TED2011
Ron Gutman: The hidden power of smiling
罗恩. 古特曼：微笑背后隐藏的力量
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罗恩. 古特曼回顾了一大批关于微笑的研究，并发现了一些惊人的结果。你知道吗，微笑能够预测你的寿命有多长－－微微的一笑能对你的幸福生活产生不小影响？请一边放松面部肌肉，一边深入了解这种传染性极高的行为。
Ron Gutman - Entrepreneur
Ron Gutman is the founder and former CEO of HealthTap, free mobile and online apps for health info. He's also the organizer of TEDxSiliconValley. Full bio
Ron Gutman is the founder and former CEO of HealthTap, free mobile and online apps for health info. He's also the organizer of TEDxSiliconValley. Full bio
Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.
00:15
When I was a child, I always wanted to be a superhero.
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小时候，我一直梦想成为一个超级英雄
00:18
I wanted to save the world and then make everyone happy.
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我想要拯救世界并让所有人快乐
00:21
But I knew that I'd need superpowers
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但我知道我需要拥有超能力
00:23
to make my dreams come true.
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来实现梦想
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So I used to embark on these imaginary journeys
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于是我经常幻想
00:28
to find intergalactic objects from planet Krypton,
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在银河间寻找超人的故乡氪星
00:31
which was a lot of fun,
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这可有意思了
00:33
but didn't get much result.
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只不过一直没有找到
00:35
When I grew up and realized
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长大以后，我才明白
00:37
that science fiction was not a good source for superpowers,
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科幻小说并不是超能力的源头
00:40
I decided instead to embark on a journey of real science,
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我于是决定踏上真正的科学旅程
00:43
to find a more useful truth.
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寻找更有意义的真相
00:45
I started my journey in California
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加利福尼亚州是我旅程的起点
00:48
with a UC Berkeley 30-year longitudinal study
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我学习了加州大学伯克利分校一项长达30年的研究
00:51
that examined the photos of students
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这项研究对一本旧年册上学生的照片
00:53
in an old yearbook
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进行了分析
00:55
and tried to measure their success and well-being
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试图对他们毕生的成功与幸福
00:57
throughout their life.
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进行测量
00:59
By measuring their student smiles,
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通过衡量学生的微笑
01:01
researchers were able to predict
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研究者们得以预测
01:03
how fulfilling and long-lasting
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一个研究对象的婚姻
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a subject's marriage will be,
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持续时间与美满程度
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how well she would score
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她在幸福感标准考试中
01:10
on standardized tests of well-being
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能够得多少分
01:12
and how inspiring she would be to others.
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以及她能给其他人带来多少启发
01:16
In another yearbook, I stumbled upon Barry Obama's picture.
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在另一本年册, 我翻到了巴里.·奥巴马的照片
01:19
When I first saw his picture,
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第一眼看到这张照片时
01:21
I thought that these superpowers came from his super collar.
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我以为他的超能力是来自于他超大的领子
01:25
But now I know it was all in his smile.
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但是现在我知道其实是来自他的微笑
01:28
Another aha! moment
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另一项令人顿悟的研究
01:30
came from a 2010 Wayne State University research project
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是由2010年韦恩州立大学进行的
01:33
that looked into pre-1950s baseball cards
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这个项目研究了二十世纪五十年代前
01:36
of Major League players.
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美国职业棒球联盟球员卡
01:38
The researchers found
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这些研究者发现
01:40
that the span of a player's smile
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一个球员笑脸的绽放程度
01:42
could actually predict the span of his life.
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能够预测其寿命的长短
01:45
Players who didn't smile in their pictures
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没有在照片上露出微笑的球员
01:48
lived an average of only 72.9 years,
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平均寿命只有72.9岁
01:51
where players with beaming smiles
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而那些微笑的球员
01:53
lived an average of almost 80 years.
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平均寿命将近80岁
01:56
(Laughter)
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（众人笑）
01:58
The good news is that we're actually born smiling.
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好消息是，我们天生就会微笑
02:01
Using 3D ultrasound technology,
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通过三维超声波技术
02:03
we can now see that developing babies appear to smile,
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我们可以看到，即使在子宫中，正在成形的胎儿
02:06
even in the womb.
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似乎也是面带微笑的
02:08
When they're born,
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出生之后
02:10
babies continue to smile --
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他们还是带着微笑－－
02:12
initially, mostly in their sleep.
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他们大多在睡梦中微笑
02:14
And even blind babies smile
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失明的婴儿
02:16
to the sound of the human voice.
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听到人声时也会微笑
02:19
Smiling is one of the most basic, biologically-uniform
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微笑是全人类生理上最统一、
02:22
expressions of all humans.
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最基本的表情
02:24
In studies conducted in Papua New Guinea,
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在巴布亚新几内亚进行的一些研究中
02:26
Paul Ekman,
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保罗. 艾克曼
02:28
the world's most renowned researcher on facial expressions,
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世界上最知名的面部表情研究者
02:31
found that even members of the Fore tribe,
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发现原始部落Fore的成员
02:34
who were completely disconnected from Western culture,
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虽然与西方文化相隔绝
02:37
and also known for their unusual cannibalism rituals,
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并以其食人肉的宗教习性著称
02:41
attributed smiles to descriptions of situations
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但他们也像我们一样
02:44
the same way you and I would.
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在不同场合下会露出微笑
02:46
So from Papua New Guinea
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从巴布亚新几内亚
02:49
to Hollywood
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到好莱坞
02:51
all the way to modern art in Beijing,
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再到北京的现代艺术
02:54
we smile often,
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我们经常微笑
02:56
and you smile to express joy
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以微笑来表达
02:58
and satisfaction.
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喜悦美满之情
03:00
How many people here in this room
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在座的各位
03:02
smile more than 20 times per day?
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有多少人每天微笑超过20次？
03:04
Raise your hand if you do. Oh, wow.
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超过的请举手。哇
03:07
Outside of this room,
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在全世界
03:09
more than a third of us smile more than 20 times per day,
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每天有超过三分之一的人每天微笑超过20次
03:12
whereas less than 14 percent of us
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而每天微笑不足五次的人
03:15
smile less than five.
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占人口的14%
03:17
In fact, those with the most amazing superpowers
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实际上，拥有最多超能力的
03:20
are actually children,
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要数儿童
03:23
who smile as many as 400 times per day.
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他们每天微笑约为400次
03:26
Have you ever wondered why being around children
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你有没有想过
03:28
who smile so frequently
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为什么与经常微笑的孩子们相处久了
03:30
makes you smile very often?
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你也变得爱笑了？
03:34
A recent study at Uppsala University in Sweden
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瑞典乌普萨拉大学近期的一项研究
03:36
found that it's very difficult to frown
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发现当人在微笑时
03:39
when looking at someone who smiles.
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很难同时皱起眉头
03:41
You ask, why?
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你可能会问为什么
03:43
Because smiling is evolutionarily contagious,
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这是因为微笑的感染力极强
03:45
and it suppresses the control
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它主导了
03:47
we usually have on our facial muscles.
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我们对面部肌肉的控制
03:50
Mimicking a smile
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对微笑进行模拟
03:52
and experiencing it physically
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和物理测试
03:54
help us understand whether our smile is fake or real,
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能够让我们分辨微笑是真是假
03:58
so we can understand the emotional state
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进而了解
04:00
of the smiler.
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微笑者的情绪
04:02
In a recent mimicking study
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法国克莱蒙费朗大学
04:04
at the University of Clermont-Ferrand in France,
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近期的一项模拟研究
04:07
subjects were asked to determine
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要求研究对象
04:09
whether a smile was real or fake
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通过微笑肌肉
04:11
while holding a pencil in their mouth
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把一支铅笔含在嘴上
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to repress smiling muscles.
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以此判断微笑的真假
04:15
Without the pencil, subjects were excellent judges,
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在不含铅笔的情况下，研究对象都能够轻松做出判断
04:18
but with the pencil in their mouth --
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担当他们含着铅笔时
04:20
when they could not mimic the smile they saw --
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他们无法模仿眼前的微笑
04:23
their judgment was impaired.
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也就无法正确判断
04:25
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
04:27
In addition to theorizing on evolution in "The Origin of Species,"
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除了在《物种起源》中提出进化论
04:30
Charles Darwin also wrote
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查尔斯. 达尔文
04:32
the facial feedback response theory.
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还提出了面部反馈理论
04:34
His theory states
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这里理论提到
04:36
that the act of smiling itself
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微笑这一行为
04:38
actually makes us feel better --
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实际上能让我们的心情变得更好－－
04:40
rather than smiling being merely a result
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而不仅仅是
04:42
of feeling good.
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心情好的产物
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In his study,
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在他的研究中
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Darwin actually cited a French neurologist, Guillaume Duchenne,
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达尔文援引了法国神经学家Guillaume Duchenne的研究
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who used electric jolts to facial muscles
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他通过给面部肌肉做电颤刺激
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to induce and stimulate smiles.
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来产生微笑
04:54
Please, don't try this at home.
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请不要在家里模仿
04:56
(Laughter)
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（笑声）
04:58
In a related German study,
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德国一项相关研究中
05:00
researchers used fMRI imaging
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研究者们通过功能核磁共振成像
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to measure brain activity
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测量在微笑肌肉注射了肉毒杆菌前后
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before and after injecting Botox
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对大脑活动
05:07
to suppress smiling muscles.
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进行测量
05:10
The finding supported Darwin's theory
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这个发现应证了达尔文的理论
05:12
by showing that facial feedback
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表明面部反馈
05:14
modifies the neural processing
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控制了神经
05:16
of emotional content in the brain
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对大脑中情绪信息的处理
05:18
in a way that helps us feel better when we smile.
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这就让我们在微笑时心情变得更好
05:22
Smiling stimulates our brain reward mechanism
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微笑启动了我们大脑的奖励机制
05:24
in a way that even chocolate --
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就像巧克力－－
05:26
a well-regarded pleasure inducer --
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这种公认的开心秘方－－
05:29
cannot match.
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都不可比拟的
05:31
British researchers found that one smile
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英国的研究人员发现
05:34
can generate the same level of brain stimulation
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一个微笑能够带来
05:37
as up to 2,000 bars of chocolate.
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相当于2000块巧克力产生的脑部刺激
05:40
(Laughter)
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(笑声)
05:42
Wait. The same study found
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不仅如此，这项研究还发现
05:45
that smiling is as stimulating
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微笑带来的刺激
05:47
as receiving up to 16,000 pounds Sterling in cash.
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还相当于16000英镑现金产生的刺激
05:52
That's like 25 grand a smile.
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每笑一次就相当于得到了25万美元
05:54
It's not bad.
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太值了
05:56
And think about it this way:
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我们这样想：
05:58
25,000 times 400 --
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25000乘以400－－
06:00
quite a few kids out there
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那么世上该有多少孩子
06:02
feel like Mark Zuckerberg every day.
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每天感觉自己是马克. 扎克伯格（Facebook创始人）啊！
06:05
And, unlike lots of chocolate,
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而与巧克力不同
06:07
lots of smiling can actually make you healthier.
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经常微笑能够让你变得更健康
06:10
Smiling can help reduce the level
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微笑能够帮助降低
06:12
of stress-enhancing hormones
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皮质醇，肾上腺素和多巴胺等
06:14
like cortisol, adrenaline and dopamine,
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增压激素的水平
06:17
increase the level of mood-enhancing hormones
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提高内啡肽等
06:19
like endorphin
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改善心情的激素水平
06:21
and reduce overall blood pressure.
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并降低整体血压
06:23
And if that's not enough,
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如果这还不够
06:25
smiling can actually make you look good
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微笑还能够让我们
06:27
in the eyes of others.
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在其他人眼里更好看
06:29
A recent study at Penn State University
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宾州州立大学近期一项研究
06:31
found that when you smile,
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发现微笑
06:33
you don't only appear to be more likable and courteous,
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不仅能让你更好看，更礼貌
06:36
but you actually appear to be more competent.
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还能让你看起来更能干
06:40
So whenever you want to look great and competent,
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如果你希望自己看起来更棒更有能力
06:42
reduce your stress
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减轻压力
06:44
or improve your marriage,
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或改善你的婚姻
06:46
or feel as if you just had a whole stack of high-quality chocolate --
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或者感受吃了一大推巧克力后的快感－－
06:49
without incurring the caloric cost --
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而不用担心热量过多－－
06:52
or as if you found 25 grand in a pocket
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或体会你在多年未穿过的外套口袋里
06:54
of an old jacket you hadn't worn for ages,
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摸出了25万元时的狂喜
06:57
or whenever you want to tap into a superpower
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还有你想要得到一些超能力的时候
07:01
that will help you and everyone around you
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微笑能够帮助你以及身边所有人
07:04
live a longer, healthier, happier life,
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活得更长，更健康，更幸福
07:07
smile.
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笑一个吧
07:09
(Applause)
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（掌声）
ABOUT THE SPEAKER
Ron Gutman - EntrepreneurRon Gutman is the founder and former CEO of HealthTap, free mobile and online apps for health info. He's also the organizer of TEDxSiliconValley.
Why you should listen
Ron Gutman is the founder of HealthTap, free mobile and online apps for immediate access to relevant, reliable and trusted health answers and tips from a network of doctors. Before this, he founded and led an online consumer health company that developed the world's largest community of independent health writers; it was acquired in early 2009.
As a graduate student at Stanford, Gutman organized and led a multidisciplinary group of faculty and graduate students from the schools of Engineering, Medicine, Business, Psychology and Law to conduct research in personalized health and to design ways to help people live healthier, happier lives. He is an angel investor and advisor to health and technology companies such as Rock Health (the first Interactive Health Incubator) and Harvard Medical School's SMArt Initiative ("Substitutable Medical Apps, reusable technologies"). He's the organizer of TEDxSiliconValley.
Find links to all the studies that Gutman references in his talk right here >>
Ron Gutman | Speaker | TED.com