TED2011
Ron Gutman: The hidden power of smiling
Ron Gutman: Skrivna moč nasmeha
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Ron Gutman je pregledal kopico raziskav o smejanju in pišel do presenetljivih zaključkov. Ste vedeli, da lahko nasmeh pove, kako dolgo boste živeli -- in da ima preprost nasmeh merljiv efekt na vaše dobro počutje? Bodite pripravljeni napeti obrazne mišice med tem, ko izveste več o tem evolucionarnem in nalezljivem početju.
Ron Gutman - Entrepreneur
Ron Gutman is the founder and former CEO of HealthTap, free mobile and online apps for health info. He's also the organizer of TEDxSiliconValley. Full bio
Ron Gutman is the founder and former CEO of HealthTap, free mobile and online apps for health info. He's also the organizer of TEDxSiliconValley. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
When I was a child, I always wanted to be a superhero.
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Ko sem bil otrok, sem vedno želel postati superheroj.
00:18
I wanted to save the world and then make everyone happy.
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Hotel sem rešiti svet in osrečiti vse ljudi.
00:21
But I knew that I'd need superpowers
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Vedel pa sem, da potrebujem supermoči,
00:23
to make my dreams come true.
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da uresničim svoje sanje.
00:25
So I used to embark on these imaginary journeys
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Zato sem se podal na imaginarna potovanja,
00:28
to find intergalactic objects from planet Krypton,
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da najdem intergalaktične predmete s planeta Krypton,
00:31
which was a lot of fun,
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kar je bilo zelo zabavno,
00:33
but didn't get much result.
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vendar ni prineslo veliko rezultatov.
00:35
When I grew up and realized
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S časom sem ugotovil,
00:37
that science fiction was not a good source for superpowers,
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da znanstvena fantastika ni dober vir supermoči.
00:40
I decided instead to embark on a journey of real science,
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Odločil sem se, da se podam na potovanje prave znanosti,
00:43
to find a more useful truth.
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da najdem bolj uporabno resnico.
00:45
I started my journey in California
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Svoje potovanje sem pričel v Kaliforniji
00:48
with a UC Berkeley 30-year longitudinal study
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s 30 let trajajočo študijo univerze v Berkleyu,
00:51
that examined the photos of students
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v kateri so preučevali fotografije študentov
00:53
in an old yearbook
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iz starega šolskega albuma
00:55
and tried to measure their success and well-being
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in poskušali izmeriti njihov uspeh in počutje
00:57
throughout their life.
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skozi življenje.
00:59
By measuring their student smiles,
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Z merjenjem nasmehov svojih študentov
01:01
researchers were able to predict
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so raziskovalci lahko napovedali,
01:03
how fulfilling and long-lasting
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kako poln in dolgotrajen
01:05
a subject's marriage will be,
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bo njihov zakon,
01:08
how well she would score
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kako dobro bi premostili
01:10
on standardized tests of well-being
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standardizirane teste počutja
01:12
and how inspiring she would be to others.
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in kako bodo navdihovali druge ljudi.
01:16
In another yearbook, I stumbled upon Barry Obama's picture.
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V nekem drugem šolskem albumu sem naletel na sliko Baracka Obame.
01:19
When I first saw his picture,
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Ko sem jo prvič videl,
01:21
I thought that these superpowers came from his super collar.
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sem mislil, da te supermoči prihajajo iz njegovega super ovratnika,
01:25
But now I know it was all in his smile.
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vendar sedaj vem, da je bilo vse zaradi njegovega nasmeha.
01:28
Another aha! moment
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Še en aha! moment
01:30
came from a 2010 Wayne State University research project
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je prišel z raziskovalnega projekta na univerzi Wayne State leta 2010,
01:33
that looked into pre-1950s baseball cards
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pri katerem so preučevali bejzbolske karte
01:36
of Major League players.
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Major League igralcev izpred 50-ih let.
01:38
The researchers found
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Njihovi raziskovalci so odkrili,
01:40
that the span of a player's smile
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da lahko razpon igralčevega nasmeha
01:42
could actually predict the span of his life.
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dejansko napove razpon njegovega življenja.
01:45
Players who didn't smile in their pictures
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Igralci brez nasmeha na obrazu
01:48
lived an average of only 72.9 years,
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so v povprečju doživeli le 72.9 let,
01:51
where players with beaming smiles
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medtem ko so tisti s sijočim nasmehom
01:53
lived an average of almost 80 years.
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v povprečju doživeli skoraj 80 let.
01:56
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
01:58
The good news is that we're actually born smiling.
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Dobra novica pa je, da se dejansko vsi rodimo nasmejani.
02:01
Using 3D ultrasound technology,
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S pomočjo 3D ultrazvočne tehnologije
02:03
we can now see that developing babies appear to smile,
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lahko sedaj vidimo, da so otroci nasmejani
02:06
even in the womb.
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celo že v maternici.
02:08
When they're born,
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In ko se rodijo.
02:10
babies continue to smile --
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ostanejo nasmjani --
02:12
initially, mostly in their sleep.
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najprej predvsem med spanjem.
02:14
And even blind babies smile
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Tudi slepo dete se nasmehne
02:16
to the sound of the human voice.
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ob zvoku človeškega glasu.
02:19
Smiling is one of the most basic, biologically-uniform
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Nasmeh je en najbolj osnovnih, biološko enotnih
02:22
expressions of all humans.
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izrazov vseh ljudi.
02:24
In studies conducted in Papua New Guinea,
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V študijah, ki jih je v Papua Novi Gvineji
02:26
Paul Ekman,
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izvajal Paul Ekman, najbolj priznan strokovnjak
02:28
the world's most renowned researcher on facial expressions,
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za obrazne mimike in izraze na svetu,
02:31
found that even members of the Fore tribe,
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je odkrili, da se celo v plemenu Fori,
02:34
who were completely disconnected from Western culture,
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ki je bilo popolnoma odklopljeno od zahodne kulture
02:37
and also known for their unusual cannibalism rituals,
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in je znano tudi po nenavadnih kanibalskih ritualih,
02:41
attributed smiles to descriptions of situations
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na določene situacije odzovejo z nasmehom,
02:44
the same way you and I would.
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prav tako kot bi se vi in jaz.
02:46
So from Papua New Guinea
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Torej iz Papua Nove Gvineje
02:49
to Hollywood
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v Hollywood. Iz tega
02:51
all the way to modern art in Beijing,
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vse do moderne umetnosti Pekinga,
02:54
we smile often,
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se kar naprej smejemo.
02:56
and you smile to express joy
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Smejemo pa se zato, da izrazimo veselje
02:58
and satisfaction.
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in zadovoljstvo.
03:00
How many people here in this room
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Koliko ljudi v tej dvorani
03:02
smile more than 20 times per day?
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se nasmehne več kot 20 krat dnevno?
03:04
Raise your hand if you do. Oh, wow.
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Dvignite roko, če se. Oh, wow.
03:07
Outside of this room,
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Zunaj te dvorane se nas dobra
03:09
more than a third of us smile more than 20 times per day,
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tretjina smeji ali nasmehne več kot 20 krat v enem dnevu,
03:12
whereas less than 14 percent of us
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medtem, ko nas je slabih 14 procentov.
03:15
smile less than five.
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ki se smejemo manj kot 5 krat na dan.
03:17
In fact, those with the most amazing superpowers
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V resnici so tisti z največjimi supermočmi
03:20
are actually children,
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pravzaprav otroci,
03:23
who smile as many as 400 times per day.
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ki se smejijo vsaj 400 krat dnevno.
03:26
Have you ever wondered why being around children
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Ste se kdaj spraševali, zakaj smo med otroci,
03:28
who smile so frequently
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ki so nasmejani tako frekventno,
03:30
makes you smile very often?
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pogosto nasmejani še mi?
03:34
A recent study at Uppsala University in Sweden
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V nedavni raziskavi na univerzi Uppsala na Švedskem
03:36
found that it's very difficult to frown
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so odkrili, da se je zelo težko mrščiti
03:39
when looking at someone who smiles.
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medtem, ko gledamo nekoga, ki se smeje.
03:41
You ask, why?
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Vprašate, zakaj?
03:43
Because smiling is evolutionarily contagious,
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Zato, ker je smeh evolucijsko nalezljiv
03:45
and it suppresses the control
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in zatre kontrolo, ki jo ponavadi
03:47
we usually have on our facial muscles.
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imamo nad obraznimi mišicami.
03:50
Mimicking a smile
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Posnemanje nasmeha
03:52
and experiencing it physically
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in s tem doživljanje le tega fizično
03:54
help us understand whether our smile is fake or real,
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nam je pomagalo razumeti, ali je naš nasmeh pristen ali ne,
03:58
so we can understand the emotional state
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s tem pa pomagalo določiti čustveno stanje
04:00
of the smiler.
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smejoče osebe.
04:02
In a recent mimicking study
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V nedavni raziskavi
04:04
at the University of Clermont-Ferrand in France,
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univerze Clermont-Ferrand v Franciji
04:07
subjects were asked to determine
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so sodelujoče prosili naj določijo,
04:09
whether a smile was real or fake
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ali je nasmeh pristen ali narejen,
04:11
while holding a pencil in their mouth
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medtem pa naj v ustih držijo svinčnik
04:13
to repress smiling muscles.
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in s tem okrnejo premikanje smejalnih mišic.
04:15
Without the pencil, subjects were excellent judges,
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Brez svinčnika so se v določanju odrezali očitno.
04:18
but with the pencil in their mouth --
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S svinčniki v ustih, zaradi katerih
04:20
when they could not mimic the smile they saw --
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posnemanje nasmeha ni bilo mogoče,
04:23
their judgment was impaired.
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pa se jim je presoja občutno poslabšala.
04:25
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
04:27
In addition to theorizing on evolution in "The Origin of Species,"
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Poleg teorij o evoluciji v delu "O izvoru vrst"
04:30
Charles Darwin also wrote
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je Charles Darwin napisal tudi
04:32
the facial feedback response theory.
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teorijo o odzivnosti obraznih mišic.
04:34
His theory states
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Teorija pravi,
04:36
that the act of smiling itself
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da nas že samo smejanje
04:38
actually makes us feel better --
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spravi v dobro voljo,
04:40
rather than smiling being merely a result
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ne pa da je smeh le posledica
04:42
of feeling good.
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dobre volje.
04:44
In his study,
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V svoji študiji
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Darwin actually cited a French neurologist, Guillaume Duchenne,
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je Darwin citiral francoskega nevrologa, Guillauma Duchenna,
04:49
who used electric jolts to facial muscles
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ki je v svojih raziskavah uporabljal električne šoke,
04:52
to induce and stimulate smiles.
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s katerimi je stimuliral nasmehe.
04:54
Please, don't try this at home.
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Prosim, tega ne počnite doma.
04:56
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
04:58
In a related German study,
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V povezani nemški raziskavi so
05:00
researchers used fMRI imaging
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raziskovalci uporabili fMRI (funkcionalno slikanje z magnetno resonanco),
05:02
to measure brain activity
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da bi izmerili aktivnost možganov
05:04
before and after injecting Botox
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pred in po vbrizganju botoxa,
05:07
to suppress smiling muscles.
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saj ta oslabi premikanje obraznih mišic.
05:10
The finding supported Darwin's theory
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Pridobljeni podatki so podprli Darwinovo teorijo,
05:12
by showing that facial feedback
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ko so pokazali, da odziv na izraz
05:14
modifies the neural processing
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preuredi živčne procese
05:16
of emotional content in the brain
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čustvene narave v možganih,
05:18
in a way that helps us feel better when we smile.
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in nam pomaga pri boljšem počutju, ko se smejemo.
05:22
Smiling stimulates our brain reward mechanism
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Smejanje stimulira nagrajevalni sistem naših možganov
05:24
in a way that even chocolate --
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na način, kakršnega niti čokolada --
05:26
a well-regarded pleasure inducer --
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dobro poznan afrodizijak --
05:29
cannot match.
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ne dosega.
05:31
British researchers found that one smile
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Britanski znanstveniki so odkrili, da lahko že en nasmeh
05:34
can generate the same level of brain stimulation
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sproži enak učinek stimuliranja možganov
05:37
as up to 2,000 bars of chocolate.
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kot 2,000 tablic čokolade.
05:40
(Laughter)
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(Smeh)
05:42
Wait. The same study found
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Počakajte. V isti raziskavi so dognali,
05:45
that smiling is as stimulating
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da je nasmeh primerljivo stimulativen kot
05:47
as receiving up to 16,000 pounds Sterling in cash.
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dobitek nagrade 16,000 funtov v gotovini.
05:52
That's like 25 grand a smile.
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18,000 eurov za en nasmeh.
05:54
It's not bad.
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Ni slabo.
05:56
And think about it this way:
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Glejte na to tako:
05:58
25,000 times 400 --
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18,000 krat 400 --
06:00
quite a few kids out there
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kar nekaj otrok tamle zunaj
06:02
feel like Mark Zuckerberg every day.
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se počuti kot Mark Zuckerberg vsak dan.
06:05
And, unlike lots of chocolate,
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In za razliko od velikih količin čokolade,
06:07
lots of smiling can actually make you healthier.
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vas lahko smejanje dejansko naredi bolj zdravega.
06:10
Smiling can help reduce the level
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Smejanje lahko zniža raven
06:12
of stress-enhancing hormones
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stres spodbujajočih hormonov
06:14
like cortisol, adrenaline and dopamine,
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kot so kortizol, adrenalin in dopamin,
06:17
increase the level of mood-enhancing hormones
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medtem ko zvišuje raven dobrih hormonov,
06:19
like endorphin
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kot je endorfin
06:21
and reduce overall blood pressure.
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in niža krvni tlak.
06:23
And if that's not enough,
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In če vam to še ni dovolj,
06:25
smiling can actually make you look good
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nasmeh dejansko izgleda dobro
06:27
in the eyes of others.
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v očeh drugih.
06:29
A recent study at Penn State University
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Študija na univerzi Penn State
06:31
found that when you smile,
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je pokazala, da med smejanjem
06:33
you don't only appear to be more likable and courteous,
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ne izgledate samo bolj všečni in vljudni,
06:36
but you actually appear to be more competent.
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temveč tudi bolj sposobni.
06:40
So whenever you want to look great and competent,
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Torej vedno, ko hočete izgledati odlično in kompetentno,
06:42
reduce your stress
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zmanjšati stres,
06:44
or improve your marriage,
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izboljšajti zakon,
06:46
or feel as if you just had a whole stack of high-quality chocolate --
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ali pa se počutiti kot, da bi pojedli cel zavoj kakovostne čokolade --
06:49
without incurring the caloric cost --
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brez odvečnih kalorij --
06:52
or as if you found 25 grand in a pocket
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ali kot da bi našli 18 tisočakov v žepu
06:54
of an old jacket you hadn't worn for ages,
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stare jakne, ki je niste oblekli že leta,
06:57
or whenever you want to tap into a superpower
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ali kadar si hočete sposoditi te supermoči,
07:01
that will help you and everyone around you
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ki bodo pomagale vam in vsem okoli vas
07:04
live a longer, healthier, happier life,
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živeti daljše, bolj zdravo in srečnejše življenje,
07:07
smile.
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se samo nasmehnite.
07:09
(Applause)
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(Aplavz)
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ron Gutman - EntrepreneurRon Gutman is the founder and former CEO of HealthTap, free mobile and online apps for health info. He's also the organizer of TEDxSiliconValley.
Why you should listen
Ron Gutman is the founder of HealthTap, free mobile and online apps for immediate access to relevant, reliable and trusted health answers and tips from a network of doctors. Before this, he founded and led an online consumer health company that developed the world's largest community of independent health writers; it was acquired in early 2009.
As a graduate student at Stanford, Gutman organized and led a multidisciplinary group of faculty and graduate students from the schools of Engineering, Medicine, Business, Psychology and Law to conduct research in personalized health and to design ways to help people live healthier, happier lives. He is an angel investor and advisor to health and technology companies such as Rock Health (the first Interactive Health Incubator) and Harvard Medical School's SMArt Initiative ("Substitutable Medical Apps, reusable technologies"). He's the organizer of TEDxSiliconValley.
Find links to all the studies that Gutman references in his talk right here >>
Ron Gutman | Speaker | TED.com