Lera Boroditsky: How language shapes the way we think
Lera Boroditsky: Jak język kształtuje nasze myśli
Lera Boroditsky is trying to figure out how humans get so smart. Full bio
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using language ...
that we humans have.
thoughts to one another.
skomplikowane myśli.
I'm making sounds with my mouth
air vibrations in the air.
those vibrations from your eardrums
możemy przekazywać idee
we humans are able to transmit our ideas
knowledge across minds.
in your mind right now.
tańczącą walca w bibliotece
relatively well in your life so far,
that thought before.
one language in the world,
spoken around the world.
from one another in all kinds of ways.
shape the way we think?
about this question forever.
is to have a second soul" --
to jak posiadać drugą duszę",
that language crafts reality.
Shakespeare has Juliet say,
pod inną nazwą równie by pachniało".
would smell as sweet."
language doesn't craft reality.
back and forth for thousands of years.
there hasn't been any data
and other labs around the world,
wraz z innymi z całego świata
to weigh in on this question.
some of my favorite examples.
from an Aboriginal community in Australia
Aborygenów z Australii,
na zachodnim brzegu półwyspu Jork.
at the very west edge of Cape York.
nie znają słów "lewo" i "prawo".
words like "left" and "right,"
używając kierunków geograficznych:
is in cardinal directions:
I really mean everything.
on your southwest leg."
na południowo-zachodniej nodze".
to the north-northeast a little bit."
na północny północny wschód".
in Kuuk Thaayorre is you say,
Kuuk Thaayorre oznacza:
around your day,
oriented pretty fast, right?
couldn't get past "hello,"
which way you were going.
like this stay oriented really well.
mają świetną orientację,
than we used to think humans could.
czego się spodziewano.
were worse than other creatures
od innych stworzeń
in our beaks or in our scales."
trains you to do it,
who stay oriented really well.
ze świetną orientacją.
from the way we do it,
od naszego sposobu działania,
your eyes for a second
there, there, there, there ...
in this room was not very high.
ability across languages, right?
pod względem zdolności poznawczych?
distinguished group like you guys --
and they would know.
in how people think about time.
w sposobach postrzegania czasu.
of my grandfather at different ages.
w różnym wieku.
to organize time,
o ułożenie ich chronologicznie
in the opposite direction,
told you about, do it?
like "left" and "right."
get locked on the body at all,
then time goes this way.
the direction of time chase me around
żeby dopasował się do mnie,
time is locked on the landscape.
czas zamknął się w otoczeniu.
of thinking about time.
sposób postrzegania czasu.
how many penguins are there.
that problem if you solved it.
four, five, six, seven, eight."
pięć, sześć, siedem, osiem".
was the number of penguins.
będzie równy liczbie pingwinów.
that you're taught to use as kids.
and you learn how to apply it.
don't have exact number words.
a word like "seven"
"siedem" czy "osiem".
these languages don't count,
keeping track of exact quantities.
dokładnej liczby rzeczy.
to match this number of penguins
o dopasowanie liczby pingwinów
that linguistic trait can't do that.
nie będą w stanie tego zrobić.
they divide up the color spectrum --
w dzieleniu spektrum barw,
lots of words for colors,
określających kolory,
"light" and "dark."
boundaries between colors.
there's a world for blue
that you can see on the screen,
widoczne na ekranie,
pojedynczego słowa.
have to differentiate
of experience of, in language,
dostrzegają dzięki językowi
to perceptually discriminate these colors,
do rozróżniania tych dwóch barw,
Russian speakers are faster
są w tym znacznie szybsi.
to tell the difference
as they're looking at colors --
from light to dark blue --
z jasnoniebieskiego do ciemnoniebieskiego,
different words for light and dark blue
osobnymi określeniami na te kolory,
as the colors shift from light to dark,
na zmianę odcienia,
has categorically changed,"
of English speakers, for example,
this categorical distinction,
of structural quirks.
often masculine or feminine.
często męski lub żeński.
in German but masculine in Spanish,
w hiszpańskim - męski,
consequence for how people think?
as somehow more female-like,
nadają słońcu kobiecy charakter,
to, say, describe a bridge,
poproszeni o opisanie mostu,
feminine in German,
to say bridges are "beautiful," "elegant"
go jako "piękny" czy "elegancki",
will be more likely to say
they describe events, right?
"He broke the vase."
"On zbił wazon".
to say, "The vase broke,"
that someone did it.
że ktoś to zrobił.
we can even say things like,
można nawet powiedzieć:
unless you are a lunatic
looking to break your arm --
żeby złamać sobie rękę
you would use a different construction.
will pay attention to different things,
zwrócą uwagę na różne rzeczy
usually requires them to do.
to English speakers and Spanish speakers,
Anglikom i Hiszpanom:
to say, "He did it; he broke the vase."
"To on rozbił wazon".
less likely to remember who did it
rzadziej zapamiętają winnego,
that it was an accident.
że zdarzyło się to niechcący.
to remember the intention.
different things about that event.
for eyewitness testimony.
for blame and punishment.
someone breaking a vase,
as opposed to "The vase broke,"
zamiast "Wazon się rozbił",
if I just said, "He broke it,"
jeśli powiemy, że "Rozbił wazon"
our reasoning about events.
wnioskami ze zdarzeń.
shape the way we think,
coordinate frames from each other.
really deep effects --
with the case of number.
you can't do algebra,
nie nauczysz się algebry,
do zbudowania takiej sali
to build a room like this
gives you a stepping stone
really early effects,
basic, perceptual decisions.
perceptual decisions that we make.
z decyzji percepcyjnych.
may be a little silly,
może być trochę niemądry,
grammatical gender applies to all nouns.
dotyczy wszystkich rzeczowników.
na sposób myślenia
how you're thinking
named by a noun.
przez jakiś rzeczownik.
of how language can shape things
jak język kształtuje rzeczy
or eyewitness memory.
in our daily lives.
is that it reveals to us
tkwi w tym, że pokazuje,
the human mind is.
jest ludzki umysł.
not one cognitive universe, but 7,000 --
7000 sposobów patrzenia na świat,
spoken around the world.
and change to suit our needs.
i dopasowywać do potrzeb.
so much of this linguistic diversity
językowej różnorodności
will be gone in the next hundred years.
w ciągu następnych stu lat.
the human mind and human brain
English-speaking undergraduates
amerykańskich studentów,
is actually incredibly narrow and biased,
jest ograniczone i nieobiektywne,
with this final thought.
of different languages think differently,
myśli się inaczej,
how people elsewhere think.
jak myślą ludzie gdzie indziej.
shapes the way that you think.
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Lera Boroditsky - Cognitive scientistLera Boroditsky is trying to figure out how humans get so smart.
Why you should listen
Lera Boroditsky is an associate professor of cognitive science at University of California San Diego and editor in chief of Frontiers in Cultural Psychology. She previously served on the faculty at MIT and at Stanford. Her research is on the relationships between mind, world and language (or how humans get so smart).
Boroditsky has been named one of 25 visionaries changing the world by the Utne Reader, and is also a Searle Scholar, a McDonnell scholar, recipient of an NSF Career award and an APA Distinguished Scientist lecturer. She once used the Indonesian exclusive "we" correctly before breakfast and was proud of herself about it all day.
Lera Boroditsky | Speaker | TED.com