importante, credo,
something cool about nature,
di bello sulla natura,
more about how we should find drugs.
su come scoprire nuovi farmaci.
as very simple.
che siano molto semplici.
sanno curarsi in modo così sofisticato.
very sophisticated medication.
most of our drugs
dei nostri medicinali
including plants,
tra cui le piante,
at animals to find new drugs.
gli animali per trovare nuove cure.
how to treat stomach upset,
come curare uno stomaco indisposto
how to treat bloody diarrhea.
come curare la diarrea ematica.
though, is to move beyond
guardare oltre
and give these guys more credit,
e dare più credito a queste farfalle,
that we tend to think of
questi insetti
molto semplici
with tiny little brains.
can also use medication
possono automedicarsi
we will be treating human diseases
cureremo le malattie umane
discovered by butterflies,
dalle farfalle,
worth pursuing.
da cogliere al volo.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jaap de Roode - BiologistJaap de Roode studies the ecology and evolution of parasites, focusing on those that attack the monarch butterfly.
Why you should listen
At his lab at Emory University, Jaap de Roode and his team study parasites and their hosts. Some of the questions that intrigue them: If a parasite depends on its host's survival for its own well-being, why do so many of them cause harm? In what ways are hosts able to self-medicate in order to make themselves less desirable to parasites? And are the abilities to harm hosts — and the ability of hosts to self-medicate — favored by natural selection?
The De Roode Lab focuses on the monarch butterfly and its parasites. The team has made a fascinating discovery: that female butterflies infected by a parasite choose to lay their eggs on a specific variety of milkweed that helps their offspring avoid getting sick. De Roode hopes that this insight could lead to new approaches in medications for human beings in the future.
Jaap de Roode | Speaker | TED.com