Jaap de Roode: How butterflies self-medicate
Jaap de Roode: Comment les papillons se soignent
Jaap de Roode studies the ecology and evolution of parasites, focusing on those that attack the monarch butterfly. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
are still the main cause
around the world.
of diseases such as T.B., malaria, HIV,
and even in the United States.
die of seasonal flu.
we are creative. Right?
ourselves against these diseases.
we learn from our experiences
à pouvoir faire ça.
but now we know we're not.
out there that can do it too.
en sont capables.
to treat their intestinal parasites.
de ses parasites intestinaux.
nous ont montré
that other animals can do it too:
moutons, chèvres,
sheep, goats, you name it.
des recherches récentes
is that recent discoveries are telling us
des insectes et d’autres animaux
smaller brains can use medication too.
en sont aussi capables.
le problème avec
as we all know,
les pathogènes
que plusieurs traitements
that we have developed
point cessent d’être efficaces.
to find new ways to discover drugs
impérial de trouver
des médicaments.
should look at these animals,
regarder de plus près
how to treat our own diseases.
protéger des maladies.
j’étudie
monarch butterflies for the last 10 years.
for their spectacular migrations
du Mexique au Canada.
down to Mexico every year,
millions se regroupent.
pas la raison pour
tombent malades
They get sick like me.
peut nous aider à developper
can tell us a lot about drugs
les papillons monarques
that monarchs get infected with
ophryocystis elektrocirrha.
a mouthful.
on the outside of the butterfly
petites taches entre
in between the scales of the butterfly.
to the monarch.
papillon car cela réduit
ainsi que leur capacité de vol.
qu’ils n’atteignent l’âge adulte.
before they're even adults.
in the greenhouse growing plants,
de mon temps
sous serre
are extremely picky eaters.
sont des mangeurs très sélectifs.
mangent que des laiterons.
species of milkweed that they can use,
utiliser plusieurs espèces de laiterons.
have cardenolides in them.
contiennent des cardénolides.
but not to monarchs.
mais pas pour les monarques.
can take up the chemicals,
ces substances
and it makes them toxic
leurs prédateurs, tels que les oiseaux.
is advertise this toxicity
en valeur ces substances
warning colorations
de signalisation.
is grow plants in the greenhouse,
fait dans la serre,
tel que le laiteron tropical
the tropical milkweed,
of these cardenolides.
concentrations de cardénolides.
les monarques avec.
très sains, sans maladies,
They had no disease.
laiterons ont des vertus médicinales
some of these milkweeds are medicinal,
in the monarch butterflies,
les symptômes du papillon monarque,
when they are infected
plus longtemps une fois infectés
que beaucoup ont qualifiée de folle.
it was a crazy idea,
monarques peuvent utiliser ceci,
what if monarchs can use this?
as their own form of medicine?
avons commencé à faire des expériences.
started doing experiments.
nous avons donné aux chenilles
and gave them a choice:
et d’autres, ordinaires,
non-medicinal milkweed.
de chaque espèce de plantes
of each species over their lifetime.
in science, was boring:
monde de la recherche,
ennuyeux.
Fifty percent was not.
était médicinale
anything for their own welfare.
pas soin de leur santé.
vers les papillons adultes.
soignaient les enfants.
that can medicate their offspring.
pondre leurs œufs
on medicinal milkweed
future offspring less sick?
moins malade ?
en obtenant les même résultats.
over several years,
dans une grande cage,
a monarch in a big cage,
d’un côté,
a non-medicinal plant on the other side,
d’œufs laissés sur chaque plante.
that the monarchs lay on each plant.
le résultat est toujours le même.
is always the same.
largement les plantes médicinales
strongly prefer the medicinal milkweed.
ce que font les femelles,
what these females are doing
of their eggs in the medicinal milkweed.
des œufs sur la plante
is they actually transmit the parasites
car elles sont incapables
nous montrent, c’est que
can lay their eggs on medicinal milkweed
sur des plantes médicinales,
moins malade.
future offspring less sick.
fascinante,
important discovery, I think,
something cool about nature,
mais aussi comment
more about how we should find drugs.
de nouvelles façons
les perçoit trop souvent comme simples.
as very simple.
very sophisticated medication.
leurs propres remèdes.
de nos médicaments
most of our drugs
et des cultures traditionnelles.
including plants,
se tourne souvent vers
at animals to find new drugs.
des animaux.
how to treat stomach upset,
how to treat bloody diarrhea.
aux diarrhées sanglantes.
est de voir
though, is to move beyond
and give these guys more credit,
tels que les insectes,
that we tend to think of
with tiny little brains.
de leur petit cerveau.
can also use medication
we will be treating human diseases
des remèdes découverts par des papillons.
discovered by butterflies,
worth pursuing.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jaap de Roode - BiologistJaap de Roode studies the ecology and evolution of parasites, focusing on those that attack the monarch butterfly.
Why you should listen
At his lab at Emory University, Jaap de Roode and his team study parasites and their hosts. Some of the questions that intrigue them: If a parasite depends on its host's survival for its own well-being, why do so many of them cause harm? In what ways are hosts able to self-medicate in order to make themselves less desirable to parasites? And are the abilities to harm hosts — and the ability of hosts to self-medicate — favored by natural selection?
The De Roode Lab focuses on the monarch butterfly and its parasites. The team has made a fascinating discovery: that female butterflies infected by a parasite choose to lay their eggs on a specific variety of milkweed that helps their offspring avoid getting sick. De Roode hopes that this insight could lead to new approaches in medications for human beings in the future.
Jaap de Roode | Speaker | TED.com