ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jaap de Roode - Biologist
Jaap de Roode studies the ecology and evolution of parasites, focusing on those that attack the monarch butterfly.

Why you should listen

At his lab at Emory University, Jaap de Roode and his team study parasites and their hosts. Some of the questions that intrigue them: If a parasite depends on its host's survival for its own well-being, why do so many of them cause harm? In what ways are hosts able to self-medicate in order to make themselves less desirable to parasites? And are the abilities to harm hosts — and the ability of hosts to self-medicate — favored by natural selection?

The De Roode Lab focuses on the monarch butterfly and its parasites. The team has made a fascinating discovery: that female butterflies infected by a parasite choose to lay their eggs on a specific variety of milkweed that helps their offspring avoid getting sick. De Roode hopes that this insight could lead to new approaches in medications for human beings in the future.

More profile about the speaker
Jaap de Roode | Speaker | TED.com
TEDYouth 2014

Jaap de Roode: How butterflies self-medicate

Jaap de Roode: Como as borboletas se automedicam

Filmed:
1,143,584 views

Assim como nós, a borboleta-monarca fica doente por causa de um parasita desagradável. Mas o biólogo Jaap de Roode percebeu algo interessante nas borboletas que estudava: borboletas fêmeas infectadas escolhiam pôr seus ovos em um tipo específico de planta que ajudava suas crias a não adoecerem. Como elas sabem escolher essa planta? Digamos que seja "o outro efeito-borboleta", que pode nos ensinar a criar novos medicamentos para tratar doenças que acometem seres humanos.
- Biologist
Jaap de Roode studies the ecology and evolution of parasites, focusing on those that attack the monarch butterfly. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

Doenças infecciosas, certo?
00:12
So infectious diseases, right?
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00:13
Infectious diseases
are still the main cause
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Elas ainda são a principal causa
de sofrimento e morte
de pessoas em todo o mundo.
00:15
of human suffering and death
around the world.
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A cada ano, milhões de pessoas
morrem de doenças
00:18
Every year, millions of people die
of diseases such as T.B., malaria, HIV,
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como tuberculose, malária e HIV
em todo o mundo,
inclusive nos Estados Unidos.
00:23
around the world
and even in the United States.
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A cada ano, milhares de americanos
morrem de gripe sazonal.
00:25
Every year, thousands of Americans
die of seasonal flu.
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Mas nós humanos, é claro,
somos criativos, não?
00:29
Now of course, humans,
we are creative. Right?
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00:31
We have come up with ways to protect
ourselves against these diseases.
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Criamos formas de nos proteger
contra essas doenças.
Temos medicamentos e vacinas.
00:34
We have drugs and vaccines.
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00:36
And we're conscious --
we learn from our experiences
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Somos conscientes,
aprendemos com nossas experiências
e inventamos soluções criativas.
00:39
and come up with creative solutions.
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Achávamos que éramos os únicos assim,
mas hoje sabemos que não.
00:41
We used to think we're alone in this,
but now we know we're not.
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Não somos os únicos médicos.
00:44
We're not the only medical doctors.
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00:46
Now we know that there's a lot of animals
out there that can do it too.
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Hoje sabemos que há vários animais
que fazem o mesmo.
Os mais famosos
talvez sejam os chimpanzés.
00:49
Most famous, perhaps, chimpanzees.
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Não muito diferentes de nós,
eles usam plantas
00:51
Not so much different from us,
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00:52
they can use plants
to treat their intestinal parasites.
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para se livrarem de parasitas intestinais.
Nas últimas décadas, vimos que outros
animais também fazem isso:
00:55
But the last few decades have shown us
that other animals can do it too:
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elefantes, porcos-espinhos,
ovelhas, cabras e muitos outros.
00:59
elephants, porcupines,
sheep, goats, you name it.
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Ainda mais interessante é que
descobertas recentes têm nos mostrado
01:02
And even more interesting than that
is that recent discoveries are telling us
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que insetos e outros pequenos animais
com cérebros menores
01:06
that insects and other little animals with
smaller brains can use medication too.
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também usam medicação.
O problema das doenças infecciosas,
como todos sabemos,
01:11
The problem with infectious diseases,
as we all know,
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é que os patógenos continuam a evoluir
01:14
is that pathogens continue to evolve,
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e diversos medicamentos que desenvolvemos
01:16
and a lot of the drugs
that we have developed
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vêm perdendo a eficácia.
01:18
are losing their efficacy.
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Por isso, há grande urgência por encontrar
novas formas de criar medicamentos
01:19
And therefore, there is this great need
to find new ways to discover drugs
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que possamos usar contra nossas doenças.
01:24
that we can use against our diseases.
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Mas acho que devemos
observar esses animais
01:26
Now, I think that we
should look at these animals,
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para aprendermos com eles
a tratar nossas próprias doenças.
01:28
and we can learn from them
how to treat our own diseases.
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01:32
As a biologist, I have been studying
monarch butterflies for the last 10 years.
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Como biólogo, tenho estudado
borboletas-monarcas nos últimos dez anos.
Elas são bastante conhecidas
por sua migração espetacular
01:36
Now, monarchs are extremely famous
for their spectacular migrations
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01:39
from the U.S. and Canada
down to Mexico every year,
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dos Estados Unidos e do Canadá
para o México, todos os anos,
quando milhões delas se reúnem,
01:43
where millions of them come together,
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01:45
but it's not why I started studying them.
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mas não foi por isso
que comecei a estudá-las.
Eu as estudo porque elas adoecem.
01:47
I study monarchs because they get sick.
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Elas adoecem como você e como eu.
01:50
They get sick like you.
They get sick like me.
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E acho que elas podem nos ensinar
muito sobre medicamentos
01:52
And I think what they do
can tell us a lot about drugs
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que podemos desenvolver para os humanos.
01:55
that we can develop for humans.
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Os parasitas que infectam
as borboletas-monarcas
01:57
Now, the parasites
that monarchs get infected with
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são os ophryocystis elektroscirrha,
nome difícil de pronunciar.
01:59
are called ophryocystis elektroscirrha --
a mouthful.
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Eles produzem esporos,
02:03
What they do is they produce spores,
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milhões de esporos
no exterior da borboleta,
02:05
millions of spores
on the outside of the butterfly
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que aparecem como pequenos ciscos
na carapaça da borboleta.
02:07
that are shown as little specks
in between the scales of the butterfly.
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Isso é muito prejudicial
para a borboleta-monarca.
02:11
And this is really detrimental
to the monarch.
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Diminui sua expectativa de vida,
02:13
It shortens their lifespan,
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prejudica sua capacidade de voar
02:15
it reduces their ability to fly,
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e pode até matá-la antes
que se torne adulta.
02:17
it can even kill them
before they're even adults.
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Um parasita muito prejudicial.
02:19
Very detrimental parasite.
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02:21
As part of my job, I spend a lot of time
in the greenhouse growing plants,
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Como parte do meu trabalho, passo muito
tempo na estufa cuidando de plantas,
isso porque as borboletas-monarcas
são exigentes demais para comer.
02:25
and the reason for this is that monarchs
are extremely picky eaters.
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Quando larvas, elas só comem asclépias.
02:29
They only eat milkweed as larvae.
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Felizmente, há várias espécies
de asclépias que elas podem usar,
02:31
Luckily, there are several
species of milkweed that they can use,
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02:34
and all these milkweeds
have cardenolides in them.
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e todas essas asclépias
contêm cardenolídeos,
substâncias tóxicas para a maioria
dos animais, exceto para monarcas.
02:36
These are chemicals that are toxic.
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02:38
They're toxic to most animals,
but not to monarchs.
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Na verdade, elas utilizam
essas substâncias em seu próprio corpo,
02:41
In fact, monarchs
can take up the chemicals,
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02:43
put it in their own bodies,
and it makes them toxic
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o que as torna tóxicas para predadores,
como os pássaros.
02:45
against their predators, such as birds.
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02:48
And what they do, then,
is advertise this toxicity
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Elas mostram essa toxicidade
através de belas cores que servem
de alerta: laranja, preto e branco.
02:50
through their beautiful
warning colorations
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02:52
with this orange, black and white.
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Durante meu trabalho,
criei plantas diversas na estufa,
02:54
So what I did during my job
is grow plants in the greenhouse,
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02:58
different ones, different milkweeds.
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asclépias diversas.
Algumas eram tóxicas,
incluindo a asclépia tropical,
03:00
Some were toxic, including
the tropical milkweed,
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com concentrações altíssimas
de cardenolídeos.
03:02
with very high concentrations
of these cardenolides.
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Outras não eram tóxicas.
03:06
And some were not toxic.
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Então, eu alimentava as monarcas com elas.
03:07
And then I fed them to monarchs.
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03:09
Some of the monarchs were healthy.
They had no disease.
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Algumas monarcas estavam saudáveis,
sem doença alguma,
mas outras monarcas
estavam doentes e descobri
03:12
But some of the monarchs were sick,
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03:14
and what I found is that
some of these milkweeds are medicinal,
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que algumas dessas asclépias
são medicinais,
reduzindo os sintomas
das borboletas-monarcas doentes,
03:17
meaning they reduce the disease symptoms
in the monarch butterflies,
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o que significa que vivem mais tempo,
apesar de infectadas,
03:20
meaning these monarchs can live longer
when they are infected
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por se alimentarem
dessas plantas medicinais.
03:23
when feeding on these medicinal plants.
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03:25
And when I found this, I had this idea,
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Quando descobri isso, tive uma ideia
e muitos disseram que era uma ideia louca,
03:28
and a lot of people said
it was a crazy idea,
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mas pensei:
"Será que as monarcas fazem isso?
03:30
but I thought,
what if monarchs can use this?
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03:32
What if they can use these plants
as their own form of medicine?
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Será que elas usam essas plantas
como uma espécie de medicamento?
03:35
What if they can act as medical doctors?
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Será que são capazes
de agir como médicos?"
03:38
So my team and I
started doing experiments.
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Então, eu e minha equipe fizemos testes.
03:40
In the first types of experiments,
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Nos primeiros testes,
tínhamos lagartas
e lhes demos uma escolha:
03:42
we had caterpillars,
and gave them a choice:
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asclépia medicinal
e asclépia não medicinal.
03:44
medicinal milkweed versus
non-medicinal milkweed.
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03:47
And then we measured how much they ate
of each species over their lifetime.
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Então, medimos quanto de cada espécie
elas comiam ao longo da vida.
03:51
And the result, as so often
in science, was boring:
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Como sempre acontece na ciência,
o resultado foi sem graça:
03:54
Fifty percent of their food was medicinal.
Fifty percent was not.
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50% de asclépias medicinais
e 50% de asclépias não medicinais.
03:58
These caterpillars didn't do
anything for their own welfare.
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As lagartas não faziam nada
por seu próprio bem-estar.
04:02
So then we moved on to adult butterflies,
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Então, passamos às borboletas adultas
e começamos a nos perguntar
04:04
and we started asking the question
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04:06
whether it's the mothers
that can medicate their offspring.
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se eram as mães que medicavam suas crias.
Poderiam as mães pôr ovos
em asclépias medicinais
04:09
Can the mothers lay their eggs
on medicinal milkweed
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04:12
that will make their
future offspring less sick?
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que fariam com que suas crias
ficassem menos doentes?
Faz alguns anos
que temos feito esses testes
04:15
We have done these experiments now
over several years,
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e os resultados são sempre os mesmos.
04:18
and always get the same results.
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Nós colocamos uma monarca
numa grande gaiola,
04:20
What we do is we put
a monarch in a big cage,
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uma planta medicinal de um lado
e uma não medicinal do outro lado.
04:22
a medicinal plant on one side,
a non-medicinal plant on the other side,
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Então, verificamos a quantidade de ovos
que ela põe em cada planta.
04:25
and then we measure the number of eggs
that the monarchs lay on each plant.
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04:30
And what we find when we do that
is always the same.
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E sempre vemos o mesmo acontecer:
as monarcas têm uma forte preferência
pela asclépia medicinal.
04:33
What we find is that the monarchs
strongly prefer the medicinal milkweed.
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04:36
In other words,
what these females are doing
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Em outras palavras, as fêmeas põem
68% de seus ovos na asclépia medicinal.
04:39
is they're laying 68 percent
of their eggs in the medicinal milkweed.
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04:42
Intriguingly, what they do
is they actually transmit the parasites
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O intrigante é que, na verdade,
elas transmitem os parasitas
quando põem seus ovos.
04:46
when they're laying the eggs.
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04:48
They cannot prevent this.
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Isso é inevitável.
04:49
They can also not medicate themselves.
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Elas também não podem se automedicar.
Porém, os testes nos mostram
que essas mães monarcas
04:51
But what these experiments tell us
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04:53
is that these monarchs, these mothers,
can lay their eggs on medicinal milkweed
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podem pôr seus ovos
em asclépias medicinais
04:58
that will make their
future offspring less sick.
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que farão com que suas crias
fiquem menos doentes.
Essa é uma descoberta
realmente importante, eu acho,
05:03
Now, this is a really
important discovery, I think,
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não só porque nos ensina
algo legal sobre a natureza,
05:05
not just because it tells us
something cool about nature,
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mas porque pode nos ensinar algo novo
sobre como descobrir medicamentos.
05:08
but also because it may tell us something
more about how we should find drugs.
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05:12
Now, these are animals that are very small
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Esses animais são bem pequenos
05:14
and we tend to think of them
as very simple.
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e tendemos achá-los muito simples.
05:16
They have tiny little brains,
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Embora tenham cérebros minúsculos,
eles utilizam uma forma
05:17
yet they can do this
very sophisticated medication.
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bem sofisticada de medicação.
05:20
Now, we know that even today,
most of our drugs
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Sabemos que, mesmo hoje,
a maioria dos medicamentos
05:23
derive from natural products,
including plants,
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é derivada de fontes naturais,
incluindo plantas,
e, em culturas indígenas,
05:26
and in indigenous cultures,
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curandeiros observam os animais
para descobrir novos medicamentos.
05:27
traditional healers often look
at animals to find new drugs.
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05:30
In this way, elephants have told us
how to treat stomach upset,
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Assim, os elefantes nos ensinaram
a tratar dores de estômago
e porcos-espinhos nos ensinaram
a tratar diarreia hemorrágica.
05:34
and porcupines have told people
how to treat bloody diarrhea.
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05:37
What I think is important,
though, is to move beyond
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Mas acho importante não nos restringirmos
a mamíferos de cérebro grande
e darmos mais crédito a esses carinhas,
05:39
these large-brained mammals
and give these guys more credit,
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a esses animais simples,
a esses insetos que tendemos a julgar
05:43
these simple animals, these insects
that we tend to think of
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como extremamente simples,
com cérebros minúsculos.
05:46
as very, very simple
with tiny little brains.
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A descoberta de que esses animais
também são capazes de usar medicação
05:49
The discovery that these animals
can also use medication
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05:53
opens up completely new avenues,
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abre horizontes totalmente novos
e acho que um dia, talvez,
trataremos doenças em seres humanos
05:56
and I think that maybe one day,
we will be treating human diseases
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com medicamentos
originalmente descobertos por borboletas.
06:01
with drugs that were first
discovered by butterflies,
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06:04
and I think that is an amazing opportunity
worth pursuing.
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Acho que essa é uma oportunidade incrível,
que vale a pena buscarmos.
06:08
Thank you so much.
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Muito obrigado.
(Aplausos)
06:10
(Applause)
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Translated by Leonardo Silva
Reviewed by Elena Crescia

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jaap de Roode - Biologist
Jaap de Roode studies the ecology and evolution of parasites, focusing on those that attack the monarch butterfly.

Why you should listen

At his lab at Emory University, Jaap de Roode and his team study parasites and their hosts. Some of the questions that intrigue them: If a parasite depends on its host's survival for its own well-being, why do so many of them cause harm? In what ways are hosts able to self-medicate in order to make themselves less desirable to parasites? And are the abilities to harm hosts — and the ability of hosts to self-medicate — favored by natural selection?

The De Roode Lab focuses on the monarch butterfly and its parasites. The team has made a fascinating discovery: that female butterflies infected by a parasite choose to lay their eggs on a specific variety of milkweed that helps their offspring avoid getting sick. De Roode hopes that this insight could lead to new approaches in medications for human beings in the future.

More profile about the speaker
Jaap de Roode | Speaker | TED.com

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