Lera Boroditsky: How language shapes the way we think
Lera Boroditsky: Kaip kalba formuoja mūsų mąstymą
Lera Boroditsky is trying to figure out how humans get so smart. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
using language ...
that we humans have.
kuriuos turi žmogus.
thoughts to one another.
labai sudėtingas mintis.
I'm making sounds with my mouth
iškvėpdama sukuriu garsus
air vibrations in the air.
those vibrations from your eardrums
iš ausų būgnelių
we humans are able to transmit our ideas
išreikšti savo idėjas
knowledge across minds.
in your mind right now.
žingsniu šokančią medūzą,
mechaniką.“
relatively well in your life so far,
ėjosi sklandžiai,
that thought before.
one language in the world,
ne tik viena kalba,
spoken around the world.
kalbama pasaulyje.
from one another in all kinds of ways.
įvairiausiais būdais.
shape the way we think?
formuoja mūsų mąstymą?“
klausimas.
about this question forever.
visais laikais.
is to have a second soul" --
antrą sielą“ –
that language crafts reality.
kalba kuria realybę.
Shakespeare has Juliet say,
lūpomis sako:
Kitu vardu vadinki rožę,
would smell as sweet."
language doesn't craft reality.
kalba nekuria realybės.
back and forth for thousands of years.
there hasn't been any data
and other labs around the world,
pasaulio laboratorijose
to weigh in on this question.
šiuo klausimu.
some of my favorite examples.
mėgstamiausių pavyzdžių.
from an Aboriginal community in Australia
bendruomenės Australijoje,
žmonės.
at the very west edge of Cape York.
tai, kad ten viskas
words like "left" and "right,"
is in cardinal directions:
šiaurė, pietūs,
tai yra viskas.
I really mean everything.
kojos skruzdė.“
on your southwest leg."
į šiaurės rytus.“
to the north-northeast a little bit."
klausi:
in Kuuk Thaayorre is you say,
jei vaikščiojate aplink,
around your day,
kuria kryptimi einate.
orientuotis, tiesa?
oriented pretty fast, right?
couldn't get past "hello,"
which way you were going.
kalbomis, orientuojasi geriau.
like this stay oriented really well.
kad žmogus gali.
than we used to think humans could.
menkesnis už kitas būtybes
were worse than other creatures
ar kriaunose.“
in our beaks or in our scales."
moko tai daryti,
trains you to do it,
orientuojasi puikiai.
who stay oriented really well.
kaip mes tą darome.
from the way we do it,
your eyes for a second
there, there, there, there ...
nebuvo labai didelis.
in this room was not very high.
sugebėjimų skirtumas, tiesa?
ability across languages, right?
kaip jūs, grupėje
distinguished group like you guys --
penkiamečio ir jis žinotų.
and they would know.
in how people think about time.
savo senelio nuotraukas.
of my grandfather at different ages.
pagal laiką,
to organize time,
arabiškai,
in the opposite direction,
tai darytų?
told you about, do it?
like "left" and "right."
iš kairės į dešinę.
nesusijęs su kūnu,
get locked on the body at all,
laikas bėga šia kryptimi.
then time goes this way.
krypčiai vytis mane
the direction of time chase me around
nuo aplinkos.
time is locked on the landscape.
of thinking about time.
žmonių triukas.
pingvinų ten yra?
how many penguins are there.
išsprendėte šią užduotį.
that problem if you solved it.
šeši, septyni, aštuoni.“
four, five, six, seven, eight."
skaičių.
was the number of penguins.
mokino naudoti vaikystėje –
that you're taught to use as kids.
kaip jį pritaikyti.
and you learn how to apply it.
triukas.
don't have exact number words.
a word like "seven"
tomis kalbomis, neskaičiuoja
these languages don't count,
keeping track of exact quantities.
skaičių su tokiu pačiu ančių skaičiumi,
to match this number of penguins
triuko, negali to padaryti.
that linguistic trait can't do that.
skirstymo būdu,
they divide up the color spectrum --
nusakančių žodžių,
lots of words for colors,
"light" and "dark."
„šviesus“ ir „tamsus“.
boundaries between colors.
ribos tarp spalvų.
mėlyna reiškia visas spalvas,
there's a world for blue
that you can see on the screen,
have to differentiate
of experience of, in language,
atskirti šias spalvas,
to perceptually discriminate these colors,
Russian speakers are faster
apribojime.
to tell the difference
žiūri į spalvas,
as they're looking at colors --
iš šviesiai į tamsiai mėlyną.
from light to dark blue --
žodžius spalvoms, smegenys
different words for light and dark blue
as the colors shift from light to dark,
has categorically changed,"
of English speakers, for example,
this categorical distinction,
vingrybių.
of structural quirks.
giminė, dažniausiai vyriška ar moteriška.
often masculine or feminine.
moteriškos, o Mėnulis vyriškos giminės.
in German but masculine in Spanish,
mąstymui?“
consequence for how people think?
kaip moterį,
as somehow more female-like,
apibūdinti tiltą,
to, say, describe a bridge,
feminine in German,
elegantiškais
to say bridges are "beautiful," "elegant"
žodžiais.
will be more likely to say
they describe events, right?
„Jis sudaužė vazą“.
"He broke the vase."
to say, "The vase broke,"
kad kažkas tai padarė.
that someone did it.
we can even say things like,
Jei esate lunatikas
unless you are a lunatic
tą ranką –
looking to break your arm --
kitokios sandaros sakinį.
you would use a different construction.
atkreips dėmesį į skirtingus dalykus,
will pay attention to different things,
reikalauja.
usually requires them to do.
ir ispanų kalba šnekantiems,
to English speakers and Spanish speakers,
tai padarė. Jis sudaužė vazą.“
to say, "He did it; he broke the vase."
ne tą, kas tai padarė,
less likely to remember who did it
that it was an accident.
to remember the intention.
different things about that event.
parodymams,
for eyewitness testimony.
for blame and punishment.
someone breaking a vase,
„Vaza sudužo“,
as opposed to "The vase broke,"
o ne:
if I just said, "He broke it,"
our reasoning about events.
mąstymą
shape the way we think,
coordinate frames from each other.
really deep effects --
with the case of number.
spręsti algebros,
you can't do algebra,
to build a room like this
yra kertinis
gives you a stepping stone
ankstyvą poveikį –
really early effects,
sprendimai.
basic, perceptual decisions.
pasirinkimuose.
perceptual decisions that we make.
šiek tiek kvailokas,
may be a little silly,
grammatical gender applies to all nouns.
kaip
how you're thinking
daiktavardžiais.
named by a noun.
kalba formuoja
of how language can shape things
atsiminimus.
or eyewitness memory.
in our daily lives.
atskleidžia,
is that it reveals to us
yra žmogaus protas.
the human mind is.
7000 kognityvių visatų –
not one cognitive universe, but 7,000 --
spoken around the world.
poreikius.
and change to suit our needs.
prarandame tiek daug
so much of this linguistic diversity
100 metų.
will be gone in the next hundred years.
the human mind and human brain
studentų
English-speaking undergraduates
yra labai siaura ir šališka,
is actually incredibly narrow and biased,
with this final thought.
mąstymas,
of different languages think differently,
how people elsewhere think.
shapes the way that you think.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Lera Boroditsky - Cognitive scientistLera Boroditsky is trying to figure out how humans get so smart.
Why you should listen
Lera Boroditsky is an associate professor of cognitive science at University of California San Diego and editor in chief of Frontiers in Cultural Psychology. She previously served on the faculty at MIT and at Stanford. Her research is on the relationships between mind, world and language (or how humans get so smart).
Boroditsky has been named one of 25 visionaries changing the world by the Utne Reader, and is also a Searle Scholar, a McDonnell scholar, recipient of an NSF Career award and an APA Distinguished Scientist lecturer. She once used the Indonesian exclusive "we" correctly before breakfast and was proud of herself about it all day.
Lera Boroditsky | Speaker | TED.com