ABOUT THE SPEAKER
John McWhorter - Linguist
Linguist John McWhorter thinks about language in relation to race, politics and our shared cultural history.

Why you should listen

John McWhorter is Associate Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University, teaching linguistics, Western Civilization and music history. He is a regular columnist on language matters and race issues for Time and CNN, writes for the Wall Street Journal "Taste" page, and writes a regular column on language for The Atlantic. His work also appears in the Washington Post, the Chronicle of Higher Education, Aeon magazine, The American Interest and other outlets. He was Contributing Editor at The New Republic from 2001 until 2014.

McWhorter earned his PhD in linguistics from Stanford University in 1993 and is the author of The Power of BabelDoing Our Own ThingOur Magnificent Bastard TongueThe Language Hoax and most recently Words on the Move and Talking Back, Talking Black. The Teaching Company has released four of his audiovisual lecture courses on linguistics. He guest hosted the Lexicon Valley podcast at Slate during the summer of 2016.

Beyond his work in linguistics, McWhorter is the author of Losing the Race and other books on race. He has appeared regularly on Bloggingheads.TV since 2006, and he produces and plays piano for a group cabaret show, New Faces, at the Cornelia Street Cafe in New York City.

More profile about the speaker
John McWhorter | Speaker | TED.com
TED2016

John McWhorter: 4 reasons to learn a new language

John McWhorter: 学一门新语言的四个理由

Filmed:
4,156,451 views

英语正迅速成为世界通用语言,同步翻译技术也在逐年提高。那么为什么还要学习一门外语呢?美国哥伦比亚大学教授、语言学家约翰·麦克沃特分享了学习一门不熟悉的语言的四个好处。
- Linguist
Linguist John McWhorter thinks about language in relation to race, politics and our shared cultural history. Full bio

Double-click the English transcript below to play the video.

00:12
The language语言 I'm speaking请讲 right now
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我现在说的英语
正逐渐变成全球通用语言,
00:15
is on its way to becoming变得
the world's世界 universal普遍 language语言,
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这有好处也有弊端。
00:19
for better or for worse更差.
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我们会认同,
00:22
Let's face面对 it,
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这是互联网标准语言,
00:23
it's the language语言 of the internet互联网,
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是金融界通用语言,
00:25
it's the language语言 of finance金融,
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是空中管制标准语言,
00:27
it's the language语言 of air空气 traffic交通 control控制,
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流行音乐,
00:29
of popular流行 music音乐,
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外交活动。
00:31
diplomacy外交 --
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英语无处不在。
00:32
English英语 is everywhere到处.
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00:34
Now, Mandarin普通话 Chinese中文
is spoken by more people,
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实际上,说汉语的人数更多一些,
但是学英语的中国人要比
00:38
but more Chinese中文 people
are learning学习 English英语
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学汉语的英语母语者要多。
00:40
than English英语 speakers音箱
are learning学习 Chinese中文.
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00:43
Last I heard听说,
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我之前听说,
现在中国有二十多所大学
00:45
there are two dozen universities高校
in China中国 right now
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使用纯英语教学。
00:48
teaching教学 all in English英语.
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英语已占统治地位,
00:51
English英语 is taking服用 over.
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除此之外,
00:53
And in addition加成 to that,
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预计在本世纪末期,
00:55
it's been predicted预料到的
that at the end结束 of the century世纪
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绝大多数现存的语言,
00:58
almost几乎 all of the languages语言
that exist存在 now --
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大约6000种,
01:01
there are about 6,000 --
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将会失传。
01:02
will no longer be spoken.
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只会有几百种剩下。
01:04
There will only be some hundreds数以百计 left.
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01:07
And on top最佳 of that,
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另一方面,
现在同传翻译不仅已经成为可能,
01:09
it's at the point where
instant瞬间 translation翻译 of live生活 speech言语
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而且每年都在变得更好。
01:13
is not only possible可能,
but it gets得到 better every一切 year.
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01:17
The reason原因 I'm reciting背诵
those things to you
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我跟大家说这么多
是因为我要引出一个问题
01:20
is because I can tell
that we're getting得到 to the point
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一个大家或许已经在问的问题,
01:23
where a question
is going to start开始 being存在 asked,
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就是:“为什么我们需要学习
01:25
which哪一个 is: Why should we
learn学习 foreign国外 languages语言 --
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除英语的外语?
01:29
other than if English英语
happens发生 to be foreign国外 to one?
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既然很快英语会成为通用语言,
01:33
Why bother to learn学习 another另一个 one
when it's getting得到 to the point
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为什么还要去学习新的语言呢?”
01:36
where almost几乎 everybody每个人 in the world世界
will be able能够 to communicate通信 in one?
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01:42
I think there are a lot of reasons原因,
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我觉得理由很多,
但是我首先想要弄清一个概念,
01:44
but I first want to address地址
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可能大家也都听过,
01:46
the one that you're probably大概
most likely容易 to have heard听说 of,
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但它可能比你想象的还要重要。
01:49
because actually其实 it's more
dangerous危险 than you might威力 think.
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这个观点是
01:54
And that is the idea理念
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语言能塑造你的思维,
01:55
that a language语言 channels渠道 your thoughts思念,
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不同语言的词汇和语法结构
01:58
that the vocabulary词汇
and the grammar语法 of different不同 languages语言
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给了每个人不同的思维方式,
02:02
gives everybody每个人
a different不同 kind of acid trip,
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类似于此。
02:06
so to speak说话.
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这是个挺诱人的观点,
02:08
That is a marvelously不平凡 enticing诱人 idea理念,
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但却有点误人子弟。
02:12
but it's kind of fraught误人子弟.
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这个说法也不全错。
02:13
So it's not that it's untrue不确实 completely全然.
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比如说,法语和西班牙语中
02:17
So for example, in French法国 and Spanish西班牙语
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“桌子”这个单词,由于某些原因,
都是阴性的。
02:20
the word for table is,
for some reason原因, marked as feminine女人.
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比如 “la table"、”la mesa”,
你知道就够了。
02:25
So, "la table," "la mesa台面,"
you just have to deal合同 with it.
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研究表明
02:29
It has been shown显示
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如果这些语言是你的母语
02:30
that if you are a speaker扬声器
of one of those languages语言
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那么当你被问到要
02:33
and you happen发生 to be asked
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想象一张桌子突然开口说话,
02:35
how you would imagine想像 a table talking,
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那么大多数情况下,不排除意外,
02:39
then much more often经常
than could possibly或者 be an accident事故,
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一位说法语或西班牙语的人
02:43
a French法国 or a Spanish西班牙语 speaker扬声器
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会说桌子说话的声音是女性的高音。
02:45
says that the table would talk
with a high and feminine女人 voice语音.
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所以如果你是法国或西班牙人,
你会把桌子看成女孩,
02:50
So if you're French法国 or Spanish西班牙语,
to you, a table is kind of a girl女孩,
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而说英语的人的看法恰恰相反。
02:54
as opposed反对 to if you
are an English英语 speaker扬声器.
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我们都很喜欢这种观察结果,
02:57
It's hard not to love data数据 like that,
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而且很多人会告诉你这意味着
02:59
and many许多 people
will tell you that that means手段
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当你说话时,
你继承了那种语言的世界观。
03:01
that there's a worldview世界观 that you have
if you speak说话 one of those languages语言.
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但是你要谨慎些,
03:06
But you have to watch out,
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想象一下有人把我们放在显微镜下,
03:07
because imagine想像 if somebody
put us under the microscope显微镜,
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我们这些母语是英语的人。
03:12
the us being存在 those of us
who speak说话 English英语 natively本地.
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那么英语的世界观是什么?
03:14
What is the worldview世界观 from English英语?
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拿一个母语是英语的人来举例。
03:18
So for example,
let's take an English英语 speaker扬声器.
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这是波诺。
03:21
Up on the screen屏幕, that is Bono波诺.
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他说英文,
03:24
He speaks说话 English英语.
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他有一个世界观。
03:26
I presume假设 he has a worldview世界观.
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现在这个人是唐纳德·特朗普。
03:29
Now, that is Donald唐纳德 Trump王牌.
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03:33
In his way,
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他同样也说英文。
03:34
he speaks说话 English英语 as well.
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03:35
(Laughter笑声)
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(笑声)
03:39
And here is Ms女士. Kardashian卡戴珊,
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这是卡戴珊,
她也说英文。
03:42
and she is an English英语 speaker扬声器, too.
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现在这里有三位说英文的人。
03:44
So here are three speakers音箱
of the English英语 language语言.
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他们的世界观有什么共同点吗?
03:47
What worldview世界观 do those
three people have in common共同?
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英语塑造了什么样的世界观
让他们有共同之处?
03:51
What worldview世界观 is shaped成形 through通过
the English英语 language语言 that unites联信 them?
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这个问题很难说。
03:56
It's a highly高度 fraught误人子弟 concept概念.
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逐渐达成的共识认为
语言能塑造思维,
03:58
And so gradual consensus共识 is becoming变得
that language语言 can shape形状 thought,
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但只是非常模糊的一种心理暗示。
04:03
but it tends趋向 to be in rather darling宠儿,
obscure朦胧 psychological心理 flutters.
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它并不是能让你用不同的态度
来看待世界。
04:09
It's not a matter of giving you
a different不同 pair of glasses眼镜 on the world世界.
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如果这个想法不成立,
04:14
Now, if that's the case案件,
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那么我们为什么要学习外语?
04:17
then why learn学习 languages语言?
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如果外语并不能改变你的思维方式,
04:19
If it isn't going to change更改
the way you think,
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那么我们学习的原因是什么?
04:21
what would the other reasons原因 be?
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有几个理由。
04:23
There are some.
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04:25
One of them is that if you
want to imbibe吸收 a culture文化,
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首先,如果你想学习一个文化,
如果你想吸收并让自己融入这个文化,
04:31
if you want to drink it in,
if you want to become成为 part部分 of it,
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那么不论如何,
这个语言是否为此文化的载体,
04:34
then whether是否 or not
the language语言 channels渠道 the culture文化 --
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或许有人会质疑,
04:38
and that seems似乎 doubtful --
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如果你想汲取这个文化,
04:40
if you want to imbibe吸收 the culture文化,
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你就必须对这个文化使用的语言
04:41
you have to control控制 to some degree
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04:44
the language语言 that the culture文化
happens发生 to be conducted进行 in.
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有一定程度的掌握。
没有捷径。
04:47
There's no other way.
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举一个有趣的例子。
04:49
There's an interesting有趣
illustration插图 of this.
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可能这个例子没那么直观,
但是你应该可以理解。
04:51
I have to go slightly obscure朦胧,
but really you should seek寻求 it out.
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加拿大导演Denys Arcand
执导的一部电影,
04:55
There's a movie电影 by the Canadian加拿大
film电影 director导向器 Denys丹尼斯 Arcand阿尔兰德 --
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如果有兴趣,你可以上网查一下,
05:00
read out in English英语 on the page,
"Dennis丹尼斯 Ar-cand阿尔南德,"
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英语是Dennis Ar-cand。
05:02
if you want to look him up.
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他拍了一部电影叫
《蒙特利尔的耶稣》。
05:04
He did a film电影 called "Jesus耶稣 of Montreal蒙特利尔."
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电影中很多角色
05:07
And many许多 of the characters人物
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都是说法语的法语区加拿大女人,
05:09
are vibrant充满活力, funny滑稽, passionate多情,
interesting有趣 French-Canadian加拿大法语,
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充满活力,为人风趣,充满热情。
05:14
French-speaking法语区 women妇女.
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在影片结尾有一个场景,
05:15
There's one scene现场 closest最近的 to the end结束,
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他们要送一个朋友到讲英语的医院。
05:18
where they have to take a friend朋友
to an Anglophone讲英语 hospital醫院.
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在医院里他们需要讲英语。
05:21
In the hospital醫院,
they have to speak说话 English英语.
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她们会说英语,但是不是母语,
05:23
Now, they speak说话 English英语
but it's not their native本地人 language语言,
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她们不太愿意讲英语。
05:26
they'd他们会 rather not speak说话 English英语.
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她们的语速慢了下来,
05:28
And they speak说话 it more slowly慢慢地,
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讲的话有口音并且显得生硬。
05:30
they have accents口音, they're not idiomatic惯用的.
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突然间,这些你已经爱上的角色
05:32
Suddenly突然 these characters人物
that you've fallen堕落 in love with
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变成了空空的躯壳,
变成了她们自己的影子。
05:35
become成为 husks of themselves他们自己,
they're shadows阴影 of themselves他们自己.
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05:39
To go into a culture文化
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了解一种文化,
如果只是透过表面那一层面纱,
05:41
and to only ever process处理 people
through通过 that kind of skrimskrim curtain窗帘
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我们是无法真正理解的。
05:45
is to never truly get the culture文化.
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所以既然未来几百种语言会存活下来,
05:47
And so the extent程度 that hundreds数以百计
of languages语言 will be left,
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学外语的一个理由就是
05:50
one reason原因 to learn学习 them
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05:52
is because they are tickets门票
to being存在 able能够 to participate参加
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它是我们理解和融入一种文化的
一张门票,
05:55
in the culture文化 of the people
who speak说话 them,
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因为语言就是打开文化的钥匙。
05:58
just by virtue美德 of the fact事实
that it is their code.
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06:01
So that's one reason原因.
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以上是第一个原因。
06:03
Second第二 reason原因:
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第二个原因:
有研究指出,
06:04
it's been shown显示
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同时讲两种语言的人更不容易痴呆,
06:06
that if you speak说话 two languages语言,
dementia痴呆 is less likely容易 to set in,
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而且你可能更加的擅长多线操作。
06:11
and that you are probably大概
a better multitasker身兼数职.
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这些都是目前的研究结论
06:14
And these are factors因素 that set in early,
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能够给你一些参考,
06:17
and so that ought应该 to give you some sense
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帮助你决定什么时候
让孩子们接触新的语言。
06:19
of when to give junior初级 or juniorettejuniorette
lessons教训 in another另一个 language语言.
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双语教学有益健康。
06:24
Bilingualism双语 is healthy健康.
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然后,第三点
06:26
And then, third第三 --
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语言本身非常的有意思。
06:28
languages语言 are just an awful可怕 lot of fun开玩笑.
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比人们一般认为的要有意思的多。
06:32
Much more fun开玩笑 than we're often经常 told.
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例如在阿拉伯语中”kataba“
表示“他写了”,
06:34
So for example,
Arabic阿拉伯: "kataba片羽," he wrote,
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”yaktubu“表示“他写,她写”。
06:37
"yaktubuyaktubu," he writes, she writes.
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”Uktub“,是祈使句中“写”的意思。
06:41
"Uktub乌基," write, in the imperative势在必行.
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这些有什么共同之处呢?
06:44
What do those things have in common共同?
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这几个单词的共同之处
06:46
All those things have in common共同
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在于词里面都有同样的辅音,构成主体。
06:48
the consonants辅音 sitting坐在
in the middle中间 like pillars支柱.
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它们保持不变,
06:51
They stay still,
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元音围绕着辅音变化。
06:53
and the vowels元音
dance舞蹈 around the consonants辅音.
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谁不想多说这些单词几遍呢?
06:56
Who wouldn't不会 want to roll
that around in their mouths嘴巴?
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你能在希伯来语中找到这些,
06:59
You can get that from Hebrew希伯来语,
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你能在埃塞俄比亚的
主要语言阿姆哈拉语中找到,
07:01
you can get that from Ethiopia's埃塞俄比亚
main主要 language语言, Amharic阿姆哈拉语.
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太有意思了。
07:04
That's fun开玩笑.
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不同语言的语序使不同的。
07:06
Or languages语言 have different不同 word orders命令.
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当你学习语序不同的语言时,
07:09
Learning学习 how to speak说话
with different不同 word order订购
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就像到某些国家,
在道路另一侧开车,
07:11
is like driving主动 on the different不同 side
of a street if you go to certain某些 country国家,
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又像是把薄荷涂在眼睛周围时,
07:16
or the feeling感觉 that you get when you
put Witch巫婆 Hazel around your eyes眼睛
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感受到的那种刺激感。
07:21
and you feel the tingle耳鸣.
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语言也能给你类似的感觉。
07:22
A language语言 can do that to you.
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例如,
07:25
So for example,
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《戴帽子的猫回来了》,
07:26
"The Cat in the Hat帽子 Comes Back,"
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这本书我相信很多人还经常读,
07:28
a book that I'm sure
we all often经常 return返回 to,
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又如《白鲸记》。
07:31
like "Moby白鲸 Dick迪克."
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里面有句台词是,
“你知道在哪儿找到他的么?
07:32
One phrase短语 in it is,
"Do you know where I found发现 him?
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你知道他在哪里么?
他在浴缸里吃蛋糕,
07:37
Do you know where he was?
He was eating cake蛋糕 in the tub,
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对,没错!”
07:40
Yes he was!"
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现在,在中文中
07:41
Fine. Now, if you learn学习 that
in Mandarin普通话 Chinese中文,
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那么你需要这么说,
07:43
then you have to master,
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“你知道是否你,我哪里他找到?
07:45
"You can know, I did where him find?
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他在浴缸里吃蛋糕,
07:47
He was tub inside gorging狼吞虎咽 cake蛋糕,
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没错误虎咽狼吞!”
07:49
No mistake错误 gorging狼吞虎咽 chewing咀嚼!"
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感觉棒极了。
07:51
That just feels感觉 good.
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想象在未来能够做到这样。
07:52
Imagine想像 being存在 able能够 to do that
for years年份 and years年份 at a time.
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或者你们学过柬埔寨语吗?
07:56
Or, have you ever learned学到了 any Cambodian柬埔寨?
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我也没有,不过要是我学过,
08:00
Me either, but if I did,
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那么我嘴里发出的元音要远多于
英语中的
08:04
I would get to roll around in my mouth
not some baker's面包 dozen of vowels元音
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13个元音,
08:08
like English英语 has,
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而是整整30个不同的元音,
08:09
but a good 30 different不同 vowels元音
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在柬埔寨人的嘴里热烈的翻腾着,
08:12
scoochingscooching and oozing渗血 around
in the Cambodian柬埔寨 mouth
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就像蜂巢里的蜜蜂一样。
08:16
like bees蜜蜂 in a hive蜂巢.
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这是语言能够带给你的。
08:19
That is what a language语言 can get you.
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08:22
And more to the point,
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更进一步,
我们现在的时代,
要自学一门语言比过去容易很多。
08:23
we live生活 in an era时代 when it's never been
easier更轻松 to teach yourself你自己 another另一个 language语言.
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过去你要学习外语,就需要去上课,
08:27
It used to be that you had
to go to a classroom课堂,
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或许会遇到勤勉的老师
08:29
and there would be
some diligent勤奋 teacher老师 --
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以及一些睿智的老师,
08:32
some genius天才 teacher老师 in there --
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但是那个人只在特定的时间出现,
08:33
but that person was only
in there at certain某些 times
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你需要去按时上课,
08:36
and you had to go then,
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除此之外就没有机会了。
08:37
and then was not most times.
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你只能去课堂。
08:39
You had to go to class.
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如果你没法听课,
你能拿到录音带。
08:40
If you didn't have that,
you had something called a record记录.
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我小时候就是这么学的。
08:43
I cut my teeth on those.
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录音上就那么多信息,
08:45
There was only so much data数据 on a record记录,
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磁带也是这样,
08:48
or a cassette暗盒,
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或者是已过时的光盘。
08:49
or even that antique古董 object目的 known已知 as a CD光盘.
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除此之外你有用处不大的书,
08:51
Other than that you had books图书
that didn't work,
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学外语就是这样。
08:54
that's just the way it was.
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如今你可以躺着,
08:55
Today今天 you can lay铺设 down --
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躺在卧室地板上,
08:58
lie谎言 on your living活的 room房间 floor地板,
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喝点小酒,
09:01
sipping bourbon波旁酒,
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用丰富的学习材料,例如
Rosetta Stone语言学习软件,
09:02
and teach yourself你自己
any language语言 that you want to
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开始自学你喜欢的语言。
09:05
with wonderful精彩 sets
such这样 as Rosetta罗塞塔 Stone.
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我强烈推荐Glossika这一个软件。
09:07
I highly高度 recommend推荐
the lesser较小 known已知 Glossika格洛西卡 as well.
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你随时可以学习,
09:11
You can do it any time,
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所以你可以不断练习,熟能生巧。
09:12
therefore因此 you can do it more and better.
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你可以在早晨感受多种语言。,
09:15
You can give yourself你自己 your morning早上
pleasures乐趣 in various各个 languages语言.
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我每个早上都看
一点不同语言的《呆伯特》漫画,
09:19
I take some "Dilbert迪尔伯特" in various各个
languages语言 every一切 single morning早上;
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这可以不断提高你的能力。
09:23
it can increase增加 your skills技能.
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在20年前,
09:24
Couldn't不能 have doneDONE it 20 years年份 ago
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能把你想要学习的任何语言
装进口袋
09:26
when the idea理念 of having
any language语言 you wanted
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放在手机里,
09:30
in your pocket口袋,
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是不可能的,
09:31
coming未来 from your phone电话,
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对于那些老于世故的人而言
这就如同科幻小说。
09:33
would have sounded满面 like science科学 fiction小说
to very sophisticated复杂的 people.
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所以我强烈推荐你
09:37
So I highly高度 recommend推荐
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去学习除我现在说的英语之外的
语言,
09:40
that you teach yourself你自己 languages语言
other than the one that I'm speaking请讲,
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因为现在是最好的时间。
09:44
because there's never been
a better time to do it.
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这个过程太有意思了。
09:47
It's an awful可怕 lot of fun开玩笑.
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它不会改变你的思维,
09:49
It won't惯于 change更改 your mind心神,
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但是它肯定会让你大开眼界。
09:50
but it will most certainly当然 blow打击 your mind心神.
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非常感谢。
09:54
Thank you very much.
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(鼓掌)
09:55
(Applause掌声)
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Translated by Wei Wu
Reviewed by Conway Ye

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ABOUT THE SPEAKER
John McWhorter - Linguist
Linguist John McWhorter thinks about language in relation to race, politics and our shared cultural history.

Why you should listen

John McWhorter is Associate Professor of English and Comparative Literature at Columbia University, teaching linguistics, Western Civilization and music history. He is a regular columnist on language matters and race issues for Time and CNN, writes for the Wall Street Journal "Taste" page, and writes a regular column on language for The Atlantic. His work also appears in the Washington Post, the Chronicle of Higher Education, Aeon magazine, The American Interest and other outlets. He was Contributing Editor at The New Republic from 2001 until 2014.

McWhorter earned his PhD in linguistics from Stanford University in 1993 and is the author of The Power of BabelDoing Our Own ThingOur Magnificent Bastard TongueThe Language Hoax and most recently Words on the Move and Talking Back, Talking Black. The Teaching Company has released four of his audiovisual lecture courses on linguistics. He guest hosted the Lexicon Valley podcast at Slate during the summer of 2016.

Beyond his work in linguistics, McWhorter is the author of Losing the Race and other books on race. He has appeared regularly on Bloggingheads.TV since 2006, and he produces and plays piano for a group cabaret show, New Faces, at the Cornelia Street Cafe in New York City.

More profile about the speaker
John McWhorter | Speaker | TED.com

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