Jaap de Roode: How butterflies self-medicate
Jaap de Roode: Como as borboletas se automedicam
Jaap de Roode studies the ecology and evolution of parasites, focusing on those that attack the monarch butterfly. Full bio
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are still the main cause
de pessoas em todo o mundo.
around the world.
morrem de doenças
of diseases such as T.B., malaria, HIV,
inclusive nos Estados Unidos.
and even in the United States.
morrem de gripe sazonal.
die of seasonal flu.
somos criativos, não?
we are creative. Right?
ourselves against these diseases.
contra essas doenças.
we learn from our experiences
aprendemos com nossas experiências
mas hoje sabemos que não.
but now we know we're not.
out there that can do it too.
que fazem o mesmo.
talvez sejam os chimpanzés.
eles usam plantas
to treat their intestinal parasites.
animais também fazem isso:
that other animals can do it too:
ovelhas, cabras e muitos outros.
sheep, goats, you name it.
descobertas recentes têm nos mostrado
is that recent discoveries are telling us
com cérebros menores
smaller brains can use medication too.
como todos sabemos,
as we all know,
that we have developed
novas formas de criar medicamentos
to find new ways to discover drugs
observar esses animais
should look at these animals,
a tratar nossas próprias doenças.
how to treat our own diseases.
monarch butterflies for the last 10 years.
borboletas-monarcas nos últimos dez anos.
por sua migração espetacular
for their spectacular migrations
down to Mexico every year,
para o México, todos os anos,
que comecei a estudá-las.
They get sick like me.
muito sobre medicamentos
can tell us a lot about drugs
as borboletas-monarcas
that monarchs get infected with
nome difícil de pronunciar.
a mouthful.
no exterior da borboleta,
on the outside of the butterfly
na carapaça da borboleta.
in between the scales of the butterfly.
para a borboleta-monarca.
to the monarch.
que se torne adulta.
before they're even adults.
in the greenhouse growing plants,
tempo na estufa cuidando de plantas,
são exigentes demais para comer.
are extremely picky eaters.
de asclépias que elas podem usar,
species of milkweed that they can use,
have cardenolides in them.
contêm cardenolídeos,
dos animais, exceto para monarcas.
but not to monarchs.
essas substâncias em seu próprio corpo,
can take up the chemicals,
and it makes them toxic
como os pássaros.
is advertise this toxicity
de alerta: laranja, preto e branco.
warning colorations
criei plantas diversas na estufa,
is grow plants in the greenhouse,
incluindo a asclépia tropical,
the tropical milkweed,
de cardenolídeos.
of these cardenolides.
They had no disease.
sem doença alguma,
estavam doentes e descobri
some of these milkweeds are medicinal,
são medicinais,
das borboletas-monarcas doentes,
in the monarch butterflies,
apesar de infectadas,
when they are infected
dessas plantas medicinais.
it was a crazy idea,
"Será que as monarcas fazem isso?
what if monarchs can use this?
as their own form of medicine?
como uma espécie de medicamento?
de agir como médicos?"
started doing experiments.
e lhes demos uma escolha:
and gave them a choice:
e asclépia não medicinal.
non-medicinal milkweed.
of each species over their lifetime.
elas comiam ao longo da vida.
in science, was boring:
o resultado foi sem graça:
Fifty percent was not.
e 50% de asclépias não medicinais.
anything for their own welfare.
por seu próprio bem-estar.
that can medicate their offspring.
em asclépias medicinais
on medicinal milkweed
future offspring less sick?
ficassem menos doentes?
que temos feito esses testes
over several years,
numa grande gaiola,
a monarch in a big cage,
e uma não medicinal do outro lado.
a non-medicinal plant on the other side,
que ela põe em cada planta.
that the monarchs lay on each plant.
is always the same.
pela asclépia medicinal.
strongly prefer the medicinal milkweed.
what these females are doing
68% de seus ovos na asclépia medicinal.
of their eggs in the medicinal milkweed.
is they actually transmit the parasites
elas transmitem os parasitas
que essas mães monarcas
can lay their eggs on medicinal milkweed
em asclépias medicinais
future offspring less sick.
fiquem menos doentes.
realmente importante, eu acho,
important discovery, I think,
algo legal sobre a natureza,
something cool about nature,
sobre como descobrir medicamentos.
more about how we should find drugs.
as very simple.
eles utilizam uma forma
very sophisticated medication.
most of our drugs
a maioria dos medicamentos
including plants,
incluindo plantas,
para descobrir novos medicamentos.
at animals to find new drugs.
how to treat stomach upset,
a tratar dores de estômago
a tratar diarreia hemorrágica.
how to treat bloody diarrhea.
though, is to move beyond
e darmos mais crédito a esses carinhas,
and give these guys more credit,
a esses insetos que tendemos a julgar
that we tend to think of
com cérebros minúsculos.
with tiny little brains.
também são capazes de usar medicação
can also use medication
trataremos doenças em seres humanos
we will be treating human diseases
originalmente descobertos por borboletas.
discovered by butterflies,
worth pursuing.
que vale a pena buscarmos.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Jaap de Roode - BiologistJaap de Roode studies the ecology and evolution of parasites, focusing on those that attack the monarch butterfly.
Why you should listen
At his lab at Emory University, Jaap de Roode and his team study parasites and their hosts. Some of the questions that intrigue them: If a parasite depends on its host's survival for its own well-being, why do so many of them cause harm? In what ways are hosts able to self-medicate in order to make themselves less desirable to parasites? And are the abilities to harm hosts — and the ability of hosts to self-medicate — favored by natural selection?
The De Roode Lab focuses on the monarch butterfly and its parasites. The team has made a fascinating discovery: that female butterflies infected by a parasite choose to lay their eggs on a specific variety of milkweed that helps their offspring avoid getting sick. De Roode hopes that this insight could lead to new approaches in medications for human beings in the future.
Jaap de Roode | Speaker | TED.com