Lera Boroditsky: How language shapes the way we think
Lera Boroditsky: Hvordan språk former vår måte å tenke på
Lera Boroditsky is trying to figure out how humans get so smart. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
using language ...
ved hjelp av språk...
that we humans have.
vi mennesker har.
thoughts to one another.
til hverandre.
I'm making sounds with my mouth
er at jeg lager lyder med munnen
vislelyder og puff
air vibrations in the air.
vibrasjoner i luften.
beveger seg mot deg,
those vibrations from your eardrums
vibrasjonene fra trommehinnene
we humans are able to transmit our ideas
kan vi mennesker overføre ideene våre
knowledge across minds.
kunnskap på tvers av hjerner.
in your mind right now.
akkurat nå.
som danser vals i et bibliotek
relatively well in your life so far,
i livet ditt så langt,
that thought before.
tenkt den tanken før.
fått deg til å tenke den
one language in the world,
ikke bare ett språk i verden,
spoken around the world.
rundt omkring i verden.
from one another in all kinds of ways.
på alle mulige måter.
shape the way we think?
måten vi tenker på?
about this question forever.
dette spørsmålet bestandig.
is to have a second soul" --
er å ha en annen sjel" -
that language crafts reality.
at språk former virkelighet.
Shakespeare has Juliet say,
Shakespeare får Julie til å si:
would smell as sweet."
ville lukte like søtt med annet navn."
language doesn't craft reality.
kanskje ikke former virkelighet.
back and forth for thousands of years.
fram og tilbake i tusener av år.
there hasn't been any data
har det ikke vært noe data
det ene eller andre.
and other labs around the world,
og i andre laber rundt i verden
to weigh in on this question.
med betydning for dette spørsmålet.
some of my favorite examples.
mine favoritteksempler.
from an Aboriginal community in Australia
et aboriginersamfunn i Australia
at the very west edge of Cape York.
helt vest i Cape York.
words like "left" and "right,"
ord som "venstre" og "høyre",
is in cardinal directions:
er alt i kardinalretningene:
I really mean everything.
så mener jeg virkelig alt.
on your southwest leg."
på det sørvestlige benet."
to the north-northeast a little bit."
litt mot nord-nordøst."
in Kuuk Thaayorre is you say,
i Kuuk Thaayorre er at du sier,
around your day,
oriented pretty fast, right?
ganske raskt, ikke sant?
couldn't get past "hello,"
kommet lenger enn "hei",
which way you were going.
hvilken vei du gikk.
like this stay oriented really well.
blir godt orientert.
than we used to think humans could.
vi pleide å tro at mennesker kunne.
were worse than other creatures
var verre enn andre skapninger
biologisk unnskyldning:
in our beaks or in our scales."
eller i skjellene."
trains you to do it,
trener deg til å gjøre det
who stay oriented really well.
som er godt orienterte.
from the way we do it,
your eyes for a second
i et lite øyeblikk
there, there, there, there ...
dit, dit, dit, dit...
in this room was not very high.
i dette rommet ikke var så høy.
ability across languages, right?
på tvers av språk, ikke sant?
distinguished group like you guys --
and they would know.
og de ville ha visst det.
in how people think about time.
hvordan folk tenker om tid.
of my grandfather at different ages.
ved ulike aldre.
to organize time,
om å organisere tid,
in the opposite direction,
i motsatt retning,
told you about, do it?
jeg nettopp fortalte dere om, gjøre det?
like "left" and "right."
som "venstre" og "høyre".
fra venstre mot høyre.
fra høyre mot venstre.
get locked on the body at all,
i det hele tatt,
vendt denne veien,
then time goes this way.
går tiden denne veien.
the direction of time chase me around
å la tidsretningen jage meg rundt
time is locked on the landscape.
er tiden låst mot landskapet.
of thinking about time.
å tenke på tid på.
menneskelig triks.
how many penguins are there.
hvor mange pingviner det er.
that problem if you solved it.
du løste det dersom du gjorde det.
four, five, six, seven, eight."
fire, fem, seks, sju, åtte."
was the number of penguins.
var antall pingviner.
that you're taught to use as kids.
som du lærte å bruke som liten.
and you learn how to apply it.
og hvordan du skal bruke den.
don't have exact number words.
har ikke eksakte tallord.
a word like "seven"
et ord som "sju"
these languages don't count,
teller faktisk ikke,
keeping track of exact quantities.
å holde styr på eksakte mengder.
to match this number of penguins
å koble antall pingviner
that linguistic trait can't do that.
egenskapen kan ikke gjøre det.
they divide up the color spectrum --
de deler opp fargespekeret -
lots of words for colors,
"light" and "dark."
"lys" eller "mørk".
boundaries between colors.
hvor de setter grenser mellom farger.
there's a world for blue
that you can see on the screen,
som dere kan se på skjermen,
have to differentiate
of experience of, in language,
en livstid av erfaring med, språklig,
to perceptually discriminate these colors,
Russian speakers are faster
russisktalende er raskere
to tell the difference
as they're looking at colors --
mens de ser på farger -
from light to dark blue --
fra lyseblå til mørkeblå -
different words for light and dark blue
ulike ord for lys og mørk blå
as the colors shift from light to dark,
idet fargene skifter fra lys til mørk,
has categorically changed,"
of English speakers, for example,
hjernen til engelsktalende,
this categorical distinction,
kategoriske inndelingen,
of structural quirks.
strukturelle underligheter.
often masculine or feminine.
ofte maskulint eller feminint.
varierer på tvers av språk.
in German but masculine in Spanish,
men maskulin på spansk.
consequence for how people think?
for hvordan folk tenker?
as somehow more female-like,
som mer kvinnelig,
to, say, describe a bridge,
og spansktalende om å beskrive ei bru,
feminine in German,
to say bridges are "beautiful," "elegant"
will be more likely to say
they describe events, right?
hvordan de skildrer hendelser.
Et uhell.
"He broke the vase."
"Han knuste vasen."
to say, "The vase broke,"
"Vasen knuste.",
that someone did it.
sier du ikke at noen gjorde det.
we can even say things like,
kan vi si ting som dette,
unless you are a lunatic
med mindre du er en galning
looking to break your arm --
you would use a different construction.
ville du bruke en annen konstruksjon.
will pay attention to different things,
vil fokusere på ulike ting,
usually requires them to do.
kreves av språket deres.
to English speakers and Spanish speakers,
til engelsktalende og spansktalende,
hvem som gjorde det,
to say, "He did it; he broke the vase."
"Han gjorde det; han knuste vasen."
less likely to remember who did it
sannsynligvis ikke hvem som gjorde det
that it was an accident.
de husker at det var en ulykke.
to remember the intention.
different things about that event.
ulike ting fra hendelsen.
for eyewitness testimony.
for øyenvitners forklaringer.
for blame and punishment.
skyld og straff.
someone breaking a vase,
at noen knuser en vase,
as opposed to "The vase broke,"
i motsetning til "Vasen knuste",
if I just said, "He broke it,"
om jeg bare sa, "Han knuste den",
"Den knuste.".
our reasoning about events.
over hendelser.
shape the way we think,
kan forme måten vi tenker på,
en mengde ulike måter.
coordinate frames from each other.
really deep effects --
virkelig stor effekt -
with the case of number.
i saken om tall.
you can't do algebra,
kan du ikke algebra,
noen av disse tingene
to build a room like this
et rom som dette
gives you a stepping stone
really early effects,
veldig tidlig effekt,
basic, perceptual decisions.
sanselige avgjørelser.
perceptual decisions that we make.
sanselige avgjørelsene vi tar.
may be a little silly,
grammatical gender applies to all nouns.
alle substantiv har grammatisk kjønn.
how you're thinking
hvordan man tenker
named by a noun.
of how language can shape things
hvordan språk kan forme ting
innflytelse på oss -
or eyewitness memory.
eller øyenvitnets minne.
in our daily lives.
is that it reveals to us
er at det viser oss
the human mind is.
menneskehjernen er.
not one cognitive universe, but 7,000 --
bare ett kognitivt univers, men 7000 -
spoken around the world.
rundt omkring i verden.
and change to suit our needs.
og tilpasse til våre behov.
so much of this linguistic diversity
av dette språklige mangfoldet
will be gone in the next hundred years.
i løpet av de neste hundre årene.
at akkurat nå,
the human mind and human brain
English-speaking undergraduates
amerikansk-engelsktalende studenter
is actually incredibly narrow and biased,
with this final thought.
med denne siste tanken.
of different languages think differently,
how people elsewhere think.
hvordan folk andre steder tenker.
shapes the way that you think.
former måten du tenker på.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Lera Boroditsky - Cognitive scientistLera Boroditsky is trying to figure out how humans get so smart.
Why you should listen
Lera Boroditsky is an associate professor of cognitive science at University of California San Diego and editor in chief of Frontiers in Cultural Psychology. She previously served on the faculty at MIT and at Stanford. Her research is on the relationships between mind, world and language (or how humans get so smart).
Boroditsky has been named one of 25 visionaries changing the world by the Utne Reader, and is also a Searle Scholar, a McDonnell scholar, recipient of an NSF Career award and an APA Distinguished Scientist lecturer. She once used the Indonesian exclusive "we" correctly before breakfast and was proud of herself about it all day.
Lera Boroditsky | Speaker | TED.com